高植物蛋白质饲料中添加丁酸钠对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究高植物蛋白质饲料中添加丁酸钠对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及肝脏抗氧化功能的影响,探索提高水产饲料中植物蛋白质替代鱼粉比例的可行性方法。以鱼粉、豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、谷朊粉、花生粕和啤酒酵母为蛋白质源,鱼油、椰子油和大豆卵磷脂为脂肪源,小麦粉为糖源,配制5种等氮等能的试验饲料。其中,以含60%鱼粉的基础饲料为阳性对照组(FM组),以复合植物蛋白质源替代基础饲料中50%鱼粉的替代饲料为阴性对照组(CON组),以在替代饲料中分别添加0.15%(D1组)、0.30%(D2组)和0.60%(D3组)丁酸钠的饲料为试验组。用上述5种试验饲料分别饲喂初始体重为(13.00±0.01)g的大菱鲆幼鱼58d,试验在室内养殖系统中进行,每种试验饲料投喂3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。结果表明:1)随着丁酸钠添加水平的增加,大菱鲆幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中FM、D1和D2组增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率显著高于CON组(P0.05),而各组间摄食率无显著差异(P0.05);除D2组脏体比与FM组无显著差异(P0.05)外,其他各组的脏体比均显著低于FM组(P0.05);各组全鱼水分、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05)。2)D1组干物质表观消化率显著高于CON组(P0.05),与FM组无显著差异(P0.05);D1组蛋白质表观消化率显著高于CON、D2和D3组(P0.05),与FM组无显著差异(P0.05);D2和D3组之间干物质和蛋白质表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。3)D2组肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于CON组(P0.05),肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于CON组(P0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,高植物蛋白质饲料中添加0.15%的丁酸钠能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和肝脏抗氧化功能,过量添加丁酸钠会降低大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能。     

大菱鲆幼鱼对玉米蛋白粉中营养物质的表观消化率及添加胆汁酸和酶制剂对其产生的影响

本试验旨在研究大菱鲆幼鱼对玉米蛋白粉中干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸和总能的表观消化率,以及在玉米蛋白粉中分别添加胆汁酸(纯度≥30%)和酶制剂[中性蛋白酶(1×105 U/g)和木瓜蛋白酶(4×105 U/g)组成的复合酶,二者活性比为2∶1]对其营养物质表观消化率的影响。首先配制基础饲料,试验饲料由70%的基础饲料和30%的待测蛋白质源[未进行任何处理的玉米蛋白粉(CGM)、添加胆汁酸的玉米蛋白粉(CGMB)和添加酶制剂的玉米蛋白粉(CGME)]组成。所有饲料均添加0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。将初始体重为(13.00±0.01)g大菱鲆幼鱼随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,分别投喂相应饲料2周后采用后肠挤压法收集粪便。养殖周期为10周。结果表明:3种不同处理形式的玉米蛋白粉中干物质、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸、总能的表观消化率分别为25.99%~43.34%、48.62%~60.72%、48.41%~67.67%、35.07%~52.34%,且总氨基酸与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致。其中,大菱鲆幼鱼对CGMB中各营养物质的表观消化率均最高,显著高于CGM和CGME(P0.05),且CGMB中干物质、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸、总能的表观消化率较CGM分别提高了17.35%、12.10%、19.26%、17.27%;大菱鲆幼鱼对CGME中各营养物质的表观消化率也得到改善,其干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、总能的表观消化率较CGM分别提高了9.53%、4.37%、4.29%、12.25%,效果显著(P0.05)。由结果可知,添加胆汁酸和酶制剂均能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼对玉米蛋白粉中营养物质的表观消化率。     

Lipid deposition patterns among different sizes of three commercial fish species

This study was conducted to compare lipid deposition pattern of three fish species among fish size, Large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea), Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) and Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), Using magnetic resonance imaging technology for adult fish, results showed that lipid of large yellow croaker mainly deposits in abdominal cavity wall, while for Japanese seabass mainly deposit in visceral adipose tissue and for turbot lipid mainly distribute subcutaneous tissue. Three sizes for each species were selected: S1 (small size), S2 (intermediate size) and S3 (big size), to examine chemical analysis. Results of chemical analysis indicated that whole body lipid content of large yellow croaker significantly increased with the increase in body weight, but Japanese seabass and turbot significantly decreased (p < .05). Lipid content of muscle and intestinal tract in large yellow croaker significantly increased with the increase in body weight (p < .05), but lipid content of adipose tissue, kidney, heart and skin in S2 group were higher than S1 and S3 groups (p < .05). Lipid content of liver, eye, kidney and brain in Japanese seabass significantly increased with the increase in body weight (p < .05), but lipid content of stomach and heart showed an opposite trend. Lipid content of liver, adipose tissue, skin and eye in turbot significantly decreased (p < .05), but lipid content of brain significantly increased with the increase in body weight (p < .05). The results indicated that lipid content of different tissues in fish presented different trends, which was species‐dependent.     

Inbreeding evaluation using microsatellite and its effect on growth traits in turbot,Scophthalmus maximus

Turbot is an economically relevant fish, and simultaneously at the risk of inbreeding depression in China. Microsatellite DNA markers were used to evaluate inbreeding level of a random turbot breeding population and further investigate its effects on growth traits. DNA based inbreeding coefficients (F_DNA) were ranged from 0 to 0.4124. Average inbreeding coefficient was 0.0621 with a standard deviation of 0.0658. Regression analysis results showed inbreeding had a very significant (p < .01) effect on harvest body weight (BW) and significant (p < .05) effect on harvest body long (BL). Inbreeding depression, expressed as the percent change in phenotype per 10% increase in F, was ?4.00% for BW and ?1.14% for BL. The inbreeding depression on high inbreeding coefficient (more than 10%) individuals was further analyzed. A set of significant (p < .05) and larger inbreeding depression was obtained, ?7.15% and ?2.49% for BW and BL respectively. This study demonstrates that inbreeding has a negative effect on growth traits and highlights the need of DNA markers to control inbreeding and maximize the genetic diversity in selection breeding programs.     

The tolerance and safety assessment of taurine as additive in a marine carnivorous fish,Scophthalmus maximus L.

The effects of dietary taurine on growth performance, liver and intestine morphology, serum physiological and antioxidant parameters, serum thyroid hormone level, muscle taurine content and fatty acid composition of turbot were first evaluated, for the safe utilization in marine fish feed and for human food safety. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 50 and 100 g/kg taurine. Each diet was randomly assigned to six replicates of 30 juvenile turbot (initial mean weight of 7.46 g). The feeding trial lasted for 10 weeks. The growth performance of fish was significantly enhanced by 10 g/kg dietary taurine. The integrity of the distal intestine was impaired and the absorptive surface was found to be significantly reduced by 100 g/kg dietary taurine. The obvious pathological changes in liver were observed in fish fed 100 g/kg taurine. Dietary taurine with 10 and 50 g/kg significantly increased the activities of serum superoxide dismutase, lysozyme and thyroid hormone. The taurine content in muscle was found to be significantly increased by dietary taurine; however, no significant differences were observed among taurine‐supplemented treatments. This study suggested that 10 g/kg taurine was safe in turbot feed, and fivefold of safety margin was obtained.     

Growth and survival of young turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) produced with cryopreserved sperm

This study assessed the growth and survival over a year of two groups of 4‐month‐old turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) derived from artificial fertilization with fresh (FG) and cryopreserved sperm (CG). Growth in both groups, measured monthly in terms of length and weight, were compared. Survival was also recorded. No significant differences were found when we compared weight and length data in both groups. Growth rates were similar between FG and CG young turbot during 1 year. Likewise, the same survival rate (92.2%) was found in both groups. Our results show the good survival and growth of young turbot obtained from cryopreserved sperm, and confirm the cryopreservation technique as a useful tool for raising turbot for commercial purposes.     

饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

以不同脂肪源配制成等氮等脂的7种试验饲料,对体重为(27.31±0.10)g的大菱鲆幼鱼进行40 d的饲养试验,旨在探讨饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。7种试验饲料的脂肪源分别为鱼油、豆油、菜籽油、花生油、猪油、鱼油+豆油(鱼油∶豆油=1∶1)和鱼油+豆油+猪油(鱼油∶豆油∶猪油=3∶4∶3)。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复12尾鱼。结果表明:鱼油+豆油组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于鱼油组、豆油组和菜籽油组(P0.05),花生油组、猪油组和鱼油+豆油+猪油组的增重率和特定生长率则显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。饲料系数以鱼油+豆油组最低,猪油组最高。各组干物质和总磷表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05),猪油组和鱼油+豆油+猪油组的粗脂肪表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。花生油组、鱼油+豆油组和豆油组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于猪油组(P0.05)。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。猪油组鱼体粗蛋白质含量显著低于菜籽油组、花生油组和鱼油组(P0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。除C14∶0以外,各组大菱鲆肌肉中的脂肪酸含量和相应饲料中脂肪酸含量呈正相关。大菱鲆幼鱼肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量以鱼油组和鱼油+豆油组较高,而以花生油组和猪油组较低。结果提示:豆油和菜籽油是大菱鲆幼鱼饲料良好的脂肪源,鱼油和豆油按1∶1混合添加则能使大菱鲆幼鱼更好地生长。     

菜籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中菜籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成以及脂肪沉积的影响。以菜籽油分别替代0、33.3%、66.7%和100.0%的鱼油,配制4种等氮等脂实用饲料。选择初始体重为(5.89±0.02)g的大菱鲆幼鱼420尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾。每种饲料随机投喂1组试验鱼,养殖周期为92 d。结果表明:1)随菜籽油替代水平的升高,大菱鲆幼鱼的终末体重和特定生长率均有下降的趋势,而肝体比则有升高的趋势,其中全菜籽油组的终末体重和特定生长率显著低于全鱼油组(P0.05),肝体比则显著高于全鱼油组(P0.05)。菜籽油替代水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼的存活率、饲料效率、摄食率和表观净蛋白质利用率(P0.05)。2)菜籽油替代水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼的体成分、肌肉脂肪含量以及饲料脂肪表观消化率(P0.05),但显著影响了大菱鲆幼鱼的肝脏脂肪含量(P0.05)。66.7%菜籽油组和全菜籽油组肝脏脂肪含量显著高于全鱼油组(P0.05)。3)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系;相对于全鱼油组,66.7%菜籽油组和全菜籽油组肌肉和肝脏中C18∶2n-6(亚油酸)和α-C18∶3n-3(α-亚麻酸)含量显著升高(P0.05),而C20∶5n-3(EPA)和C22∶6n-3(DHA)含量显著下降(P0.05)。综上可知,从营养品质角度考虑,在大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中菜籽油替代鱼油水平应低于66.7%     

饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆生长、体组成及血清生化指标的影响

本试验以不同脂肪源配制成等氮等脂的7种饲料,对大菱鲆[(27.31±0.10)g]进行40 d的饲养试验,旨在探讨不同饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆生长、体组成、血清生化指标的影响。7种饲料分别添加6%的鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、花生油(PO)、猪油(L)、鱼油-豆油(1∶1)(FSO)和鱼油-豆油-猪油(3∶4∶3)的混合油(MIX)。每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复12尾鱼。研究结果表明:(1)鱼油-豆油组特定生长率显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组(基础饲料组)提高了10.42%(P < 0.05),猪油组特定生长率最低,较鱼油组降低了19.79%(P < 0.05)。猪油、混合油、花生油组饲料系数分别较鱼油组提高了36.36%、33.33%、25.25%(P < 0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P > 0.05);(2)饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P > 0.05),猪油组粗蛋白质含量显著低于鱼油组、菜籽油组和花生油组,其中较鱼油组降低了4.47%(P < 0.05)。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的大菱鲆空壳、内脏和背肌的脂肪含量差异不显著(P > 0.05),猪油组空壳的水分显著高于菜籽油组和混合油组(P < 0.05);(3)各试验组总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和碱性磷酸酶含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。猪油组和混合油组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组分别升高了124.89%和119.94%(P < 0.05),混合油组的谷草转氨酶含量显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组提高了352.51%(P < 0.05),表明猪油组和混合油组鱼体肝脏受到一定程度的损伤。综合以上7种饲料脂肪源对鱼体生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标的影响,鱼油-豆油(1∶1)、豆油和菜籽油可作为大菱鲆饲料合适的脂肪源,而猪油、混合油不适宜作为大菱鲆的饲料脂肪源。     

家禽副产物酶解肽部分替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长性能、消化指标和特异性免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究家禽副产物酶解肽部分替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长性能、消化指标和特异性免疫指标的影响。选取初始体重(10.32±0.26) g、大小均匀、体质健壮的大菱鲆450尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。首先配制含50%鱼粉的基础饲料,然后用家禽副产物酶解肽分别替代基础饲料中0(对照)、8%、16%、24%和32%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能的试验饲料,分别记为D0、D8、D16、D24、D32组。试验期为56 d。结果显示:家禽副产物酶解肽替代8%和16%的鱼粉对大菱鲆的增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料系数、肝体比、肥满度、脏体比等生长性能指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。家禽副产物酶解肽替代鱼粉比例超过8%时,全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。D0、D8、D16组干物质表观消化率、粗蛋白质表观消化率和粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于D24、D32组(P<0.05)。D0、D8组肝脏中胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶活性显著高于D16、D24、D32组(P<0.05)。D0、D8组的血浆和肝脏中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性显著低于D24、D32组(P<0.05)。D8组血浆中补体3、补体4含量显著高于D24、D32组(P<0.05)。D0、D8组血浆中尿素氮、丙二醛含量显著低于D24、D32组(P<0.05)。D0、D8组的血浆中总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活性以及总蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、葡萄糖含量显著高于D32组(P<0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,以生长性能为基础,综合考虑消化、代谢、特异性免疫等指标,家禽副产物酶解肽替代大菱鲆饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例为8%。