梯度铁电薄膜性质研究

以二级相变铁电材料为例,利用推广的Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire（GLD）理论,研究不均匀结构对梯度铁电薄膜性质的影响.结果表明：退极化场对于两层薄膜中间的极化影响较小,而在薄膜的两端处影响最大;梯度铁电薄膜的平均极化随膜厚按线性规律变化;在接近相变温度时,自发极化消失,梯度铁电薄膜的这一现象与铁电材料的性质相同.在外场不等于零的情况下,得到的梯度铁电薄膜的电滞回线中心对称.     

山丹新麦草染色体加倍方法研究

本研究以山丹新麦草为材料，通过秋水仙素处理萌动种子、胚芽、二倍体植株幼苗染色体加倍研究，探讨了不同诱变材料的适宜处理浓度和时间，从而比较出最适宜的染色体加倍方法。结果显示：最好的加倍方法是用0．1％的秋水仙素溶液处理二倍体幼苗24h诱变率最高，为62．5％。     

新生牛血清促细胞生长活性检测方法的建立与应用

牛血清是医药生物技术产品中重要的原辅材料之一,做好牛血清的质量控制是提高生物制品质量的重要环节。本研究通过应用PK15、BHK21和ST三种兽用生物制品研制中常用的细胞作为载体,选用国内同等价位5个不同厂家生产的新生牛血清作为比较对象,采用细胞倍增时间测定法、细胞克隆形成率测定法、细胞三次连续传代培养法、MTT比色法和微量终点稀释法五种血清质量鉴定的方法进行比较,检测新生牛血清的促细胞生长活性,最终确定了MTT比色法作为便捷高效快速筛选新生牛血清的检测方法。     

Efficient production of doubled haploid Brassica napus plants by colchicine treatment of microspores

Summary The effect of colchicine on isolated microspore cultures of Brassica napus was evaluated in order to combine a positive effect of colchicine on the induction of embryogenesis with the possibility to induce chromosome doubling at an early developmental stage, thus avoiding the production of haploid or chimeric plants. Colchicine was added to the culture medium immediately after isolation of B. napus microspores. The cultures were incubated from 6 to 72 h with various concentrations of colchicine. Samples were taken from the regenerating embryoids after 6 weeks for ploidy determination by flow-cytometry.The highest diploidization rate was obtained after a 24 h treatment of microspores with 50 mg/l colchicine, leading to 80–90% diploid embroids. A concentration of 100 mg/l colchicine applied for the same duration resulted in a lower diploidization rate (76–80%). Treatment durations of 6 h were not long enough to induce a high rate of diploidization, whereas the application of 10 mg/l for 72 h was also very effective.A sample of the plants regenerated from the colchicine treated microspores was transferred to the greenhouse. The plants looked similar to normal diploid rapeseed plants and showed reasonable pod and seed set. Thus, an additional generation for seed increase in the greenhouse is rendered unnecessary. The advantage of applying a minimum volume of colchicine under controlled in vitro conditions means a considerable saving of time and labour in DH-breeding programs.     

Oryzalin as an Efficient Agent for Chromosome Doubling of Haploid Apple Shoots in vitro

In an outbreeding species such as apple, haploid plants may be especially useful in breeding programmes for the production of homozygous material. However, methods must be available to induce chromosome doubling in the haploid plants. Two antimitotic agents, colchicine and oryzalin, were compared as regards their efficiency in inducing chromosome doubling of in vitro haploid apple shoots. Three colchicine levels (0.025, 0.25 and 1.25 mM) and three oryzalin levels (5, 15 and 30 μM) were evaluated. Three techniques were also used and compared. Survival rate and chromosome counts were determined. Differences were observed between the two antimitotic agents and between the three techniques. This study demonstrates that oryzalin could be a better choice than colchicine for chromosome doubling on haploid apple shoots in vitro.     

Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Platanus acerifolia and its effect on plant morphology

We report the production of tetraploid plants of Platanus acerifolia, with the ultimate aim of improving the ornamental qualities of this important urban landscaping tree. Chromosome doubling was achieved by the application of colchicine to either pre-soaked seed or to the apical meristems of young seedlings. Treatment of the ungerminated seed was the more efficient method in terms of numbers of tetraploid seedlings (up to 40%, as determined by chromosome counting of the root-tip nuclei) but this method produced no mature tetraploid plants due to the deleterious effect of colchicine on subsequent root growth. When colchicine was applied directly to the apical growing tip of cotyledon-stage seedlings, leaf and stem growth was temporarily affected but the plants eventually recovered. We conducted a preliminary screen for putative tetraploids based on the observation in other plant species of a correlation of stomatal size and distribution with ploidy. Plants containing significantly larger stomata and at a lower density across the lower leaf epidermis, were selected for further analysis by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. These techniques confirmed that, of the 12 putative polyploids, four were tetraploid, five were mixoploid and three were, in fact, diploid. Morphological differences of the tetraploids included a more compact growth habit and broader, thicker leaves. These plants are being grown to full maturity in order to test their potential for use in a breeding programme aimed at producing sterile triploid lines.     

The effect of colchicine on triticale anther-derived plants: Microspore pre-treatment and haploid-plant treatment using a hydroponic recovery system

In cereals, chromosome doubling of microspore-derived haploid plants is a critical step in producing doubled haploid plants. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of incorporation of colchicine in the induction medium for anther culture, and the effect of colchicine on anther culture-derived plants of triticale grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. In the latter case, chromosome doubling of adult sterile plants derived from anther culture of fourteen triticale populations was attempted, where androgenetic plants with non-dehiscent anthers were cloned and subjected to the colchicine treatment, and then grown with the aid of hydroponics. The hydroponic system provided optimal conditions for recovery of the affected haploids from the toxic effects of colchicine treatment and all colchicine-treated plants survived. A topcross-F₁ (TC₁F₁) population with timopheevii cytoplasm produced the highest percentage of plants with seed-set either due to chromosome doubling by colchicine (98%) or spontaneous doubling of chromosome number (15%). Colchicine-treated anthers performed inferior than control in both induction and regeneration phases. One of the key observation of this study was the reversal from reproductive stage back to the vegetative stage which in turn enabled further cloning of haploid plants under hydroponic conditions once they were identified as sterile. The one hundred percent survival rate of in vitro-derived plants, 100% survival rate of colchicine treated haploid plants and the high chromosome doubling success rate (X = 82.3) observed in this study imply that a temperature-controlled greenhouse with an hydroponic system provides an efficient environment for inducing chromosome doubling of haploid plants in cereals. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Doubled Haploids of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) 1. Observations of Fertility

Ovule and pollen fertility have been studied in doubled haploids of cocoa derived from spontaneous haploids, doubled by colchicine treatment. The two measures of fertility were very variable; occasionally, the levels were as high as those of the parent plant, but most were lower. The low fertility was not improved either by changing pollinators or after grafting. Pollen fertility also varied seasonally more in doubled haploids than in their parents. The lack of differentiation of embryo sacs seemed to be the cause of low values of ovule fertility. Both of these unfavourable characteristics were not observed in the progeny of doubled haploids, The low fertility is described in terms of homozygote depression, forced, on normally allogamous plants, its consequences for the use of doubled haploids in the production of hybrid seeds are discussed.     

黄瓜染色体加倍研究

进行了黄瓜单(双单)倍体染色体加倍试验。结果表明,单倍体加倍频率较低,为4.1%,有待于进一步研究;双单倍体诱导纯合四倍体得到了较理想的结果,加倍频率达16.9%。     

鲢人工雌核二倍体群体的产生及其遗传分析

选用遗传失活兴国红鲤的精子作为雌核发育激活源 ,成功地诱导了鲢雌核发育并获得 3个自然加倍的雌核发育二倍体群体。鲢的单倍体诱导率最高达 96 .9% ,自然加倍率最高达 0 .4 4 3%。经分析鉴定 ,雌核发育单倍体胚胎具有 2 4条染色体。而鲢的染色体为 4 8,兴国红鲤为 10 0。雌核二倍体鲢都具有 2套完整的母本染色体 (2n =4 8) ,外部形态性状与亲本鲢完全相同。这些结果表明 ,雌核发育后代的遗传物质来源于母本 ,无父本遗传物质参与。