花生根瘤菌遗传多样性的RFLP分析

利用16S rRNA PCR-RFLP和16S-23S rRNA IGS PCR-RFLP技术对分离自我国不同地区的55株花生慢生根瘤菌和6株参比菌株进行了遗传多样性研究.16S rRNA PCR-RFLP分析结果表明,在63%的相似性水平上,91%的供试花生幔生根瘤菌与B.japonicum和B.elkanii聚在一起;16S-23S rRNA IGS PCR-RFLP分析结果表明,供试花生慢生根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,在65.8%的相似性水平上可分为3大类群.     

高效溶栓菌株的筛选鉴定及活性测定

以日本纳豆、重庆江津豆豉、忠县豆腐乳为原料,采用酪蛋白平板初筛、摇瓶复筛,得到18株产溶栓酶的菌株.通过纤维蛋白平板实验,从忠县豆腐乳中筛选出1株具有较高溶栓活性的菌株FR-033(登录号:HQ009804),菌株经液体发酵后获得含酶发酵液,采用硫酸铵分段盐析及sephadexG-50凝胶层析进行纯化,获得较高纯度的溶栓酶,酶活力为2 163 IU/mL.进一步对FR-033菌株的形态和生理生化特征进行研究.利用细菌16S rDNA通用引物对16S rRNA进行PCR扩增并测序,得到1444 bp长度的DNA序列,通过BLAST软件在NCBI网站收索其同源性性序列,利用PAUP4.0和MAGE4软件绘制系统发育树,结果表明:菌株FR-033与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacil-lus subtilis)的16S rRNA序列同源性达99%以上,在系统发育树中,菌株FR-033与枯草芽孢杆菌在同一支上,且遗传距离最短;FR-033的形态及大部分生理生化特征与枯草芽孢杆菌极为相似,表明该菌株是枯草芽孢杆菌(Ba-cillus subtilis)的一个高效的产溶栓酶菌株.     

地图鱼迟钝爱德华氏菌病病原菌的鉴定及毒力基因的检测

从患病地图鱼Astronotus ocellatus肝脏组织中分离到菌株AO1,经人工感染试验证实其为致病菌。通过ATB Expression半自动细菌鉴定仪和常规生理生化特性的分析,初步鉴定该菌株为迟钝爱德华氏菌Ed-wardsiella tarda。测定菌株AO1的16S rRNA基因序列并进行分析,结果显示,该菌株与迟钝爱德华氏菌的同源性最高,达99.9%。因此,可鉴定该菌株为迟钝爱德华氏菌。根据迟钝爱德华氏菌的毒力基因菌毛亚基(fimA)基因序列设计引物,进行PCR扩增,得到383 bp序列,该序列与迟钝爱德华氏菌的fimA基因序列相似性达99.0%,进一步说明菌株AO1具有fimA基因,有一定的致病力。药物敏感试验结果表明,菌株AO1对阿米卡星、氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、新生霉素、氨苄西林、氨曲南、卡那霉素、头孢咪啉、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因、妥布霉素、氨苄青霉素13种抗生素较为敏感。     

猪源肺炎克雷伯菌的分离与鉴定

从9只病死猪肺、肝脏中分离到4株革兰氏阴性杆菌,并对分离菌株进行形态学、培养特性、生化特性和分子生物学的鉴定,确定分离的菌株为肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种。根据GeneBank上肺炎克雷伯菌16S rRNA可变区序列设计1对引物,4株细菌基因组DNA均可扩增到1段大小为127 bp特异性片段,经测序与已知肺炎克雷伯菌相应序列的同源性为100%,鉴定4株细菌均为猪源肺炎克雷伯菌。动物毒性试验证明其对小鼠有较强的致病性。     

外来种互花米草盐沼土壤微生物16S rRNA特征分析——以江苏省潮间带为例*

 通过对互花米草盐沼和对应光滩的土壤微生物16S rRNA的特征检测,分析了外来种互花米草的侵入对潮间带生态系统土壤微生物多样性的影响。试验中采集了江苏滨海不同季节光滩与互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼的土壤,直接提取法分离得到其中的土壤微生物DNA,并采用Sepharose 4B吸附柱对DNA进行纯化,有效地去除了腐殖酸,得到纯度较高的DNA样品模板。通过选取特异引物扩增16S rRNA基因序列,得到了较清晰的结果:有差异的16S rRNA扩增片断通过DGGE被分开,形成可见条带;不同的样品由于其中的微生物多样性的差异,扩增出的条带数量及其在凝胶上的相对位置都有一定的差异。结果显示:互花米草盐沼与光滩的土壤微生物群落多样性皆较低,二者在互花米草生长初期其土壤微生物群落结构具有一定的相似性。但总体来说,外来种互花米草的种植较明显地改变了滩涂的土壤微生物群落结构;此外,滩涂土壤微生物群落随着季节的变化而发生了较大的改变。     

羊源杀鲑气单胞菌16S rRNA基因的克隆测序及分析

从重庆市丰都县无菌采集山羊血液,提取全血基因组,用16SrRNA基因的引物进行PCR扩增,得到2条长约1 500bp的扩增片段,将其克隆到pMD19-T载体后进行测序,并与3条豚鼠气单胞菌,3条嗜水气单胞菌,3条中间气单胞菌,4条杀鲑气单胞菌,2条温和气单胞菌,3条维氏气单胞菌和5条舒氏气单胞菌16SrRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析.结果表明:所克隆的基因片段长度均为1 507bp,GenBank登录号为JF823571和JF823572.系统发育分析发现2条序列均被聚类到杀鲑气单胞菌群,并与温和气单胞菌聚类到一个大的分支.同源性比对结果显示所获得的序列与杀鲑气单胞菌法国株(ATCC33658T)X74681和阿根廷株AF134065的同源性最高,均为99.6%,表明重庆地区存在受杀鲑气单胞菌感染的山羊.     

副猪嗜血杆菌黑龙江株的分离与鉴定

为确定黑龙江某猪场发病猪群的病原,本研究从疑似浆膜炎的病料中分离到一株革兰氏阴性细小杆菌,通过对其进行细菌形态学、培养特征、生化特性和16S rRNA基因PCR鉴定,结果表明该分离菌株为副猪嗜血杆菌(HLJ-1分离株)。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果显示:该分离菌株与参考株的基因同源性达99%;药敏试验结果表明HLJ-1分离株对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟等β-内酰胺类抗生素高度敏感;小白鼠致病性试验结果显示,该分离株具有较强致病性。     

Characterisation of endobacterial communities in ectomycorrhizas by DNA- and RNA-based molecular methods

The diversity of endobacteria associated with ectomycorrhizas of Suillus variegatus and Tomentellopsis submollis, in two Corsican pine (Pinus nigra) stands was analysed by cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent molecular methods. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed the cultivable endobacterial communities associated with S. variegatus were similar within the same stand. The most abundant cultivable bacterial species belonged to the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia. Cultivation-independent molecular analysis indicated that the structure of the endobacterial communities in ectomycorrhizas was consistent across all samples regardless of ECM fungal species or the pine stand from which the samples were collected. However, comparison between rDNA- and rRNA-derived DGGE gels showed that metabolically active endobacterial species were not always detected in rDNA-based profiles. Clone libraries constructed from rRNA molecules indicated that Pseudomonas and Burkholderia spp. were metabolically active bacteria. As some of the most abundant cultivable bacteria, including Bacillus/Paenibacillus spp., were not detected in cultivation-independent DGGE profiles, a combination of cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches provided a more complete assessment of the diversity of endobacteria associated with ectomycorrhizas.     

Indigenous rhizobia associated with native shrubby legumes in Taiwan

Root-nodulating bacteria were isolated and characterized from seven native shrubby legumes growing in Taiwan. Phenotypic characteristics measured included growth rates in various media, colony morphology, and tolerances to extremes of temperature, salt and pH. The isolates were very diverse phenotypically. Among the 83 isolates that were screened, the majority were fast-growing rhizobia. Twenty eight strains tolerated high concentration of salt (4.5% NaCl) and grew well between temperatures of 37 and 45 °C. The majority of the strains also tolerated extreme pH in their medium from 3.5 to 12. All strains formed nitrogen fixing nodules, and the highest activity was detected in the legume Hedysarum crinita L. PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNAs revealed that the majority of the isolates belonged to the genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Agrobacterium. Only a single strain represented the genus Sinorhizobium. In addition, a strain related to Burkholderia from the β-class of the Proteobacteria (CC-CC-5) was found within nodules of the legume Catenaria caudatum. The study contributes to the understanding of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in selected wild legumes that are native to Taiwan and provides insights into the distribution of nodulating and nitrogen-fixing bacteria from other distinct lineages.     

Root-nodule bacteria from indigenous legumes in the north-west of Western Australia and their interaction with exotic legumes

Bacteria were isolated from root-nodules collected from indigenous legumes at 38 separate locations in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia. Authentication of cultures resulted in 31 being ascribed status as root-nodule bacteria based upon their nodulation of at least one of eight indigenous legume species. The authenticated isolates originated from eight legume genera from 19 sites. Isolates were characterised on the basis of their growth and physiology; 20 isolates were fast-growing and 11 were slow-growing (visible growth within 3 and 7 d, respectively). Fast-growers were isolated from Acacia, Isotropis, Lotus and Swainsona, whilst slow-growers were from Muelleranthus, Rhynchosia and Tephrosia. Indigofera produced one fast-growing isolate and seven slow-growing isolates. Three indigenous legumes (Swainsona formosa, Swainsona maccullochiana and Swainsona pterostylis) nodulated with fast-growing isolates and four species (Acacia saligna, Indigofera brevidens, Kennedia coccinea and Kennedia prorepens) nodulated with both fast- and slow-growing isolates. Swainsona kingii did not form nodules with any isolates. Fast-growing isolates were predominantly acid-sensitive, alkaline- and salt-tolerant. All slow-growing isolates grew well at pH 9.0 whilst more than half grew at pH 5.0, but all were salt-sensitive. All isolates were able to grow at 37 °C. The fast-growing isolates utilised disaccharides, whereas the slow-growing isolates did not. Symbiotic interactions of the isolates were assessed on three annual, one biennial and nine perennial exotic legume species that have agricultural use, or potential use, in southern Australia. Argyrolobium uniflorum, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Ononis natrix, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sutherlandia microphylla nodulated with one or more of the authenticated isolates. Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Ornithopus sativus, Ornithopus compressus, Trifolium burchellianum, Trifolium polymorphum and Trifolium uniflorum did not form nodules. Investigation of the 31 authenticated isolates by polymerase chain reaction with three primers resulted in the RPO1 primer distinguishing 20 separate banding patterns, while ERIC and PucFor primers distinguished 26 separate banding patterns. Sequencing the 16S rRNA gene for four fast- and two slow-growing isolates produced the following phylogenetic associations; WSM1701 and WSM1715 (isolated from Lotus cruentus and S. pterostylis, respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium meliloti, WSM1707 and WSM1721 (isolated from Sinorhizobium leeana and Indigofera sp., respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium terangae, WSM1704 (isolated from Tephrosia gardneri) shared 99% sequence homology with Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and WSM1743 (isolated from Indigofera sp.) displayed 99% homology with Bradyrhizobium japonicum.