Intraocular pressure development after cataract surgery: a prospective study in 50 dogs (1998-2000)

Objective To study the course of intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery in 50 dogs. Design Prospective study. Animals Fifty dogs without preoperative ocular hypertension were selected for cataract surgery. Methods All dogs underwent cataract surgery: 25 by manual extracapsular extraction and 25 by phacoemulsification. For each dog, intraocular pressure was measured before surgery, and 1, 3, 5, 18 h, 1 week and 1 month post surgery. Results No significant difference of mean intraocular pressure between the two surgical methods was observed for each time measurement. Nine dogs had postoperative hypertension (IOP > 25 mmHg) during the first 5 hours post surgery. Incidence of postoperative hypertension was not significantly different with manual extracapsular extraction (16%) vs. phacoemulsification (20%). A decrease of mean IOP was observed 1 h after surgery (8.49 mmHg vs. 10.91 mmHg), then an increase 3 and 5 h post surgery (12.3 and 13.32 mmHg, respectively). At 18 h, 1 week and 1 month post surgery, mean IOP decreased. Mean IOP was 10.38, 10.38 and 8.84 mmHg, respectively. Conclusion In this study incidence of POH is not high. However, a follow‐up of IOP in the first hours after cataract surgery is required to avoid complications of the retina and optic nerve and to administer hypotensive treatment if necessary.     

缺氧与肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞c-fos和 c-myc基因表达的关系

利用细胞培养、原位杂交、免疫组化、图像分析等技术研究缺氧与肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞癌基因c-fos和c-myc表达的关系,进一步阐明缺氧与以肺动脉增殖重塑为特征的肉鸡腹水综合征的关系。结果显示,缺氧显著引起肺动脉平滑肌细胞内癌基因c-fos和c-mycmRNA的表达(c-fosmRNA:常氧组为144.6±20.2,缺氧组为198.1±32.8,P<0.01;c-mycmRNA:常氧组为125.4±18.8,缺氧组为167.1±22.4,P<0.01)。缺氧显著引起肺动脉平滑肌细胞内癌基因c-fos和c-myc蛋白的表达(c-fos蛋白:常氧组为150.9±33.2,缺氧组为225.9±37.0,P<0.01;c-myc蛋白:常氧组为162.1±28.5,缺氧组为228.8±33.4,P<0.01)。结果表明缺氧能够明显诱发肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞内癌基因c-fos、c-myc的转录和表达,是启动肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的重要原因。本研究阐明缺氧是以肺动脉重塑为特征的肉鸡腹水综合征的主要诱因。     

Malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as a bradyarrhythmia in a dog

Objective: To describe a case of atrioventricular block and syncope secondary to systemic hypertension in a dog with malignant pheochromocytoma. Case Summary: A 13‐year‐old spayed female mixed‐breed dog presented following an acute onset of collapse. The dog was hypertensive and had paradoxical high‐grade second‐degree atrioventricular block with concurrent syncope. Initial emergent therapy included a nitroprusside infusion for the systemic hypertension and vagolytic therapy for the bradyarrhythmia. A left adrenal mass was seen on abdominal ultrasound and was further characterized by MRI. Following medical stabilization with phenoxybenzamine and propantheline, a left adrenalectomy was performed. Histological diagnosis was consistent with a malignant pheochromocytoma. Following tumor removal there has been no further hypertension, atrioventricular block or syncope. Unique information provided: This is the first documented case of a malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as syncope secondary to hypertension induced atrioventricular block.     

Abdominal compartment syndrome in a dog with babesiosis

Objective: To describe a case of abdominal compartment syndrome in a dog with babesiosis. Case summary: A 9‐year‐old female Bull Terrier presented with complicated babesiosis. Additional findings including respiratory distress, abdominal distension, and a decrease in urine output associated with an elevated abdominal pressure (23.5–25 cmH₂O) led to a further diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome. This case report describes the clinical course of both conditions through resolution. New information provided: Abdominal compartment syndrome is not well described in the veterinary literature, but clinicians should be aware of this potential complication in critically ill patients. The pathophysiology and veterinary literature of abdominal compartment syndrome are reviewed.     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs and cats: a review of clinical findings and pathophysiology

Objective: To review the clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in dogs and cats. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary literature were reviewed through Medline and CAB as well as manual search of references listed in articles pertaining to acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS. Human data synthesis: Since the term ARDS was first coined in 1967, there has been a abundance of literature pertaining to this devastating syndrome in human medicine. More complete understanding of the complex interactions between inflammatory cells, soluble mediators (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, platelet activating factor) and the clinical patient has provided for timely recognition and mechanistically based protective strategies decreasing morbidity and mortality in human patients with ARDS. Veterinary data synthesis: Although little is known, ARDS is becoming a more commonly recognized sequela in small animals. Initial case reports and retrospective studies have provided basic clinical characterization of ARDS in dogs and cats. Additionally, information from experimental models has expanded our understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms involved. It appears that the inflammatory processes and pathologic changes associated with ARDS are similar in dogs, cats, and humans. Conclusions: Unfortunately, current mortality rates for ARDS in small animals are close to 100%. As our capability to treat patients with advanced life‐threatening disease increases, it is vital that we develop a familiarity with the pathogenesis of ARDS. Understanding the complex inflammatory interactions is essential for determining effective preventative and management strategies as well as designing novel therapies for veterinary patients.     

人和哺乳动物支气管动脉与肺动脉吻合现象研究进展

对人和哺乳动物支气管动脉与肺动脉吻合问题的研究进行了概述.肺动脉与支气管动脉吻合的意义在于支气管动脉的高氧血液可以进入肺动脉代偿供应肺泡组织,肺动脉的营养血液也可以进入支气管动脉代偿供应肺间质.肺动脉与支气管动脉之间血管吻合常可以发生在胸膜面、支气管壁、终末细支气管或呼吸性细支气管等部位,也可以在毛细血管上发生支气管动脉与肺动脉的吻合.根据血管吻合的长度和口径,将其分为长吻合型和短吻合型,按照血管吻合的方式分为端-端吻合和端-侧吻合.在某些病理情况下,肺动脉与支气管动脉之间的吻合支还会通过管径扩张,增加血流量来供应局部的病变组织,因此有利于防御不利因素对机体造成的损伤,为机体实施正常的呼吸功能提供保障.     

Porcine surfactant in treatment of LPS-induced early-stage acute lung injury in rats

AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intratracheal instillation of porcine pulmonary surfactant (PPS) in rats with lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced early-stage ALI in this study.METHODS: SD rats weighing 200 g-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups: LPS (1.5 mg·kg-1)+saline,LPS+PPS 100 mg·kg^-1,LPS+PPS 150 mg·kg^-1,LPS+PPS 200 mg·kg^-1.The PaO₂ and PaCO₂,as well as survival rate of rats were examined for 6 h after the start of PPS-instillation.Then,rats were killed and lungs were immediately removed for lung index (LI) and histological analysis.The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for measurement of total protein (TP) contents,TNF-α level and white blood cell(WBC) numbers.RESULTS: Significantly increased PaO₂,reduced mortality rate,decreased total protein and TNF-α contents in BAL,as well as lung index and meliorated histological appearance were observed in three PPS-treated groups compared with group given saline after LPS (P<0.05).The therapeutic effect in PPS150 and PPS200 groups was better than that in PPS100 group.CONCLUSION: Intratracheal PPS instillation provides protective effect on acute lung injury in rats induced by LPS.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染对猪肺泡巨噬细胞外源性抗原加工递呈相关分子和共刺激分子的影响

采用定量竞争PCR技术对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）感染后不同时相猪肺泡巨噬细胞（PAM）中外源性抗原加工递呈相关分子SLA-DR、Ii链和SLA-DM分子及共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86的mRNA转录动态进行了定量检测。结果表明,PRRSV感染后PAM的SLA-DR mRNA转录水平在3、7和14 d下调,低于对照组;感染后3 d,Ii链、SLA-DM和CD40的mRNA转录水平极显著下调（P〈0.01）;CD80和CD86mRNA转录水平也在感染后3 d明显下调（P〈0.05）。用流式细胞术检测PAM表面的SLA-DR抗原的结果表明,在感染后3 d短暂上升,7 d之后一直低于对照组。由此说明,PRRSV感染早期对猪肺泡巨噬细胞的外源性抗原加工和递呈功能产生显著影响,导致其外源性抗原递呈功能下降,进而影响机体的体液免疫应答。     

Acute onset of pulmonary necrotising arteritis in a dog with a left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus

A 12-week-old, clinically normal Chihuahua was referred for investigation for a continuous heart murmur. Cardiac evaluation revealed an anatomically and haemodynamically typical left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus. The continuous wave Doppler measurement of peak ductal jet velocity of 5.6 m/s was suggestive of a normal pulmonary to systemic arterial pressure ratio. The dog returned 16 days later with right heart failure and severe pulmonary hypertension. Marked reduction in left-to-right shunting was demonstrated and the ductal jet velocity had decreased to 2.5 m/s. Immediate ductus ligation, oxygen therapy before and after the operation, and administration of hydralazine failed to reduce pulmonary hypertension, and the dog was euthanased. Histopathological examination of the lung showed pulmonary necrotising arteritis with acute and chronic arterial lesions. Chronic pulmonary vascular changes related to high flow have been associated with altered nitric oxide and endothelin responses. These changes may be responsible for the acute onset of pulmonary hypertension due to relatively minor vascular insults in some human and veterinary patients with left-to-right shunts. The potential for acute progression supports the recommendations for early ductus ligation and the prognostic importance of detecting pulmonary hypertension presurgically in patent ductus arteriosus patients.     

A Syndrome Resembling Idiopathic Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension in 4 Young Doberman Pinschers

We describe 4 young male Doberman Pinschers (3 littermates and 1 unrelated dog) with a syndrome resembling idiopathic or noncirrhotic portal hypertension of humans. Each dog was evaluated for a hepatopathy resulting in portal hypertension, development of portosystemic collateral vessels, and hepatic encephalopathy. These dogs differ from previous reports of young dogs with hepatic insufficiency associated with portal hypertension and acquired portal systemic shunting by their lack of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistulae, portal vein atresia, or intrahepatic fibrosis. Clinicopathologic features included erythrocyte microcytosis, normal to mildly increased liver enzyme activities, increased concentrations of serum bile acids, reduced plasma indocyanine green clearance, and normal total bilirubin concentration. Abdominal ultrasonography disclosed a small liver and portosystemic collateral vessels. Radiographic imaging studies confirmed hepatofugal portal circulation and discounted hepatic arteriovenous fistulae. Histopathologic features in liver tissue from each dog were similar and consistent in all sections examined. Common findings included increased cross-sectional views of hepatic arterioles; hepatic lobular atrophy; scanty increase in connective tissue around some large portal triads; and absence of inflammation, disturbed lobular architecture, bile duct proliferation, or intrahepatic cholestasis.