犬肾动脉、脾动脉分支及其节段性分布

采用动脉铸型和大体解剖学方法观察了犬肾动脉 38例 ,脾动脉 30例。结果表明 :(1)犬肾动脉入肾前分为背干和腹干 ,由它们发出 2～ 6支肾段动脉 ,其分布区即为同名肾段。 (2 )犬肾段动脉有 5种分支类型 ,变异较大 ,但具有高度的对称性。 (3)犬脾动脉的分支均为双分支型 ,即分为脾上叶动脉和脾下叶动脉 ,将犬的脾脏分为 4个脾段 ,每 1个脾段由同名脾段动脉供应血液。 (4 ) 2 5例各脾段动脉之间无吻合支存在 ,称为“无血管区”;5例存在着少量吻合支 ,可称为“少血管区”。     

家畜急性出血性贫血的诊治

1病因分析 急性出血性贫血是因为血管,特别是动脉管被破坏,使机体发生严重出血之后,血库及造血器官又不能代偿时所发生的贫血。动物因为外伤或外科手术时血管壁受损,动脉管发生大出血后,机体血液丧失过多。如家畜鼻腔、喉及肺受到损伤而出血,牛皱胃溃疡和猪胃出血,公畜去势止血不良引起血管断端出血,母畜分娩时损伤产道和发生于某些部位的肿瘤等引起长期大量出血。内脏器官受到损伤引起的内出血,特别是作为血库的肝和脾破裂时严重出血。奶牛在放牧时,曾出现过因为意外跌倒而引起脾破裂,导致奶牛内出血的情况发生。     

双峰驼肾动脉分布

应用大体解剖学和血管铸型方法,研究了12峰双峰驼肾动脉的分支分布。结果显示,肾脏的肾动脉在进入肾门之前均分成一背干和一腹干,在肾窦内,背干分为一前支,再由前、后支分别发出背部贤脏的各肾段动脉。腹干不分前、后支,而由主干直接发出腹部肾脏的各肾段动脉。不仅各肾段动脉之间未见吻合,背干及其分支与腹干及其分支之间也无吻合。左肾肾段动脉共13条,右肾肾段动脉12条。表明,双峰驼不仅左、右肾的肾动脉与肾段动脉不尽相同,各肾的背部和腹部的动脉供应也存在差异。肾动脉的背干和腹干是相对独立的。     

鸡后海穴区域的血管构筑

采用大体解剖及血管墨汁灌注组织切片观察法，观察了２６羽海赛鸡后海穴区域的组织结构，由尾降肌与泄殖腔，法氏囊之间的结缔组织构成了后海穴的中轴，其血液供应来源于肠系膜后动脉、茬中动脉和髂内动脉，并形成规律性的辐凑型构筑，微血管染色发现一种特殊的微血管类型，其机能意义有待进一步研究。     

动物水肿发生的原因

不同类型水肿发生的原因和机理不尽相同,但多数具有共同的发生因素,主要是组织液生成大于回流及钠、水在体内潴留两方面的因素。1组织液生成量大于回流量生理状态下,在毛细血管动脉端,血液中的液体成分通过血管壁进入组织间隙,而在静脉端又从组织间隙通过血管壁和淋巴管回流进入血液。通过这种循环,组织液和血液中的液体成分不断地进行着交换,但组织液的生成和回流始终处于动态平衡,维持这种平衡的力主要有血管壁内外的流体静压和胶体渗透压，其中毛细血管血压和组织渗透压是促使组织液生成的力，而血浆胶体渗透压和组织液压可使组织液回流到血管内。     

血管内皮生长因子在绵羊肺脏中的表达分布研究

目的研究血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在绵羊肺脏中的表达分布特征。方法取成年绵羊肺脏组织,制备石蜡切片,利用HE染色法观察绵羊肺脏组织的形态结构,采用免疫组织化学方法检测VEGF在绵羊肺脏组织中的分布。结果肺脏的各类型细胞均可见VEGF表达,在绵羊肺脏导气部的细支气管和终末细支气管的上皮细胞,呼吸部的肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管的上皮细胞,以及肺的血管内皮细胞均可检测到VEGF的强阳性表达信号。结论VEGF广泛分布于绵羊肺脏组织中,对其形态结构和功能的维持具有重要作用。     

绵羊肾段动脉及肾段的观察

试验应用血管铸型方法,对14枚(左肾7枚,右肾7枚)绵羊肾动脉分支分布做了研究。肾动脉在进入肾门前有两种分支形式:前后干型和背腹干型,后者占主要。背腹干分布形式的肾脏,背干在进入肾窦内分为一前支和一后支,由前支和后支发出肾脏背部各肾段动脉。腹干不分支而直接发出肾脏腹部各肾段动脉。各肾段动脉之间未见有吻合支。绵羊肾脏不论肾动脉是前后干型还是背腹干型,肾段动脉的数目均为7。肾段动脉分布的区域即为肾段,所以与之相应的肾段也有7个。     

三种型号ABS塑料对制作绵羊支气管动脉铸型标本的影响

探寻适宜于制备支气管动脉铸型标本的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)铸型剂材料。选用3种不同型号的ABS(PA-749SK、D-120、PA-717CK)对绵羊支气管动脉铸型标本的制作效果进行比较。结果表明,PA-749SK型ABS制备的铸型标本柔韧性和细密度较好;PA-717CK型ABS制备的标本表面光泽度好,但柔韧性和细密度较差;D-120型ABS制备的标本各项性能介于前两者之间。说明受试的3种型号ABS中,PA-749SK型号的ABS更适用于制作绵羊支气管动脉铸型标本,也可以作为其他细小管道的铸型材料被选用。     

牛的肾段动脉和肾段

肾实质的肾段由各肾段动脉供应血液，因肾段动脉之间无吻合支，故不存在段间的侧副循环，当某一肾段动脉阻塞，势必造成该肾段的血循障碍，从而引起肾坏死。在有关人体解的剖的著作中对肾段动脉与肾段已有明确的阐述，但在兽医解剖界尚未见论及，连兽医国际解剖学名记词（Ｎ．Ａ，）尚无肾段（Ｓｅｇｍｅｎａｔ ｒｅｎａｌｉａ）的名词。我对１３只黄牛肾的血管及输尿管道的铸型标本进行了观察，初步将牛的肾段动脉分为七支，它们是     

一例鸡棉籽饼中毒的防治措施

正1疾病概述以游离棉酚为代表的棉籽毒是一种嗜细胞性、血管性和神经性毒物,当其进入消化道以后,对胃肠黏膜发生刺激作用,可引起胃肠卡他或中毒性胃肠炎;毒素进入血液之后,会给心脏、肝和肾带来刺激与损害;对组织刺激可引起组织发炎,增强血管和渗透性,并能促进血浆和红细胞渗入到周围组织,发生浆液浸润和出血性炎症。游离棉酚易与机体内的铁结合,由此引起维生素A缺乏,导致消化、呼吸、泌尿等器官黏膜炎症和变性。游离棉酚易溶于     

A bronchopulmonary artery fistula in a horse

A 24-year-old, Thoroughbred gelding presented with difficulty breathing for a few days and intermittent nose bleeding before dying. At necropsy, the bronchoesophageal artery and the bronchial artery that flowed into the left anterior lobe were tortuous and dilated, and it was found that dilated tortuous branches of the bronchial artery ran over the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the left anterior lobe. Histopathologically, an anastomosis between a muscular artery and an elastic artery were demonstrated, which were identified as bronchial and pulmonary arteries, respectively. Based on the gross and histopathological findings, a bronchopulmonary artery fistula was diagnosed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a pulmonary vascular anastomosis in a horse.     

Scanning electron microscopic study on the microarchitecture of the vascular system in the pigeon lung

The resin casts of the respiratory and vascular systems in pigeon lung were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The primary bronchi branched to form many secondary bronchi that anastomosed with each other via the parabronchi. Numerous infundibula protruded from the parabronchi via the atria and ramified into the air capillaries. The pulmonary artery entered into the lung and branched into three vessels that coursed the interparabronchial parts. The intraparabronchial arterioles penetrated the gas-exchange tissue to form the anastomosing networks of blood capillaries. The observation of the double casts of the respiratory and vascular systems revealed three-dimensional complicated networks of air capillaries and blood capillaries.     

Anatomic study of the canine bronchial tree using silicone casts,radiography, and CT

This prospective anatomic study examined the canine lower airway lumen morphology by visual inspection, radiography, and CT of silicone casts of two dogs. Study results showed the lobar, bronchopulmonary segmental, and pulmonary lobular organization of the lungs grossly reflected in the hierarchically clustered branching structure of the bronchial tree. Study results also provided a basis for differentiating bronchial and bronchiolar patterns. Whereas images of silicone-filled bronchial lumens produced large-diameter, branching, tapering bands that radiated from the lung hilus, the pattern was different for small airways. Images of silicone-filled bronchiole lumens produced small-diameter, branching, tapering, nonradiating lines that created a speckled pattern resembling micronodules and, unexpectedly during radiography, small-diameter rings with air-filled lumens attributed to positive and negative summation shadows. Consequently, imaging patterns in dogs might be affected by pulmonary lobular morphology and might differentiate large and small airway diseases.     

Surgical Technique of Left Lung Reimplantation in the Dog

The instrumentation and technique for reimplantation of the left lung of 6 dogs was described in detail. Thoracic radiographs made during the first 3 postoperative days consistently showed scattered areas of consolidation in the 3 left lung lobes characteristic of alveolar and interstitial infiltrates. Following a peak reaction at 3–5 days postoperatively, the infiltrates gradually resolved at a variable rate and disappeared completely within 2 weeks. All dogs were euthanized 14 days after operation and postmortem examinations were performed. No stenosis was noted in the bronchial, arterial, and atrial anastomoses. Histopathologic examination by light microscopy of lung tissue indicated no abnormalities. Arterial blood gases and pH, and mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressures determined immediately prior to euthanasia were within normal limits.     

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. IV. Changes in the bronchial circulation demonstrated by C.T. scanning and microradiography

The purpose of this study was to use radiographic contrast techniques and special imaging methods to identify and high-light bronchial arterial involvement in lung lesions associated with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses. The lungs from four horses with histories of EIPH were prepared for computerised tomographic scanning and microradiography by perfusing the broncho-oesophageal artery with a mixture of red latex and either barium or iodine contrast materials while the pulmonary supply received only blue latex. Computerised tomographic scan slices of the prepared inflated lungs were obtained from the caudal tip of the lung to the hilus. Microradiography of selected lung slices was also performed on a Faxitron. Diffuse areas of increased density, with preferential bronchial arterial supply noted on the computerised tomographic scans were confirmed by microradiography. Dense focal and diffuse plexuses of markedly hypertrophied and highly branched bronchial arterial networks were identified, centred around certain small airways. The vascular supply to these plexuses was recruited predominantly from neighbouring bronchial vessels, and in some cases, from the enlarged vasa vasorum of pulmonary arteries sending anastomoses to the affected areas. The authors conclude that bronchial vascular lesions in EIPH cases are the likely origin of haemorrhage; that small airway disease is the probable initiating stimulus for bronchial vascular proliferation in these lesions; and that the morphology and nature of the neovascular tissue in these lesions provides the conditions leading to haemorrhage in the lungs of horses with EIPH.     

Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and histologic examination of pulmonary microvasculature in dogs with dirofilariosis

OBJECTIVE: To characterize structural changes in pulmonary vessels of dogs with dirofilariosis. ANIMALS: 8 dogs with dirofilariosis and 2 unaffected control dogs. PROCEDURE: Pulmonary artery pressure was measured in affected dogs, and dogs then were euthanatized. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine vascular corrosion casts of pulmonary vasculature. Tissue sections of pulmonary vasculature were evaluated by use of histologic examination. RESULTS: Pulmonary artery pressure was higher in dogs with severely affected pulmonary vessels. In tissue sections, dilatation, as well as lesions in the tunica intima and proliferative lesions resulting in constriction or obstruction, were frequently observed in branches of the pulmonary artery. Numerous dilated bronchial arteries were observed around affected pulmonary arteries. Hyperplastic venous sphincters were observed in small pulmonary veins and venules. In corrosion casts, affected pulmonary lobar arteries had dilatation, pruning, abnormal tapering, constriction, and obstruction. In small arteries and arterioles, surface structures representing aneurisms and edema were seen. Bronchial arteries were well developed and extremely dilated, and they formed numerous anastomoses with pulmonary arteries at all levels, from the pulmonary trunk to peripheral vessels. Capillaries in the lungs were dilated with little structural change. Small pulmonary veins and venules had irregular annular constrictions that were caused by hyperplastic smooth muscle cells of venous sphincters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts delineated links between the bronchial and pulmonary circulations in dogs with dirofilariosis. Results of scanning electron microscopy provided a structural explanation for the development of pulmonary circulatory disturbances and pulmonary hypertension in dogs affected by dirofilariosis.     

白苏提取物的毒性研究

瘤胃分别注射白苏挥发油及水煎液，观察中毒山羊的临床病理特征，研究白苏提取物的毒性。结果表明，瘤胃注射20mL白苏挥发油（相当于4．167kg新鲜白苏茎叶），山羊出现明显的中毒反应；而瘤胃注射500mL白苏水煎液（相当于5kg新鲜白苏茎叶）对其无影响。中毒山羊的心、肺血流量先上升后下降，主要临床病理特征为：颈静脉怒张，胸腔积液，心脏扩张、心壁变薄、心肌有出血点，肺水肿，支气管、细支气管内有大量的泡沫。试验进一步证实，白苏挥发油是动物白苏中毒的主要致病因子，其病理演变过程为急性心衰，导致肺水肿。     

Evaluation of an air ionizer unit and its effects on cellular respiratory defense in racing thoroughbreds

A double crossover trial, consisting of two three-week periods, was conducted to evaluate an air ionizer unit and its effects on cellular respiratory defenses in racing Thoroughbreds. Each week, samples of the stable air were taken and horses were sampled for hematological and blood biochemical analyses. At the end of both three-week periods, blood neutrophil and bronchopulmonary lavage immune cellular responses were assayed and bronchopulmonary lavage samples were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. The air ionizer unit had no significant effects on the parameters assayed.     

MULTIDETECTOR‐ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PATTERNS OF BRONCHOESPHAGEAL ARTERY HYPERTROPHY AND SYSTEMIC‐TO‐PULMONARY FISTULA IN DOGS

Anomalies involving arterial branches in the lungs are one of the causes of hemoptysis in humans and dogs. Congenital and acquired patterns of bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy have been reported in humans based on CT characteristics. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe clinical, echocardiographic, and multidetector computed tomography features of bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy and systemic‐to‐pulmonary arterial communications in a sample of 14 dogs. Two main vascular patterns were identified in dogs that resembled congenital and acquired conditions reported in humans. Pattern 1 appeared as an aberrant origin of the right bronchoesophageal artery, normal origin of the left one, and enlargement of both the bronchial and esophageal branches that formed a dense network terminating in a pulmonary artery through an orifice. Pattern 2 appeared as a normal origin of both right and left bronchoesophageal arteries, with an enlarged and tortuous course along the bronchi to the periphery of the lung, where they communicated with subsegmental pulmonary arteries. Dogs having Pattern 1 also had paraesophageal and esophageal varices, with the latter being confirmed by videoendoscopy examination. Authors conclude that dogs with Pattern 1 should be differentiated from dogs with other congenital vascular systemic‐to‐pulmonary connections. Dogs having Pattern 2 should be evaluated for underlying pleural or pulmonary diseases. Bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy can be accompanied by esophageal venous engorgement and should be included in the differential diagnosis for esophageal and paraesophageal varices in dogs.