实验性山羊四氯化碳中毒的研究

将过量的四氯化碳注射到山羊瘤胃内，诱发山羊四氯化碳中毒，结果表明，中毒的山羊以中枢神经系统抑制，消化机能障碍和肝脏广泛性坏死为其特征。     

牛苏叶中毒

据资料介绍 ,苏子是唇形科紫苏属一年生草本植物 ,分紫苏、白苏两种。白苏的茎叶中含有一种挥发油主要成分是紫苏酮 ,β-去氧香薷酮及三甲氧基苯丙稀等物质 ,这些物质毒性很强 ,能引起牛急性中毒。本文所述的牛苏叶中毒 ,专指这种白苏叶中毒。病例 1　宁安乡郭庄村张某的 1头 3     

银杏叶对小鼠抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的：观察不同剂量银杏叶水煎醇沉液对小鼠的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法：采用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳壳肿胀法,50只小鼠随机均分5组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射地塞米松（10 mg/kg）,连续给药6 d,测定小鼠耳廓的肿胀率和肿胀抑制率;采用热板法测定小鼠的镇痛作用,取合格小鼠100只随机均分10组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射和水煎液灌胃高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射和灌胃等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射和灌胃安乃近（20 mg/kg）,给药后30 m in测定小鼠的痛阈值的变化。结果：腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各剂量组小鼠耳廓肿胀率均低于生理盐水组（P〈0.01）,其肿胀抑制率以高剂量组最高;与生理盐水组比较,腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各个剂量组痛阈值均明显提高（P〈0.01）;灌胃给药高剂量组有镇痛作用（P〈0.01）。结论：银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射对小鼠具有较强的抗炎和镇痛作用,灌胃给药镇痛效果相对较差。     

白萝卜干水煎液引起山羊瘤胃臌气症的临床报告及发病机制初探

近几年来,我们在临床上遇到山羊饮大量白萝卜干水煎液后,发生瘤胃臌气症11例,其中8例经治疗痊愈,3例抢救无效死亡。经临床诊断为白萝卜干水煎液致瘤胃臌气症。一、临床报告(一)发病情况及临床症状该病多发于冬春两季,因此时青菜缺乏,农民把贮存的白萝卜干煮熟后食用,并习惯于顺便将其煎     

腐敏散预防山羊甘肃棘豆中毒初探

采取从瘤胃瘘管每天给５只山羊投服甘肃棘豆粉（１０ｇ／ｋｇ）,同时用饮用２ｇ／Ｌ的腐敏散液的方法,以探索腐敏散对山羊甘肃棘豆中毒的预防作用。结果实验山羊在１５～１９ｄ出现甘肃棘豆中毒的临床症状,实验室检查两组山羊的血清ＳＧＯＴ活性和ＡＫＰ活性比实验前均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。中毒症状出现时间和实验室检查结果,实验组与对照组（不预防组）无明显的差异,表明腐敏散不能预防山羊甘肃棘豆中毒。     

“棘防C”预防山羊甘肃棘豆中毒初探

经瘤胃瘘管每天给５只山羊投服甘萧棘豆粉末，同时饮用本课题组研制的“棘防Ｃ”溶液，以探索其对山羊甘萧棘豆中毒的预防作用。结果试验羊在第２６￣３１ｄ出现甘肃棘豆中毒的临床症状，对照组羊（不预防组）在第１５￣１８ｄ出现甘肃棘豆中毒的临床症状。     

水牛白苏中毒的诊治

皖白湖集团公司长龙山农场于１９９３年、１９９７年、１９９８年夏秋两季发生以青壮年水牛急性肺水肿、高病死率为特征的急性中毒病。３年共死亡水牛２８头，占３年总数的８％，占发病牛的４８３％。根据病因调查、临床症状、病理剖检及实验室诊断，确诊为白苏中毒。１　病因调查白苏是唇形科紫苏属１年生草本植物，常丛生于路旁、沟边、山坡、沼泽与水库等潮湿背荫地方，夏季植株高达１ｍ左右，生长旺盛，７～９月开花，１０月底枯萎，其茎、叶与种子中含白苏酮、脱氢白苏酮和异脱氢白苏酮等肺水肿因子。该农场白苏分布面积广、数量大，…     

山羊尿素中毒的治疗

1 症状：表现不安，食欲废绝，呻吟，肌肉颤抖，口角流出泡沫状液体。呼吸困难，站立不稳，全身出汗，瘤胃臌胀，倒地不起。2 治疗：2.1 迅速进行瘤胃穿刺放气，放完气后随之注入鱼石脂3g，酒精10mL。2.2 肌肉注射1％硫酸阿托品2～3mL。2.3 混合静注10％葡萄糖注射液100～150mL，10％安钠咖注射液3～5mL，10％维生素C注射液5mL和碘解磷定注射液30mg／kg体重。经上述即时处理，患病山羊痊愈。山羊尿素中毒的治疗$云南省牟定县畜牧局!675500@孙应江     

白苏挥发油的毒性研究

白苏挥发油的毒性研究吴金节，倪有煌，张德群，田超（安徽农业大学畜牧水产学院合肥２３００３６）严尚学，黄德武（安徽医科大学实验动物中心）白苏［Ｐｅｒｉｌｌａｆｒｕｔｅｓｃｅｎｓ（Ｌ．）Ｂｒｉｔ．］为一年生直立草本植物，有香气，生长在田埂、路边、山坡以及...     

当归水煎醇沉液对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的：研究不同剂量的当归水煎醇沉液对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法：取小鼠50只,随机均分为5组：对照组（Ⅰ）、模型组（Ⅱ）、当归高剂量组（Ⅲ）、当归中剂量组（Ⅳ）、当归低剂量组（Ⅴ）。造模前,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组小鼠分别按20.0、10.0、5.0g/kg皮下注射当归水煎醇沉液,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组注射等量生理盐水,1次/d,连续6d,末次给药后2h,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组小鼠腹腔注射0.1%四氯化碳石蜡油溶液（0.1mL/10g）建立肝损伤模型,Ⅰ组注射等量石蜡油。禁食不禁水,24h后处死小鼠。取肝脏左叶相同部位组织,10%的甲醛固定,制作组织切片,H.E染色,光镜下观察肝组织结构与病理变化。结果：当归水煎醇沉液高、中、低剂量组肝细胞损害程度轻于模型组。结论：当归水煎醇沉液对小鼠四氯化碳致肝损伤有明显的保护作用。     

Effects of dietary rosemary, rosemary volatile oil and vitamin E on broiler performance, meat quality and serum SOD activity

1. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E (as alpha-tocopherol acetate), dried rosemary leaves and rosemary volatile oil on the performance, meat quality (measured as sensory variables, pH, colour, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and bacteria count) and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in broilers fed on maize-soybean meal based diets. 2. A total of 800 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 8 dietary treatments, which were set up with 1 control group and 7 experimental groups. The control group (VitE1) was given a basal diet including 50 mg/kg alpha-tocopherol acetate, while the experimental groups were given 5 x 7 g/kg rosemary plant (R1), 8 x 6 g/kg plant (R2), 11 x 5 g/kg plant (R3), 100 mg/kg plant oil (RO1), 150 mg/kg plant oil (RO2), 200 mg/kg plant oil (RO3) or 200 mg/kg alpha-tocopherol acetate (VitE2). 3. Although there were no statistical differences observed for feed consumption, other performance variables including live weight gain, feed efficiency and carcase yield were significantly affected. The addition of rosemary volatile oil had more effect on the performance variables than did the rosemary plant itself. 4. As a measure of meat shelf life, TBA analyses were performed on the meat samples on d 1, 3 and 5 after culling. Meat MDA levels of groups fed diets with rosemary and rosemary volatile oil were significantly lower than that of groups fed diets containing alpha-tocopherol acetate alone. 5. Significant differences were also seen between the control and experimental groups for meat colour and meat pH values as well as for sensory analyses. 6. Microbiological analyses conducted at the end of the experiment showed that E. coli counts were significantly reduced in meat samples from the experimental groups. 7. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with rosemary and its volatile oil improved broiler meat quality. Moreover growth performance was positively affected by the rosemary volatile oil supplementations.     

Role of mixed-function oxidase in 3-methylindole-induced acute pulmonary edema in goats

The relationship between the pulmonary toxicity of 3- methylindole (3MI, skatole) and the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system was investigated. Nine goats assigned to three groups were given a jugular infusion of [14C]3MI (0.02 to 0.03 g of 3MI/kg of body weight containing 0.5 muCi/kg of body weight) for 1.5 hours to induce acute pulmonary edema. Two groups of three goats each were treated with phenobarbital (PB) or piperonyl butoxide (BT) prior to 3MI infusion to induce or to inhibit the MFO system. Three goats were used as 3MI controls. During a 72-hour test period, blood was collected for determination of plasma 3MI concentration and radioactivity. Urine was collected and was fractionated by column chromatography. The severity of pulmonary lesions was evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. Pretreatment with BT prevented the onset of acute pulmonary edema. Goats pretreated with PB had more severe lung lesions than did 3MI controls. Plasma of goats pretreated with BT had a longer half-life (2.1 hours) of radioactivity, whereas plasma of goats pretreated with PB had a shorter half-life (1.0 hour) when compared with plasma of 3MI control goats (1.5 hours) given the same dosage of [14C]3MI (P less than 0.025). The plasma half-life of 3MI was longer (P less than 0.025) in BT-pretreated goats (0.45 hour) than that in PB-pretreated goats (0.26 hour). At 72 hours, 70% to 98% of the infused radioactivity had been excreted in the urine. The pattern of urinary metabolites of 3MI was altered in BT-pretreated goats compared with patterns in control and PB-pretreated goats. Results indicate that the MFO system is one of the pathways involved in the metabolism of 3MI and that pulmonary toxicosis results from metabolism of 3MI by this enzyme system.     

Cephalad Distribution of Three Differing Volumes of New Methylene Blue Injected Into the Epidural Space in Adult Goats

Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are popular regional anesthetic techniques in many animal species. However, we have not found any reports of studies in animals that have investigated the extent of cephalad migration and level of sensory blockade achieved based only on the volume of drug injected into the epidural space. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the volume (mL/kg) of an injectate injected epidurally and the extent of its cephalad migration within the epidural space. Twelve adult goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on the volume of 0.12% New Methylene Blue (NMB), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg, injected into the epidural space. The site and speed of injection, animal position, and direction of needle bevel were held constant. All injections were performed at the lumbo-sacral space immediately following euthanasia. At necropsy, the vertebral columns were transected longitudinally. The extent of cephalad migration of dye within the epidural space was easily determined by staining of the dura. Measurements were rounded to the nearest intervertebral space to which the dye had migrated. The individual making assessments was blinded to all treatments. In goats treated with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg NMB, the number of stained spinal segments was 3.5 ± 0.6, 6.5 ± 0.9, and 8.8 ± 0.6, (mean ± SEM), respectively. Linear regression performed on the data was significant ( P <.05) with R²= 0.86. There was a strong linear relationship between volume (mL/kg) of epidurally injected NMB and cranial migration, with the larger volumes producing more cephalad spread within the epidural space. These results provide evidence for the volume of epidural injectate needed to produce a desired level of sensory blockade in adult goats.     

中药复合剂AFF-Ⅰ口服液对小鼠急性肝损伤血液生化指标的影响

为了研究中药复合剂AFF-Ⅰ口服液对四氯化碳(CCl4)导致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护效果,将60只昆明种小鼠随机分为正常对照、造模、阳性药物对照(联苯双酯)、中药复合剂AFF-Ⅰ口服液高、中、低剂量6组。正常对照组、造模组分别灌服等量的生理盐水,阳性药物对照组按150mg/kg灌胃联苯双酯溶液,中药复合剂AFF-Ⅰ口服液高、中、低剂量组分别按45、30、15mL/kg灌胃,2次/d,连续给药7d。末次给药后1h,正常对照组腹腔注射花生油20mL/kg,其余组腹腔注射10mL/L CCl4花生油溶液20mL/kg,16h后测定血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)含量和肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,中药复合剂AFF-Ⅰ口服液低、中、高剂量组能显著降低CCl4导致小鼠急性肝损伤血清中AST、ALT含量(P<0.01),显著降低CCl4所致急性肝损伤小鼠肝组织MDA含量,提高肝组织SOD活力(P<0.01)。研究表明,中药复合剂AFF-Ⅰ口服液对小鼠的急性肝损伤具有保护作用。     

A Comparison of Epidural Saline, Morphine, and Bupivacaine for Pain Relief After Abdominal Surgery in Goats

The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy of bupivacaine, morphine, or saline (control) when injected epidurally into the lumbosacral epidural space in goats after abdominal surgery. Goats received either bupivacaine (0.5%; 1.5 mg/kg in 0.9% sodium chloride solution), 0.9% sodium chloride solution (0.2 mL/kg), or preservative-free morphine (0.1 mg/kg). Total volume injected into the epidural space was 0.2 mL/kg for all groups. The variables evaluated were times to extubation, sternal recumbency, standing, and eating; heart and respiratory rates; and pain score. Only two of the goats in the bupivacaine group were able to stand on their hindlimbs before 6 hours. Time to eating was shorter for the saline group when compared with the bupivacaine group. Heart rate over all time in the saline group (137 ± 4 beats/min, mean ± SEM) was higher than the morphine (125 ± 3 beats/min) and bupivacaine groups (121 ± 3 beats/min). Respiratory rate over all time was increased in the saline group (26 ± 1 breaths/min) compared with the bupivacaine (24 ± 1 breaths/min) or morphine (24 ± 1 breaths/min) groups. At 50 minutes, the pain score for the saline group was higher than the morphine group. Pain score over all time in the saline group (1.5 ± 0.10) was higher than the morphine (1.2 ± 0.07) and bupivacaine (1.2 ± 0.04) groups. One goat in the saline group required two intravenous injections of flunixin meglumine for pain.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate, gentamicin sulphate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride in Nubian goats and desert sheep

In this investigation the pharmacokinetics of three commonly used antibiotics, ampicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg), gentamicin sulphate (3 mg/kg) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (5 mg/kg), given intravenously, were each studied in five Nubian goats and five desert sheep. The pharmacokinetic parameters were described by a two-compartment open model. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two species in some kinetic parameters of ampicillin and oxytetracycline but not gentamicin. Ampicillin elimination half life ( t _1/2β) in goats (1.20 h) was shorter than that in sheep (2.48 h), and its clearance ( Cl ) significantly higher in goats (2921mL/h·kg) compared to sheep (262 mL/h·kg) ( P < 0.01). Ampicillin volume of distribution ( V d_area) was found to be significantly larger in goats (5673 mL/kg) than in sheep (992 mL/kg) ( P < 0.01). For oxytetracycline, the t _1/2β in goats (3.89 h) was significantly shorter than that in sheep (6.30 h) and the Cl value in goats (437 mL/h·kg) was significantly higher than in sheep (281 mL/h·kg). The results suggest that when treating sheep and goats, the pharmacokinetic differences between the two species must be considered in order to optimize the therapeutic doses of ampicillin and oxytetracycline.     

Metocurine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in goats

Non-depolarizing muscle relaxants can facilitate surgery and anaesthesia in numerous species, and volatile inhalational anaesthetics such as isoflurane potentiate their action. We studied the effect of isoflurane on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of metocurine in six goats. Each was studied twice: once during barbiturate-opiate anaesthesia and once during isoflurane anaesthesia. The evoked response to sciatic nerve stimulation was measured using a force transducer attached to the hoof. Metocurine was infused until approximately 80–90% blockade. Plasma metocurine concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Isoflurane increased the potency of metocurine significantly; IC₅₀ (the concentration in the effect compartment at 50% paralysis) was 70 ± 15 ng/mL during isoflurane anaesthesia and 129 ± 42 ng/mL during barbiturate-opiate anaesthesia ( P < 0.03). Volume of distribution (63 ± 18 mL/kg), clearance (1.6 ± 0.4 mL/min±kg) and elimination half-life (99 ± 9 min) during barbiturate-opiate anaesthesia were not significantly different during isoflurane anaesthesia: 64 ± 25 mL/kg, 1.5 ± 0.7 mL/kgmin, 116 ± 16 min respectively. We conclude that, relative to barbiturate-opiate anaesthesia, isoflurane potentiates metocurine in goats.     

不同油脂对瘤胃微生物体外产气及其区系动态变化的影响

本试验利用3头瘤胃瘘管山羊提供瘤胃液,以淀粉、纤维素、酪蛋白为底物进行体外培养,研究花生油、菜油、玉米油和豆油等对瘤胃发酵产气及微生物活力状况的影响。结果表明:培养液36 h总产气量在20.61～39.67mL,除花生油组与对照组差异不显著外(P>0.05),其他油脂组都显著低于对照组(P<0.05);随着培养时间的延长各组产气量呈现波动变化。培养液总脱氢酶以豆油组最高,显著高于对照组;并依次显著高于玉米油、花生油、菜籽油等组(P<0.05)。另外,培养液原虫DNA、细菌DNA、微生物DNA、原虫/细菌区系比例的均值与对照组,以及油脂组间差异都不显著(P>0.05),但随着培养时间的延长,微生物DNA在各时间点都以豆油与玉米油组的较高;原虫DNA一般在16 h达到最高,而细菌DNA则在8 h或16 h最高,并显著高于1 h或4 h的量(P<0.05、P<0.01),且各个试验组在培养过程中随时间的动态变化模式也不尽相同。总体看来,不同油脂对瘤胃微生物体外产气及区系动态变化的影响不同。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定瘤胃液中的甲酸和其他6种挥发性脂肪酸

本试验旨在建立一种测定瘤胃液中甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸的气相色谱-质谱联用方法。样品选用湘东黑山羊和荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃液,18000 r/min离心10 min,取上层清液。将上层清液与25%的偏磷酸按照9∶1(v∶v)的比例混合均匀,静置0.5 h后,4℃条件下18000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.22μm滤膜,进行气相色谱-质谱分析。以DB-FFAP毛细管柱进行分离,甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸在9 min内达到基线分离。结果表明:这7种组分色谱峰保留时间的相对标准偏差均小于0.5%,峰面积的相对标准偏差均小于5.0%。甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸分别在0.8~121.0μg/mL、0.3~3081.0μg/mL、0.4~1165.2μg/mL、0.4~275.1μg/mL、0.2~543.0μg/mL、0.5~129.9μg/mL和0.4~271.5μg/mL内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均达到0.998以上,检出限(3倍信噪比)在0.069~0.252μg/mL。山羊和奶牛瘤胃液样品的加标回收率分别为91.8%~103.8%和78.7%~95.2%。本试验建立的测定瘤胃液中甲酸以及其他6种挥发性脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱联用方法选择性强、样品用量少、操作简单,可为反刍动物瘤胃碳水化合物代谢及甲烷生成的相关研究提供技术支撑。     

Cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine in goats and sheep anaesthetised with sevoflurane

In sheep, alpha(2)-agonists can induce severe hypoxaemia. In goats, reports on changes in oxygenation are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine in six goats and four sheep anaesthetised with sevoflurane and maintained at approximately 1 minimal alveolar concentration. The animals were ventilated mechanically and held in an upright position to minimise the influence of positioning on pulmonary function. After baseline cardiopulmonary measures, 2 microg/kg dexmedetomidine was injected intravenously over one minute, and measurements were made for 120 minutes. In both species, respiratory resistance, alveolar dead space and shunt fraction increased and thoracic compliance decreased significantly; arterial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary wedge and central venous pressures increased and heart rate and cardiac output decreased significantly. Arterial oxygen tension decreased significantly, with no significant difference between the goats and sheep. Wide interindividual differences were observed in both the goats (mean [sd] 144 [149.1] mmHg, range 54.8 to 443.7 mmHg) and sheep (mean [sd] 129.8 [132.1] mmHg, range 33.7 to 352.8 mmHg), but the cardiovascular and respiratory changes were similar in the two species.