PRRSV和PCV2共感染对猪肺泡巨噬细胞CD80-CD86mRNA转录的影响

用猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）与猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）共感染40日龄健康大白仔猪，利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对共感染仔猪肺泡巨噬细胞（PAM）共刺激分子CD80一CD86的mRNA转录水平进行了定量分析。结果表明，在感染后第3d和第7dCD80与CD86mRNA转录显著下调（P〈0．05），感染后第14dCD86mRNA转录水平仍低于未感染对照组。尽管CD80mRNA转录水平在第14d和第28d高于对照组，CD86mRNA转录水平在第28d高于对照组，两者在第42d均高于对照组，但无显著差异。证实，PRRSV和PCV2共感染可导致猪肺泡巨噬细胞的共刺激分子CD80-CD86基因转录在感染早期明显受到抑制，PAM的抗原呈递能力受到影响。     

猪肺炎支原体对猪肺泡巨噬细胞外源性抗原递呈加工功能相关因子mRNA表达量的影响

将从健康仔猪分离到的猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)分别按1∶10、1∶3和1∶1的比例与猪肺炎支原体(Mhp)232株共同孵育。在孵育12h后收获PAM,用qPCR检测PAM中MHCⅡ分子mRNA表达量,确定PAM和Mhp的最佳孵育比(ROI)。将PAM和Mhp按ROI比例混合孵育(试验组),用等体积的10%RPMI-1640液代替Mhp与PAM孵育作为对照组。分别在孵育后12,24,36,48h收获试验组和对照组的PAM。用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测PAM中与外源性抗原加工递呈功能相关分子MHCⅡ、SLA-DM、Li和CD86、TLR2和TLR6 mRNA表达量,分析Mhp感染对PAM外源性杭原递呈功能的影响。结果显示:相关因子MHCⅡ、SLA-D、Li、CD86和TLR6在Mhp感染PAM 12h后,mRNA表达量升高(17~380倍);感染24h后降至对照组表达水平的0.043~0.391倍;感染36h后极大地降低;感染后48h全部检测不出。TLR2因子mRNA表达量在Mhp感染12h后降至对照组的0.767倍,感染24h后全部全部检测不出。从检测结果可以看出,Mhp感染早期(12h)可以引起PAM抗原递呈功能相关因子mRNA表达量增加;感染晚期(24h以后)会抑制PAM的外源性抗原递呈加工功能相关因子mRNA表达量。结果表明:Mhp感染早期,动物机体可以通过PAM导致免疫增强,后期会引起免疫抑制。本试验探索了Mhp对PAM外源性抗原加工递呈功能相关因子mRNA表达量影响,为进一步研究Mhp致病机理提供了有益的参考。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染对猪CD80和CD86 mRNA表达的影响

通过构建猪共刺激分子CD80和CD86的缺失cDNA竞争分子,用竞争PCR技术定量检测了猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)感染后猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)中CD80和CD86的mRNA水平,分析了PCV2感染对猪共刺激分子CD80和CD86的mRNA表达的影响.结果显示,PCV2感染后,PAM中CD80和CD86的mRNA水平变化趋势一致,只是CD86的升降幅度更大.在PCV2感染后3d,CD80与CD86的mRNA水平下降至最低,随后迅速上升,至14d达到高峰,尔后快速下降,21d及以后恢复正常.本研究结果表明,PCV2初期可明显抑制猪共刺激分子CD80和CD86的基因转录.     

氧化应激对PRRSV致PAM细胞TLR3/NF-κB分子转录的影响

为探讨氧化应激对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)TLR3/NF-κB信号分子转录的影响,体外分离培养PAM,分为对照组、PRRSV感染组、抗氧化剂NAC+PRRSV组,促氧化剂H2O2+RRRSV组。分别在培养6、12、24、48、72h收集细胞,观察各组的细胞病变、real-time PCR检测PRRSV、TLR3、TRIF和NF-κB mRNA转录量的变化。结果显示,PRRSV感染组PRRSV、TLR3、TRIF及NF-κB mRNA的转录量与对照组相比随感染时间的延长显著升高(P0.05),48h达到最大值;NAC处理接毒组各信号分子mRNA的转录量比PRRSV感染组同时间点略低;H_2O_2处理接毒组比PRRSV感染组的略高。结果表明,氧化应激可增强PRRSV致PAM细胞TLR3/NF-κB分子mRNA的转录量,NF-κB的活化可能是PRRSV导致细胞损伤的机制之一。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染的猪肺泡巨噬细胞TLR2/TLR4/CD16/CD18转录水平动态变化

为了解猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)感染对仔猪的肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)免疫功能造成的影响,试验对PCV2感染40日龄左右健康仔猪PAM模式识别受体TLR2、TLR4、CD16、CD18 mRNA的动态变化进行了研究。结果发现,在病毒感染后TLR2、TLR4、CD16 mRNA的转录水平动态变化基本相似,3、7 d高于对照组,14 d低于对照组,28 d接近对照组,且3 d时TLR4、CD16差异极显著(P<0.01),14 d仅TLR2差异显著(P<0.05);CD18 mRNA的转录水平,3 d时显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而7 d时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),28 d接近正常。以上结果表明,PCV2感染PAM后可引起PAM对异物识别吞噬功能与吞噬后信号转导功能出现紊乱,影响了PAM吞噬和清除病原微生物的能力。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞天然免疫信号通路相关分子变化分析

利用蛋白质组学的方法对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞(pulmonary macrophage,PAM)后的蛋白质动态变化进行探讨,为阐明病毒感染后引起的复杂免疫学反应及为该病的防控提供理论依据。通过Label-free LC-MS/MS方法定量鉴定PRRSV感染PAMs后差异表达细胞蛋白质。结果显示,共鉴定出430个显著差异表达蛋白质,其中包括171个上调表达蛋白质和259个下调表达蛋白质,这些蛋白质与细胞抗病毒天然免疫及抗原递呈等相关。值得关注的是,许多上调表达蛋白质都富集在与天然免疫相关的NF-κB、MAPK及RIG-Ⅰ等信号通路上,包括STAT1/2、OAS1/2、Mx1/2、ISG15/20、IFIT1/2/3/5等;下调蛋白质主要富集在MHCⅠ和MHCⅡ分子相关信号通路上。荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果证实,PRRSV感染导致了STAT1/2、OAS1/2、Mx1、CD14、ISG和IFIT等的转录或表达,这为进一步阐述PRRSV的感染机制奠定基础。     

PRRSV和PCV2共感染对猪肺泡巨噬细胞细胞因子IL-10、IL-12p40和IFN-γ mRNA转录的影响

用猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)共感染40日龄健康仔猪,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对共感染仔猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)细胞因子IL-10、IL-12p40和IFN-γ的mRNA转录水平的变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,IL-12p40 mRNA转录从攻毒后3 d开始显著上调(P<0.05),7 d达高峰,14 d开始下降,但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05),28 d和42 d低于对照组;IL-10 mRNA在3 d显著上调(P<0.05),14 d达到转录高峰(P<0.01),之后逐渐下降,42 d接近对照组水平;IFN-γmRNA转录水平尽管在3 d和28 d时出现2次转录低峰1、4 d和42 d时出现2次高峰,但只在3 d和7 d差异显著(P<0.05)。由此表明,PRRSV和PCV2共感染可导致PAM细胞因子IL-12p40和IL-10 mRNA的转录在感染早期被激活,而IFN-γ mRNA转录则呈较复杂的动态变化,提示PRRSV和PCV2共感染猪PAM的免疫应答、免疫调节和抗感染功能均受到不同程度的影响。     

PCV2感染对猪MCP-1和IL-8mRNA表达的影响

将猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）BF株经口、鼻接种40日龄健康普通仔猪，于接种后不同时间宰杀，收集肺泡巨噬细胞（PAM），同时设立对照。用竞争PCR技术测定趋化性细胞因子IL-8和MCP-1 mRNA水平，分析PCV2感染对其mRNA表达的影响。结果显示，与对照组相比，在PCV2感染后第7d，IL-8mRNA水平下降至最低，随后迅速上升，至第14d时达到高峰，而后快速下降，但仍维持较高水平；MCP-1 mRNA水平在攻毒后第3d下降至最低，之后逐渐上升，至第14d时达到高峰，而后下降，第21d以后恢复正常。结果表明，PCV2感染初期可导致PAM趋化性细胞因子IL-8和MCP-1基因的转录明显下调。     

Poly(I:C)对PRRSV诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响

为了研究聚肌苷胞对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响,本研究采用200个TCID50的PRRSV感染猪肺巨噬细胞(porcine alveolar macrophage,PAM),吸附1h后用100μg/L的聚肌苷胞(poly(I:C))处理细胞,分别培养12、24、36、48h后收集细胞及上清,同时设PRRSV感染对照组、poly(I:C)刺激对照组和健康细胞对照组,用实验室已经建立的Real-time qPCR方法对poly(I:C)刺激PRRSV感染组和PRRSV感染对照组中PRRSV复制水平及各组PAM细胞中IFN-α、TNF-αmRNA转录水平变化进行定量分析。结果显示,PRRSV在感染PAM细胞后12~24h期间可促进PAM细胞IFN-αmRNA的转录,36~48h期间抑制PAM细胞IFN-αmRNA的转录;TNF-αmRNA转录水平在12、48h后略微升高,在24、36h后均略微下降。Poly(I:C)处理PAM细胞后IFN-α、TNF-αmRNA转录水平均上调。Poly(I:C)+PRRSV组IFN-αmRNA的转录水平与PRRSV组相比在12~36h均显著升高,在48h后则显著下调。Poly(I:C)+PRRSV组TNF-αmRNA转录水平与PRRSV组相比,12~36h后均升高,在12h升高较显著,48h后则显著下调。结果表明,PRRSV感染PAM细胞经Poly(I:C)刺激后IFN-α、TNF-αmRNA转录水平在12~36h后显著升高,从而抑制了PRRSV在PAM细胞内的复制。     

脂多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响

为研究脂多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响,本研究采用100 TCID₅₀的PRRSV感染猪肺巨噬细胞（porcine alveolar macrophage,PAM）,感染12 h后用100 ng/mL脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理感染细胞,分别培养12、24、36、48 h后收集细胞及上清,同时设PRRSV组、LPS组和PAM细胞组,用河南农业大学兽医微生物研究室已建立的Real-time qPCR方法对LPS+PRRSV组和PRRSV组中PRRSV复制水平及各组PAM细胞中IFN-α、TNF-α mRNA转录水平变化进行定量分析。结果显示,LPS+PRRSV组与PRRSV组相比,PRRSV拷贝数12～48 h均较低,IFN-α mRNA转录水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,TNF-α mRNA转录水平升高,在48 h时转录水平降低。而与LPS组相比,LPS+PRRSV组IFN-α mRNA转录水平在12 h时升高,24、36、48 h均降低。结果表明,PRRSV感染PAM细胞经LPS刺激后,IFN-α、TNF-α mRNA转录水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,从而抑制了PRRSV在PAM细胞内的复制。     

PRRSV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells express high levels of SLA-DR and CD80/86 but do not stimulate PRRSV-na?ve regulatory T cells to proliferate

In vitro generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) have frequently been used to study the influence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on antigen presenting cells. However, obtained results have often been conflicting in regard to expression of co-stimulatory molecules and interaction with T cells. In this study we performed a detailed phenotypic characterisation of PRRSV-infected moDCs and non-infected moDCs. For CD163 and CD169, which are involved in PRRSV-entry into host cells, our results show that prior to infection porcine moDCs express high levels of CD163 but only very low levels for CD169. Following infection with either PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 strains after 24 h, PRRSV-nucleoprotein (N-protein)⁺ and N-protein⁻ moDCs derived from the same microculture were analyzed for expression of swine leukocyte antigen-DR (SLA-DR) and CD80/86. N-protein⁺ moDCs consistently expressed higher levels of SLA-DR and CD80/86 compared to N-protein⁻ moDCs. We also investigated the influence of PRRSV-infected moDCs on proliferation and frequency of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells present within CD4⁺ T cells in in vitro co-cultures. Neither CD3-stimulated nor unstimulated CD4⁺ T cells showed differences in regard to proliferation and frequency of Foxp3⁺ T cells following co-cultivation with either PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 infected moDCs. Our results suggest that a more detailed characterisation of PRRSV-infected moDCs will lead to more consistent results across different laboratories and PRRSV strains as indicated by the major differences in SLA-DR and CD80/86 expression between PRRSV-infected and non-infected moDCs present in the same microculture.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染牛外周血单核细胞对CD80和CD86 mRNA转录的影响

用非致细胞病变（noncytopathic,NCP）和致细胞病变（cytopathic,CP）型牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染临床健康BVDV检测阴性的荷斯坦奶牛外周血单核细胞（PBMC）,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对感染后共刺激分子CD80和CD86mRNA转录水平的变化进行定量分析。结果表明,在NCP型BVDV感染牛PBMC后CD80在4h（P〈0.05）和12,24h（P〈0.01）出现2次转录高峰,CD86在6h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰;CP型BVDV感染后,CD80在24h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰,CD86在6h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰。尽管CD80在NCP型BVDV感染后呈现较复杂的动态变化,但结果提示NCP型和CP型BVDV感染均可导致牛PBMC的共刺激分子CD80和CD86基因转录在感染早期明显受到抑制,PBMC的抗原呈递能力受到影响。     

Increase of CD163 but not sialoadhesin on cultured peripheral blood monocytes is coordinated with enhanced susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a restricted tropism mainly for porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), but not for peripheral blood monocytes (BMo) in vivo. Previous research showed that only a few BMo became susceptible to PRRSV infection after 1 day culture. Porcine sialoadhesin (PoSn) and CD163 are identified to be the two main PRRSV receptors for binding and internalization. Both receptors are not expressed on BMo, or only expressed at low levels, which may explain why PRRSV cannot infect them. The relationship of BMo differentiation/aging, PRRSV receptor level, and susceptibility to PRRS virus infection has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, BMo were successfully cultured with pig serum plus L929 cell culture supernatant. Our results showed that both the mRNA and protein expression levels of PoSn were significantly increased after 5-day culture. The mRNA level of CD163 was enhanced more than 20-fold after 1-day culture; CD163-positive BMo increased dramatically from about 2% after 2h- culture to about 50% after 96-h culture. Furthermore, cultured BMo became much more permissive to PRRSV infection, and the percentage of PRRSV-infected BMo was at least the same as PAMs, if not higher, when infected with CH-1a, the first PRRSV strain isolated in China, or HV, a highly virulent strain. Three other PRRSV strains including VR2332, and two classical Chinese isolates could also infect cultured BMo as well. Most importantly, PRRS virus was successfully isolated from 14 of 15 antibody-positive serum samples using cultured BMo. These results suggest that the enhanced susceptibility of cultured BMo to PRRS virus is coordinated with increased CD163 expression, but less related to the delayed (day 5) increased expression of PoSn. Thus, cultured BMo could be an alternative choice for PRRS virus isolation and identification.     

ORF1 but not ORF2 dependent differences are important for in vitro replication of PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages singularly or coinfected with PRRSV

The objective of this study was to investigate cytokine expression and in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) emphasizing PCV2 open-reading frame (ORF) origin (PCV2a or PCV2b) and PRRSV strain. Chimeric PCV2 viruses composed of different combinations of ORF1 and ORF2 of PCV2a or PCV2b (chimera PCV2a-2b and chimera PCV2b-2a) were constructed and five different PRRSV isolates were utilized: Type 1 (SD 01-08) or type 2 (NC16845b, VR-2332, MN-184, JA-142). PAMs were infected singularly or with combinations of PCV2b, PCV2a, chimera PCV2a-2b, and chimera PCV2b-2a, and one of the five PRRSV isolates. Real-time PCR was used to test PAMs (PCV2 mRNA) and supernatants (PRRSV RNA, PCV2 DNA, PCV2 mRNA) harvested at 24, 48, 72 and 96h post inoculation (hpi). Levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by quantitative ELISAs. PCV2 replication in PAMs was limited to groups inoculated with PCV2 strains containing ORF1 of PCV2a (PCV2a, chimera PCV2a-2b). Furthermore, in supernatants, PCV2 mRNA was only detected in groups coinfected with PRRSV regardless of strain at 48hpi supporting an enhancing effect of PRRSV on PCV2 infection. Changes in cytokine levels were minimal and associated with PRRSV strain for TNF-α. In summary, in vitro differences in PCV2 replication in PAMs inoculated with different PCV2-PRRSV combinations were independent of PCV2 ORF2 origin with minimal effects of concurrent PRRSV infection perhaps indicating that PCV2-specific changes in ORF1 may be more important than those in ORF2.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染猪肺脏组织环腺苷酸磷酸二酯酶的活性及其mRNA表达变化

试验旨在探究在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)感染过程中环腺苷酸(cAMP)特异性磷酸二酯酶(PDE)的活性及其mRNA表达量的变化,以期为PDE抑制剂的应用提供相关依据。试验采集PRRSV感染猪肺脏组织,运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测cAMP在PDE反应前后的变化,计算cAMP-PDE活性;通过Real-time PCR检测cAMP-PDE mRNA表达量的变化。结果显示,PRRSV感染猪肺脏组织中cAMP-PDE活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在检测的8个PDE亚型中,除PDE4A外,PDE4B、PDE4C、PDE4D、PDE7A、PDE7B、PDE8A、PDE8B mRNA的表达量均高于对照组。结果表明,cAMP-PDE在PRRSV感染引起的猪肺脏部的炎症反应过程中存在异常变化,提示cAMP-PDE特异性抑制剂有望减轻PRRSV感染引起的猪肺脏部炎症损伤。