高温胁迫对黄瓜幼苗N素及C素代谢的影响

高温胁迫 ３ ｄ 后,黄瓜耐热品种津杂 ２ 号幼苗中蛋白质降解速率（４．３６％ ）比不耐热品种中农 １１ 号（８．５１％ ）慢;氨基酸增幅较小,耐热品种为 ２６．３４％ ,不耐热品种为 ３４．７％ ,其中脯氨酸质量分数增幅与品种耐热性呈正相关．耐热品种比不耐热品种具有较高的净光合速率（分别为７．６６、６．６４ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １）,较低的呼吸速率（分别为４４５．６６、５６３．４９ μ Ｌ·ｇ－ １ ·ｈ－ １）和乙醇酸氧化酶活性［△ Ｄ（６２０ ｎｍ ）分别为２．０２、２．４２］．解除高温胁迫后,耐热品种的蛋白质合成和净光合速率均较不耐热品种恢复得快,表明耐热品种无论在高温胁迫下或解除胁迫后均比不耐热品种具有较强的平衡 Ｎ、 Ｃ代谢的能力     

Shoot‐produced,light‐dependent factors are partially involved in the expression of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of AM host and non‐host plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and hyphal attachment to the roots of a host plant, bean, and a non‐host plant, lupin, were compared when grown either with light or in the dark with the AM fungus Glomus mosseae. When grown with light, bean roots were heavily colonized whereas lupin roots showed no signs of colonization, no formation of appressoria and only scarce hyphal attachment to the roots. In contrast to roots of plants grown with light, to living roots of beans and lupins grown in the dark many hyphae were attached and appressoria were formed. The role of shoot produced, light‐dependent factors in the expression of the AM mycotrophic status of AM host and non‐host plants is discussed.<?show $6#>     

遮荫对鸡爪槭非结构性碳和化学计量特征的影响

为了探究鸡爪槭（Acerpalmatum）的光适应生长策略,测定并分析了不同光照强度（CK、60%光照与40%光照）下鸡爪槭根、枝与叶中非结构性碳积累、分配及其C:N:P化学计量特征。结果表明：随着遮荫程度增加,根的非结构性碳水化合物含量（NSCs）及其组分增大,枝与叶的NSCs及其组分减小,叶N、P含量增大,C:N、C:P减少,枝N含量、N:P先减小再增大,P、C:N和C:P先增大再减小,根N、P含量先增大再减小,N:P、C:N和C:P先减小再增大。在全光照下,NSCs及其组分为叶>枝>根,N含量为叶>根>枝,N:P和C:N为根>叶>枝;60%的光照下,NSCs及其组分为叶>枝>根,N含量与N:P为叶>根>枝,C:N与C:P为枝>叶>根;40%光照下,NSCs及其组分根>叶>枝,N、P含量为叶>枝>根,C:N与C:P为根>枝>叶。相关性分析表明,叶可溶性糖、淀粉、NSCs含量与N、P含量呈显著负相关,与C:N和C:P呈显著正相关（P <0.01）;枝NSCs含量与N和C:...     

不同碳水化合物和蛋白质水平膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、肠道消化酶及血清指标的影响

为探究不同碳水化合物和蛋白质水平膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、体成分、肠道消化酶和血清指标的影响,以初始体质量(398.6±5.9)g的大规格草鱼为研究对象,设置不同碳水化合物/蛋白质水平分别为C31P30、C34P28、C37P26、C40P24、C43P22、C46P20、C49P18的7组膨化饲料,养殖周期为16周。实验结果显示,各饲料组草鱼成活率(SR)差异不显著,随着蛋白质水平的下降、碳水化合物水平的升高,增重率(WGR)呈下降趋势,蛋白质效率(PER)呈升高趋势;肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、肠体比(ISI)、肌肉和肝脏粗脂肪(CF)含量均有随饲料碳水化合物水平升高而升高的趋势。随着饲料中碳水化合物水平升高、蛋白质水平下降,各组间草鱼肌肉粗蛋白质(CP)含量无显著差异;肝糖原、肌糖原含量呈升高趋势,饲料中碳水化合物水平分别高于46%和40%时,肝糖原、肌糖原含量显著升高。肠道胰蛋白酶(PRS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性随饲料中碳水化合物水平的升高呈先下降后升高趋势,脂肪酶(LPS)活性呈升高趋势;血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量及谷草转氨酶与丙转氨酶(GOT/GPT)比值都随饲料中碳水化合物水平升高和蛋白质水平下降而呈升高的趋势。本实验结果显示:当饲料碳水化合物水平高于37%、蛋白质水平低于26%时,将显著影响草鱼的生长,饲料中高碳水化合物水平将导致鱼体肝体比、脏体比、肠体比以及肌肉和肝脏脂肪含量升高。     

Post-fire tree stress and growth following smoldering duff fires

Understanding the proximate causes of post-fire conifer mortality due to smoldering duff fires is essential to the restoration and management of coniferous forests throughout North America. To better understand duff fire-caused mortality, we investigated tree stress and radial growth following experimental fires in a long-unburned forest on deep sands in northern Florida, USA. We burned basal fuels surrounding 80 mature Pinus palustris Mill. in a randomized experiment comparing the effects of basal burning treatments on stem vascular meristems; surficial roots; root and stem combinations; and a non-smoldering control. We examined the effects of duration of lethal temperatures (>60 °C) on subsequent pine radial growth and root non-structural carbohydrates (starch and sugar). Duff and mineral soil temperatures in the experimental fires consistently exceeded 60 °C for over an hour following ignition, with lethal temperatures of shorter duration recorded 20 cm below the mineral soil surface. Duff heating was best explained by day-of-burn Oe horizon moisture (P = 0.01), although little variation was explained (R² = 0.24). Post-fire changes in latewood radial increment in the year following fires was related to duration of temperatures >60 °C 10 cm deep in the mineral soil (P = 0.07), but explained little variability in post-fire growth (R² = 0.17). In contrast, changes in non-structural carbohydrate content in coarse roots (2–5 mm diameter) 120 days following burning were more strongly correlated with the duration of lethal heating 5 cm below the mineral soil surface (P = 0.02; R² = 0.53). Results from this study implicate the role of mineral soil heating in the post-fire decline of mature longleaf pine following restoration fires in sandy soils.     

Vertical and leaf-age-related variations of nonstructural carbohydrates in two alpine timberline species, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Spatial pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) was analyzed in two alpine timberline species (Abies georgei and Juniperus saltuaria) growing at the timberline in Sergyemla Mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We aimed to examine the effect of canopy height and leaf age on balance between carbon uptake and consumption of timberline tree species in extremely environmental condition. The results showed that no significantly vertical variation in sugars, starch or NSC (soluble sugars plus starch) in A. georgei was found for any aged needles. Also, there were no significant differences among vertical gradients in both current and last-year leaves for J. saltuaria. However, different-aged needles/leaves showed significant differences in NSC concentrations in both A. georgei and J. saltuaria. For A. georgei, needle mean NSC across vertical canopies showed a significant increase from current-year to 2-year needles (P < 0.05), followed by a gradual decrease from 2- to 5-year needles (P < 0.05), whereas for J. saltuaria, last-year leaves had significant higher NSC except sugars compared with current-year leaves across canopies (P < 0.01). The observed trends of NSC along vertical canopy heights and leaf ages suggested that, in extreme environmental condition, not only light-induced carbon acquisition in photosynthesis but also carbohydrate export from leaves should be taken into account to explain the spatial pattern of NSC.     

不同海拔川滇高山栎灌丛非结构性碳水化合物和氮含量变化研究

[目的]探讨不同季节川滇高山栎灌丛非结构性贮藏碳水化合物（NSC）和全氮含量与海拔的响应关系。[方法]选择川西折多山分布广泛的川滇高山栎灌丛为对象,研究了不同海拔梯度生长季节植株各组织NSC和全氮含量的变化。[结果]川滇高山栎地下组织NSC含量在休眠期表现出随海拔升高而降低的趋势,但在萌动初期、生长旺盛期和生长末期整体上表现出随海拔升高而升高的趋势;地上部分各组织NSC含量在不同季节对海拔的响应表现出非线性,无明显变化规律。休眠期川滇高山栎各组织全氮含量整体上随海拔升高而降低,而其他时期变化不一致。另外,川滇高山栎地下组织NSC对温度变化更为敏感。[结论]为探索林下植物适应高山环境的生理生态机制及其对全球气候变化的响应和加强对高海拔地区生态系统的调节能力提供了理论依据。     

Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic restriction reducing yield in wheat crops affecting both, grain number and/or grain weight, depending on developmental stage at which infection occurs (pre- or post-anthesis, respectively). Grain weight reductions due to foliar diseases were widely reported in the literature mostly associated with decreases on radiation interception during the grain filling period. However, different evidences in wheat showed variations on grain weight responses when fungicide was applied during the grain filling period, probably associated with the timing of fungicide application or with the amount of available resources per grain set when fungicides are applied. The present study was designed to determine the causes of grain weight reduction due to foliar diseases complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot) in wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different years, locations, cultivars and N supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years under field conditions in different locations of Argentine and France. Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early and late sowing dates; and two contrasting N availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Grain number was not affected by foliar diseases as their appeared after anthesis. Grain weight was strongly, poorly or not affected by foliar diseases and was not associated individually with both, the sink size and the source size. However, when the grain weight response due to fungicide application was plotted against the healthy area absorption per grain (HAA_G), a significant negative association (r² = 0.81; p < 0.0001) was found for the Argentine experiments. When the HAA_G was corrected by the grain weight potential (HAA_GW) all experiments conduced in Argentine and in France fit well to a common negative linear regression (r² = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the relationship between grain weight variation and HAA_GW demonstrating that grain weight potential is an important feature to consider in diseases control programs. Foliar diseases forced the crop to use the accumulated reserved increasing the utilization rate of the water soluble carbohydrates (WSC_UR), depleting as a consequence the water soluble content at physiological maturity (WSC_PM) in all experiments. The association between WSC_UR and the healthy area absorption per grain corrected by grain weight of healthy crops (HAA_GW) suggest that foliar diseases in wheat cause source limitation, forcing to the crop to use the WSC reserve which could be insufficient to fill the grains previously formed.     

Natural variation and morpho-physiological traits associated with water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in wheat under different nitrogen levels

Stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) are important plant traits influencing grain yields in wheat. However, the traits regulating WSCs storage, particularly under different nitrogen (N) levels are poorly addressed. This study investigated 35 morpho-physiological traits associated with the variation in WSC concentration (WSCc) in the main stem of eight wheat genotypes including two primitive genotypes under three N levels (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹). 28 traits were significantly, positively or negatively, correlated with the WSCc in all N levels, and 22 of them were consistent across N levels. Majority of the traits were positively correlated with WSCc suggesting that multiple traits regulate WSCc in wheat plants. However, few traits such as root:shoot ratio (RS_R), stem nitrogen (S_N), leaf nitrogen (L_N), nitrogen per unit leaf area (N_LA), total vegetative mass (V_MASS), cellulose (C_L), and hemicellulose (H_C), were negatively correlated with WSCc. This suggests that plant N concentration was an important selective force driving WSCc in wheat. Indeed, a percent increase in leaf N concentration resulted in 28% lower WSCc. Direct selection estimated that higher V_MASS, flag-leaf width (FL_W), but lower RS_R was adaptive and resulted in higher WSCc in low N level. In contrast, lower V_MASS and FL_W were adaptive and resulted in higher WSCc in high N level. Higher cellulose and hemicellulose were associated with lower WSCc suggesting that a reduced carbon flux to stem structural compounds may improve WSCc in wheat plants. Together, these results demonstrate that a specific suit of trait changes that evolve under N-specific selection increase main stem WSCc but the adaptive value of these changes varies among traits and N levels.