广东省主要红树林植物DNA条形码评价

为评估DNA条形码对鉴定红树林植物的通用性和有效性,在广东红树林分布区域共计采集红树林植物16科22属23种,共144个样品,并进行DNA条形码测序。结果表明:选择的rbcL、matK和trnH-psbA 3个DNA片段的PCR扩增成功率分别为100%、80.29%±8.49%、99.38%±1.25%。测序成果率最高为rbcL 100%,trnH-psbA次之94.57%±5.06%,matK最低75.04%±6.26%。表明rbcL和trnH-psbA片段在红树林群落中都具有较好的通用性。应用BLAST和NJ Tree两种方法计算红树植物的物种识别率。BLAST结果表明,单片段中trnH-psbA的物种识别率最高,为84.48%±12.09%,rbcL次之,matK最低。NJ Tree分析显示单片段中rbcL的物种识别率最高,为66.65%±17.35%;trnH-psbA片段次之,matK片段最低。两张分析方法都显示多个片段组合使用时,rbcL或trnH-psbA是提高物种平均识别率的主要片段。利用单片段rbcL即可获得平均节点支持率最高的红树植物系统发育树,且能准确区分不同树种。trnH-psbA片段可以识别rbcL片段不能识别的物种,可以作为补充片段。综合比较,推荐rbcL、trnH-psbA作为红树林植物DNA条形码片段。     

An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two-stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self-pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.     

转基因玉米TC1507质粒DNA标准物质的研制

标准物质具有特定量值、均匀性和稳定性三大典型特征,也是其作为测量标尺的依据。转基因生物标准物质是我国转基因产品标识制度顺利实施的关键技术支撑之一。文章以转基因玉米TC1507为对象,制备了转化体特异性的新型质粒DNA标准物质pTC1507,并对其均匀性、稳定性、量值进行了评价和测定。测试结果表明,制备的质粒DNA标准物质具有良好的瓶间和瓶内均匀性,pTC1507稳定性可靠,可以在-20 ℃稳定放置6个月以上。经过测序和实时荧光定量PCR定值以及不确定度评估,pTC1507标准物质的量值是1.01±0.053。均匀性、稳定性和量值结果表明,研制的转基因玉米TC1507质粒分子标准物质符合标准物质的典型要求,可以代替传统的基体标准物质应用于转基因玉米检测,解决传统标准物质获取困难、制备复杂、成本高等不足。     

DNA条形码技术在中药领域的应用

DNA条形码技术可对物种进行快速自动鉴定,具有鉴定准确、结果稳定、操作简便、适用广泛等特点,目前在中药领域应用较多。从DNA条形码技术在中药材鉴定、种植、流通、市场监管、中成药鉴定和药用植物种质资源调查等中药领域的多个方面进行综述,并探讨DNA条形码技术在中药领域的优势和不足,以期为DNA条形码技术在中药领域的研究提供新的思路。     

Selecting the hologenome to breed for an improved feed efficiency in pigs—A novel selection index

Most traits in animal breeding, including feed efficiency traits in pigs, are affected by many genes with small effect and have a moderately high heritability between 0.1 and 0.5, which enables efficient selection. Since the microbiota composition in the gastrointestinal tract is also partly heritable and was shown to have a substantial effect on feed efficiency, the host genes affect the phenotype not only directly by altering metabolic pathways, but also indirectly by changing the microbiota composition. The effect of the microbiota composition on the breeding value of an animal is the conditional expectation of its breeding value, given the vector with microbiota frequencies, that is The breeding value of an animal can therefore be decomposed into a heritable contribution that arises from an altered microbiota composition and a heritable contribution that arises from altered metabolic pathways within the animal, so Instead of selecting for breeding value , an index comprising the two components and with appropriate weights, that is , can be used. The present study shows how this breeding strategy can be applied in pig genomic selection breeding scheme for two feed efficiency traits and daily gain.     

云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型多样性分析

为了系统分析云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型遗传多样性。采用遗传多样性指数、主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析对104份云南籽粒苋种质资源的30个表型性状进行研究。结果表明,遗传多样性指数最高的质量性状和数量性状分别是主花序形状(1.68)和主花序长度(2.07)。前10个主成分累计贡献率达到73.944%,单株鲜体重与第3、第6、第9主成分极显著正相关,单株粒重与第9主成分极显著正相关。聚类分析将104份种质划分为5类,第Ⅰ类群可为间套种亲本材料,第Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群可为大粒亲本材料,第Ⅳ类群可为优质饲用亲本材料,第Ⅴ类群可为观赏类亲本材料。云南籽粒苋种质资源表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,有较大的开发利用潜力。     

Relationship of Icelandic cattle with Northern and Western European cattle breeds,admixture and population structure

ABSTRACT

Icelandic cattle is believed to have been brought from Norway during the settlement of Iceland around AD 870-930. Previous research on genetic relationships has indicated that Icelandic cattle is most related to northern Nordic indigenous breeds. Using single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data from Icelandic cattle and 29 Northern and Western European cattle breeds, we studied relationships and admixture among these breeds, and assessed population structure in Icelandic cattle. Population structure analysis through principal component analysis, estimation of ancestry, and analysis of patterns of population splitting and mixing revealed that Icelandic cattle are most related to three Finncattle breeds (Eastern, Northern and Western Finncattle), and Swedish Mountain cattle. Icelandic cattle has very low levels of admixture. We observed very limited population structure in Icelandic cattle. The observed structure was due to variable sire contributions. Over 1000 years of almost complete isolation has made Icelandic cattle highly genetically distinct from other cattle breeds.