The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases     

放牧对土壤理化性状及植被多样性的影响

放牧是家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单而又有效的利用方式,但放牧中的家畜家禽通过采食牧草、践踏土壤和牧草以及粪便排泄影响着草地植被和土壤,不同的强度的放牧对地下土壤与地上植被的影响不同,本文综述了近几年来放牧对地下部土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾,土壤容重、有机碳以及微生物多样性的影响,对植被多样性及草群成分的影响等,旨在为今后家畜放牧行为研究以及放牧科学研究提供理论依据。     

东北三省大豆种质品质性状鉴评与综合分析

根据目标性状有的放矢的选配杂交亲本是提高优异品质组成品种的选择效率的基本前提。本研究对东北三省102份大豆种质资源的蛋白、氨基酸组分、油份及脂肪酸组分进行测定,通过遗传多样性、主成分和聚类分析,对其进行表型鉴定及基因型分类以综合评价种质品质特性。结果表明:东北三省大豆种质油份及脂肪酸组分变异较丰富,遗传多样性程度较高。根据主成分分析筛选到9个主成分进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析将供试种质资源分为5类。第I类群蛋白含量较高、油份含量偏低,第II类群蛋白、油份含量均居中,第III类群油份含量较高、蛋白含量偏低,第IV类群高油,第V类群高蛋白,类群间的氨基酸、脂肪酸组分各有差异。需根据育种目标在群体间选配亲本,以提高品质育种的效率。     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致；随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。     

天山云杉林冠层结构对草本物种多样性的影响

为研究天山云杉林冠层特征与林下草本物种多样性的相互关系，以新疆天格尔森林公园天山云杉林的4个龄级的林分（幼林龄、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林）为研究对象，以冠层分析仪获得的冠层结构特征和林下光环境指数等野外实际调查数据为依据，通过计算 α 多样性指数分析4个龄级的草本物种多样性，利用多元统计方法研究冠层结构对草本多样性的影响。结果表明，各个指标在不同龄级间均有一定的差异，且随着林分的生长和更新，天山云杉林呈现林冠开度逐渐减小、叶面积指数增大、林下光辐射均减弱、物种多样性指数均减小的趋势；典型模型表明林冠开度对冠层结构起到主要作用（呈极显著正相关P<0.01），叶面积指数次之（呈极显著负相关P<0.01）；在林下辐射中，林下总辐射对林内光环境起主要作用；相比冠层结构，林下光照对草本层物种多样性的作用更大，其中林冠开度和丰富度指数之间呈显著正相关，林下总辐射、林下直射辐射和多样性指数、均匀度指数之间均呈显著正相关。     

国际30年来土壤食物网的研究历程与热点分析

利用文献计量学方法,研究1989—2018年来土壤食物网研究领域的热点内容,概括土壤食物网的研究脉络及国际土壤食物网未来的研究方向。结果显示:土壤生物多样性、食物网的碳氮循环功能及管理方式对土壤食物网结构的干扰是现在研究热点,而土壤食物网功能多样性、系统稳定性、及土壤食物网对全球变化的响应则是新兴的研究方向。     

鸡的微卫星DNA标记与胴体性状的相关分析

测定了青脚麻鸡与隐性白鸡杂交后自交的F2代个体的全净堂重、全净堂率、脂肪宽带、腹脂重和腹脂率6个胴体性状,检测10个微卫星DNA标记,对标记基因型胴体性状值进行方差分析和多重比较,结果表明:MCW328对于10周龄体重和全净膛重两性状各基因型均有显著的差异(P<0.05);ADL292对于腹脂重性状各基因型有极显著的差异(P<0.01),对于腹脂率有显著的差异(P<0.05)。MCW328标记基因与控制10周龄体重和全净膛重QTL连锁,ADL292标记基因与控制腹脂重和腹脂率QTL连锁。     

州河鲤、建鲤和框鳞镜鲤3个群体同工酶的分析

使用水平式淀粉凝胶电泳法,对采自天津地区的州河鲤、建鲤和框鳞镜鲤3个群体进行了AAT、α-GPD、GPI、IDH、MDH和PGM共6种同工酶以及肌浆蛋白(PROT)的电泳分析。结果表明:在检测出的12个基因座位中,州河鲤群体中存在变异的是α-GPD*、GPI*、MDH-2*、PGM*、PROT*,建鲤群体中存在变异的是α-GPD*、GPI*和PGM*,框鳞镜鲤群体中存在变异是α-GPD*、GPI*、PGM*和PROT*;州河鲤、建鲤、框鳞镜鲤的多态基因座位比例(P0.99)分别为41.67%、25.00%和33.33%,平均杂合度预期值(He)分别为0.0449、0.0749、0.0518;PGM*可以作为区分3个群体的标记基因座位,州河鲤群体中*c/c基因型占85.71%,建鲤群体中*b/c基因型占65.71%,框鳞镜鲤群体中*b/b基因型占56.67%。     

S1核酸酶突变检测法的优化

优化了S1核酸酶突变检测体系,结果表明(1)扩增法比杂交法产生异源双链DNA更节省时间;(2)PCR产物可以直接作为突变检测的底物;(3)适当降低反应温度、适当增加反应缓冲液中的NaCl浓度、适当缩短反应时间可提高突变检测效果。     

Genetic diversity of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible Avena fatua populations in North Dakota and Minnesota

Genetic diversity within and among 20 herbicide-resistant (HR) and 16 herbicide-susceptible (HS) Avena fatua multi-field populations was determined using 82 polymorphic loci resulting from two intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers and one long-primer random amplified polymorphic DNA (LP-RAPD) primer. Collections from the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota, sampled in 1964 and 2000, represented A. fatua populations before and after intensive exposure to herbicides. A 1995 collection from south-west North Dakota represented A. fatua exposed to low herbicide selection. Despite differences in years of herbicide exposure among collections, both HR and HS populations from every collection maintained nearly similar levels of ISSR and RAPD diversity. Genetic differentiation among populations (G_ST) varied from 11% to 13% among HR populations and from 9% to 16% among HS populations, indicating that 84–91% of total variation remained within HS or within HR populations. Minimal difference in gene diversity between HR and HS is consistent with multiple origins of resistance, where HR A. fatua most likely evolved from diverse founding individuals.