作物病害智能诊断与处方推荐技术研究进展

由“植物诊所”形成的电子病历为作物病害处方推荐提供了新的思路。如何高效地挖掘电子病历数据并辅助作物病害处方推荐,目前还是亟待解决的研究热点问题。在总结和整理现有国内外研究文献的基础上,对基于显微图像的作物病害病菌孢子识别、基于光谱的作物病害诊断、基于电子病历的作物病害处方推荐等作物病害诊断与处方推荐关键技术进行了系统分析与讨论。综述结果表明,围绕作物病害病菌侵染过程,以智能化处方推荐需求为导向,开展基于电子病历数据挖掘的作物病害处方推荐研究,将成为一个研究重点。针对作物病害处方推荐过程中,存在由于作物病害致病机理复杂、作物品种及病害种类多、病害病症动态变化且特征多等特点和难点,研究基于电子病历数据挖掘的作物病害致病机理解析、诊断推理、智能化处方推荐及其应用策略,将是研究的重大方向;探索基于知识图谱分析、大数据挖掘和机器学习算法推理等关键技术的作物病害电子病历数据挖掘分析研究,从区域宏观视角可视化解析作物病害致病机理及其与特征间的关联关系,面向实际应用场景实现基于诊断推理的单一作物病害处方推荐、基于语义匹配的多种作物多种病害处方推荐,具有更大的实际意义。     

楚雄华山松种子园无性系幼苗叶枯病病原菌鉴定

为明确楚雄市华山松种子园无性系幼苗叶枯病的病原,采用传统形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对华山松叶枯病进行病原鉴定。结果表明,引起华山松叶枯病的病原菌为胡枝子拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis lespedezae）和互隔链格孢（Alternaria alternata）。     

First report of Calonectria cerciana causing leaf blight of Eucalyptus in northern India

Eucalyptus spp. and their hybrids are frequently cloned and mass planted across farmland tracts and commercial plantations in northern India. It is a viable feeder species to the paper and pulp industries in this region. In 2018 and 2019, during field surveys conducted in northern India, a serious leaf blight disease was frequently observed in E. tereticornis plantations. Isolation from the blighted leaf samples consistently yielded fungal isolates having Calonectria‐like morphology. Morphological features coupled with sequence analysis of partial β‐tubulin (TUB2) and partial translation elongation factor‐alpha (TEF1) gene regions of two fungal isolates confirmed the species as Ca. cerciana. In detached leaf assays and glasshouse inoculation experiments, both isolates produced symptoms similar to those observed on the naturally infected leaves. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re‐isolating Ca. cerciana from the inoculated leaves. This work is the first to confirm that Ca. cerciana is associated with a serious leaf blight disease of Eucalyptus in northern India and is an important addition to the taxonomy of Calonectria fungi in India.     

低纬高原甘蔗中后期灾害性真菌病害发生为害调查分析

为了明确甘蔗中后期灾害性真菌病害种类及灾害特性,对云南蔗区中后期灾害性真菌病害发生分布和品种抗性进行调查鉴定,在成熟期称量和测定甘蔗产量、糖分及损失率。结果表明,云南蔗区中后期灾害性真菌病害有梢腐病、褐条病、锈病3种,梢腐病菌为Fusarium verticillioides和Fusarium proliferatum,褐条病菌为Bipolaris setariae,锈病菌为Puccinia kuehnii和Puccinia melanocephala;‘桂糖11-1076’、‘闽糖12-1404’、‘福农09-2201’、‘福农09-71111’、‘桂糖06-1492’、‘桂糖08-1180’、‘云蔗11-1074’、‘桂糖06-2081’、‘桂糖08-1589’、‘粤甘48号’、‘柳城09-15’、‘云蔗05-51’、‘云蔗11-1204’、‘福农07-3206’等新品种高度抗病。梢腐病、褐条病和锈病实测产量损失率平均为38.43%、25.6%、24.9%,甘蔗糖分平均降低3.54%、2.82%、3.11%。本研究明确了低纬高原甘蔗中后期灾害性真菌病害种类及灾害特性,为防控提供了科学依据。     

红螯螯虾弗氏柠檬酸杆菌病病原的分离与鉴定

从濒死的红螯螯虾(Cheraxquadricarinatus)的肝胰脏中分离得到可疑病菌L1和L2,经细菌学鉴定2株细菌均为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacterfreundii);经人工感染试验证实L1和L2均导致健康虾发病死亡,其LD50分别为2 2×105CFU/ind、7×105CFU/ind;2株细菌对14种药物的敏感性相似,对9种抗生素敏感,对5种抗生素有抗性。从中筛选出有效药物,应用于生产中取得了较好效果。     

尼罗罗非鱼鼠李糖凝集素 (RBL-1)在非特异性细胞防御病原菌感染中的功能

为了探究鼠李糖凝集素（Rhamnose-binding lectin, RBL）在硬骨鱼非特异性细胞防御病原菌感染中的作用,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼为研究模型,首先通过分离头肾单核/巨噬细胞进行体外菌应激实验,发现在罗非鱼两种重要的致病菌-无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）应激后,尼罗罗非鱼L-鼠李糖凝集素1（OnRBL-1）的表达量显著上调。然后,通过荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测发现OnRBL-1重组蛋白能够调节病原菌诱导细胞炎症因子的表达,包括显著抑制菌诱导的IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达,和促进IL-10和TGF-β的表达。此外,通过流式细胞术检测证实OnRBL-1具有促进单核/巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,同时增强呼吸爆发水平和上调活性氧的释放。以上研究结果表明,OnRBL-1在罗非鱼单核/巨噬细胞非特异性细胞防御中发挥重要的调节作用。本研究为探讨RBL-1在硬骨鱼宿主防御病原菌感染中的功能提供了参考,并有助于完善和丰富硬骨鱼类RBL的功能和在抗菌免疫应答中的基础理论体系,具有重要的科学意义。     

The sea louse Lepeophtheirus acutus (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) as a pathogen of aquarium-held elasmobranchs

Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda), was collected from or observed on four of six elasmobranch species held at Burgers’ Zoo (Arnhem, The Netherlands). Circumstantial evidence suggested that a zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann), from the wild carried the infection into the facility, where copepods reproduced and colonized additional hosts. Copepods typically attached on and about the eyes, in the mouth and occasionally about the cloaca and on the claspers. Severe ocular lesions were associated with infections on zebra sharks, a grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker), whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell), and giant shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus Bennett, while blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard), and blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes), living in infested aquaria showed no sign of infection. Water treatments using trichlorfon were considered primarily responsible for the eradication of copepods from hosts and infested aquaria. This case is the first report of a copepod infection being closely associated with disease and death of an aquarium‐held elasmobranch. Given its ability to infect a wide variety of elasmobranchs and promote life‐threatening lesions on some hosts, L. acutus should be considered a dangerous pathogen of captive elasmobranchs.     

Herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs – a pilot study

Background

The major indication for antibiotic use in Danish pigs is treatment of intestinal diseases post weaning. Clinical decisions on antibiotic batch medication are often based on inspection of diarrhoeic pools on the pen floor. In some of these treated diarrhoea outbreaks, intestinal pathogens can only be demonstrated in a small number of pigs within the treated group (low pathogen diarrhoea). Termination of antibiotic batch medication in herds suffering from such diarrhoea could potentially reduce the consumption of antibiotics in the pig industry. The objective of the present pilot study was to suggest criteria for herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs.Data previously collected from 20 Danish herds were used to create a case series of clinical diarrhoea outbreaks normally subjected to antibiotic treatment. In the present study, these diarrhoea outbreaks were classified as low pathogen (<15% of the pigs having bacterial intestinal disease) (n =5 outbreaks) or high pathogen (≥15% of the pigs having bacterial intestinal disease) (n =15 outbreaks). Based on the case series, different diagnostic procedures were explored, and criteria for herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea were suggested. The effect of sampling variation was explored by simulation.

Results

The diagnostic procedure with the highest combined herd-level sensitivity and specificity was qPCR testing of a pooled sample containing 20 randomly selected faecal samples. The criteria for a positive test result (high pathogen diarrhoea outbreak) were an average of 1.5 diarrhoeic faecal pools on the floor of each pen in the room under investigation and a pathogenic bacterial load ≥35,000 per gram in the faecal pool tested by qPCR. The bacterial load was the sum of Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira pilosicoli and Escherichia coli F4 and F18 bacteria per gram faeces. The herd-diagnostic performance was (herd-level) diagnostic sensitivity =0.99, diagnostic specificity =0.80, positive predictive value =0.94 and negative predictive value =0.96.

Conclusions

The pilot study suggests criteria for herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs. The suggested criteria should now be evaluated, and the effect of terminating antibiotic batch medication in herds identified as suffering from low pathogen diarrhoea should be explored.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2046-0481-67-24) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

对虾病原菌2—5B菌株16SrRNA基因片段的克隆和序列测定

用引物ＰＬ１－ＰＬ２ＰＣＲ扩增对虾病原菌－坎普氏弧菌２－５Ｂ菌株１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因－１２２３ｂｐ的片段，采用ｐＵＣ１９质粒构建ｄＴ载体法完成该片段的克隆。部分序列测定及分析结果表明，该菌株与ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ中坎普氏弧菌标准株序列之间同源性为９６．９４％。     

猪圆环病毒病原学研究进展

猪圆环病毒(porcine circovirus,PCV)有2种不同的血清型,即猪圆环病毒1型(PCV1)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)。目前研究表明PCV1暂无致病性,但PCV2则被认为是引起猪圆环疾病(PCVDs)的主要病原。很多地区养猪业的经济效益因此而遭受了重大的影响。PCV现已受到全球的关注,引起了许多专家学者的高度重视。本文对PCV的病原学最新研究进展进行了综述。