不同播期夏播小豆产量性能动态指标与光温水效应

为探讨光、温、水等气象因子对夏播小豆产量的影响，达到合理利用气象资源、进一步挖掘小豆增产潜力的目的，以中晚熟小豆品种花小豆（V₁）和中早熟品系德红5261（V₂）为材料，设T₁（6月17日）、T₂（6月22日）、T₃（6月27日）、T₄（7月2日）和T₅（7月7日）5个播期，形成不同的光、温、水生长环境，对夏播小豆产量性能指标和光、温、水因子效应及气象因子资源量在小豆生育前期与后期的比值（分配率）进行测定和分析。结果表明，小豆产量、单株荚数和单株粒重随播期推迟先增加后逐渐降低，各播期的大小依次为：T₂>T₁>T₃>T₄>T₅，品种间产量差异极显著，V₂>V₁，每荚粒数和百粒重受播期影响较小；随着播期的推迟，小豆的生育天数、平均叶面积指数、总光合势逐渐减小，但收获指数相应增加。光、温、水因子对产量性能指标有明显的正负调节效应，V₁生育前期有效积温与产量、平均叶面积指数、生育天数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与收获指数和平均净同化率呈极显著负相关；生育前期降水量与单位面积荚数呈极显著正相关；生育前期日照时数与平均叶面积指数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与平均净同化率呈极显著负相关；生育后期有效积温与平均作物生长率呈显著正相关；生育后期日照时数与总光合势呈显著正相关。V₂生育前期有效积温与产量、单位面积荚数、平均叶面积指数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与收获指数呈极显著负相关；生育前期降水量与平均叶面积指数和平均作物生长率呈显著负相关；生育前期日照时数与生育天数和总光合势呈极显著正相关，与产量呈显著正相关，与收获指数和每荚粒数呈极显著负相关；生育后期有效积温与平均叶面积指数、生育天数和总光合势呈极显著正相关，与收获指数、每荚粒数和百粒重呈极显著负相关；生育后期降水量与平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关。对气象因子资源量分配与小豆产量进行回归分析，得出不同小豆品种获得最高产量的最佳光、温、水资源量在生育前、后期的比值（分配率）及其组合，V₁为：生育天数1.86、有效积温2.27、降水量49.73、日照时数1.45；V₂为：生育天数1.45、有效积温1.49、降水量1.57、日照时数0.98。在德州地区，夏播小豆选用中早熟品系V₂在6月20日前后播种，生育期内光、温、水资源量的分配率及其组合最佳，可获得较高的产量。     

利用正交实验设计研究磺胺甲恶唑在渔业水体中的消解动态规律

为了探究磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)在渔业水体中的自然降解规律,本试验选取了养殖水环境中常见的因素(温度、pH和敞蔽条件),通过正交实验探究这三个因素对SMZ在自然养殖水体中消解动态的影响。试验初期各处理SMZ浓度保持一致,实验周期内定期取水样检测水体中SMZ的浓度变化,符合一级反应动力学方程,计算各处理中SMZ药物的半衰期和消除率。结果表明,18个处理组SMZ的半衰期及其消除率变化范围为4.88-12.89d,28%-77%。方差分析得出：在实验水平范围内,温度、pH因素对SMZ的消解结果有显著影响,但敞蔽的影响较小,因此提高养殖水体高温度、调节酸碱性pH等条件均有利于促进SMZ的降解。     

枣AP2/ERF转录因子鉴定及其响应枣疯病植原体表达分析

利用生物信息学方法，从植物转录因子数据库和NCBI数据库中分别得到175和164个候选的枣AP2/ERF转录因子序列，使用DNAMAN软件进行序列比对、去除重复序列，采用SMART软件预测蛋白结构域发现，枣基因组中包含有145个AP2/ERF基因，其中ERF、AP2、RAV亚家族分别含有116个、23个、5个，另有1个独立基因。预测枣AP2/ERF转录因子氨基酸数量在111 ~ 692之间，分子量在12 446.87 ~ 76 154.10之间，pI在4.31 ~ 10.11之间。鉴定出的145个AP2/ERF转录因子，105个分别定位到12条染色体上，40个未能定位。在此基础上，利用嫁接病芽方法将枣疯病植原体转至健康枣植株，通过转录组测序和qRT-PCR手段，分析了AP2/ERF转录因子对枣植原体侵染的响应，在植原体侵染枣的6个不同时期，枣AP2/ERF表达数量和表达量均不相同，共有48个差异表达基因，其中ZjAP2*9、ZjERF49和ZjERF91是响应枣疯病植原体最为重要的AP2/ERF转录因子。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

广东省农地边际化特征及其影响因素的地理探测

为了明确经济发达地区广东省农地边际化现象及其主要影响因素。本研究采用“单位成本纯收益指标”、“农地利用集约度指标”和“农作物播种面积指标”三大主要指标,对广东省2000—2015年农地边际化特征进行提取。选择影响农地边际化特征的19个因子,利用地理探测器方法对农地边际化现象的核心影响因素进行挖掘。结果表明：2000—2015年广东省共发生3次比较明显的农地边际化现象,分别在2001—2002年、2005—2006年、2010—2013年,且第3次边际化持续时间最长,情况最严重。社会经济发展水平与结构指标和农户家庭资源要素结构变化指标对农地边际化的影响程度较大,其中第三产业产值比重、农村农户固定资产投资、粮食总播种面积对农地边际化现象有较强的解释力,q值分别为0.8067、0.8055、0.7916。任何两因子相互交互作用都能增强对农地边际化现象的解释力。     

常州市钟楼区耕地产能空间分布与影响因素分析

耕地产能评价对于耕地资源保护及质量提升具有重要的现实意义。通过构建耕地产能评价体系，运用空间自相关及主成分回归分析法对常州市钟楼区的耕地产能进行空间分布及影响因素分析。结果表明：基于气候、自然因素和技术水平综合指标的耕地产能评价体系具有适用性和可操作性；钟楼区耕地产能等别分为6等和7等，其中6等地占比达到97.55%，等别空间分布呈现出城区内部街道低、外围地区较高的格局；耕地产能整体空间集聚性显著，各街道（乡镇）均表现出较强的空间正相关性，正相关类型（HH型和LL型）多呈现组团式，负相关类型（LH型和HL型）则分布零散；耕地自然质量和技术水平是影响钟楼区耕地产能空间分布的主要驱动因素，其中，耕作层厚度、有机质含量、障碍层距地表深度和土壤养分元素为主导因素，pH值、灌溉保证程度和排水条件为次要因素。因此，应从增强耕地自然质量、提高耕地技术水平等方面制定提高耕地产能的针对性措施。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型土壤微观结构特征

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的研究,对认识该地区盐碱土的工程性质和对滨海盐碱地治理具有重要意义。该研究结合粒度分析(particle size distribution,PSD)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、压汞(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)方法,对3种不同土地利用类型盐碱土的微观结构进行定量分析,旨在揭示其微观特性,为黄河三角洲盐碱地治理提供微观理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下的土壤黏粒含量表现大小依次为农田、滩地、草地,而土壤孔隙度大小依次为草地、滩地、农田;农田、草地与滩地盐碱土矿物成分中,石英、方解石和钠长石等原生矿物占绝对优势,仅含少量黏土矿物,且农田黏土矿物含量远大于草地与滩地;草地与滩地盐碱土孔隙特征类似,两者在0.1≤孔隙直径<10μm范围内小孔隙与微孔隙占有绝对优势,而农田盐碱土以孔隙直径在<2μm范围内的微孔隙与超微孔隙为主。农田盐碱土由致密片状、扁平状结构与微裂隙构成,骨架颗粒间由黏土矿物胶结;草地盐碱土由紧密镶嵌的块状颗粒和架空孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结;滩地盐碱土由紧密堆积的粒状颗粒和粒间孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结。研究成果可提高对黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的认识,为滨海盐碱地的治理、利用和开发提供了微观尺度上的依据。     

Molecular prevalence,risk factors assessment and haemato-biochemical alterations in hepatozoonosis in dogs from Punjab,India

Hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon canis is an important tick-borne disease of dogs in tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world. In the present study evaluation of blood samples collected from 225 dogs presented at Small Animal Clinics, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab (India) was done for the presence of H. canis by PCR based assay targeting a portion of 18S rRNA gene. Of the total samples subjected to PCR, an amplicon of 666 bp was detected in 13.78% samples whereas, routine blood smear examination revealed gamonts in 5.78% samples. Furthermore, prevalence of H. canis infection was found to be significantly associated with season, being highest in summer and lowest in winter while other risk factors e.g. age, sex and breed showed non-significant association. In terms of various clinico-pathological parameters, significant drop in haemoglobin, total red blood cell count, packed cell volume and lymphocytes were recorded in positive cases whereas the total white blood cell count was non-significantly increased. The haematological alterations in the positive cases were lymphopenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, relative neutrophilia, neutrophilic leucocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis and lymphocytosis while the biochemical profile revealed hypoproteinemia and increased levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine (in positive cases) pointing towards renal failure.