Allelopathy and the active metabolites of the endophytic fungus,Alternaria J46, from Platycladus orientalis

The endophytic fungus, Alternaria J46, was isolated from the stem of the medicinal plant, Platycladus orientalis. A suspension of Alternaria J46 mycelial segments and the culture filtrates of the fungi exhibited marked seed germination inhibition against the monocot wheat, large crabgrass, bromegrass, rice and barnyardgrass and weak inhibition against the dicot redroot pigweed and morning glory, but it was safe for use on soybean, rape, cucumber, tomato, lettuce and radish crops. It is possible to use J46 culture filtrates in order to prevent monocot weeds in dicot cropland. Three active metabolites were isolated from an extract of the fungus cultures and elucidated as 3‐acetyl‐5‐sec‐butyltetramic acid (1, tenuazonic acid), 3‐acetyl‐5‐iso‐butyltetramic acid (2, vivotoxin II) and cyclo‐(L‐leucyl‐L‐proline) (3). Among these three compounds, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant phytotoxic effects on the seed germination of large crabgrass, while compound 3 exhibited weak activity, and all were safe for lettuce at 100 μg mL^?1. Accordingly, compounds 1 and 2 were the main active metabolites that were responsible for endophytic fungus Alternaria J46's strong seed germination inhibition against monocotyledons.     

一株裂解性青枯雷尔氏菌噬菌体的分离及生物学特性分析

【目的】分离并纯化出一株裂解性青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)噬菌体,并测定其各项生物学特性,为开发新的抗烟草青枯病制剂提供依据。【方法】取烟草青枯病重病田中健康烟株的根际土壤制成土壤悬浮液,并通过在青枯雷尔氏菌菌液中加入过滤后的土壤悬浮液富集噬菌体,用双层平板法验证噬菌体的存在后挑取单个最大噬菌斑进行反复纯化,直到得到单一清晰的噬菌斑。纯化后的单个噬菌斑加入对数早期的青枯雷尔氏菌菌液中进行增殖培养,将增殖液按常规方法进行噬菌体颗粒浓缩后,取20 μL浓缩液用磷钨酸染色并通过电子显微镜观察噬菌体的形态特征;同时将浓缩液进行SDS-PAGE电泳,观察蛋白条带大小和数量;用λ噬菌体DNA提取试剂盒提取噬菌体增殖液中的噬菌体核酸进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,确定其基因组片段大小;最后用常规方法测定噬菌体的滴度、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线,并通过比较加入噬菌体液前后青枯雷尔氏菌菌液的OD₆₀₀值变化测定其对温度、pH、紫外线、氯仿的敏感性。【结果】分离并纯化出了一株裂解性青枯雷尔氏菌噬菌体,命名为∈RS-1, 噬菌斑为圆形,清晰透明,边缘光滑,直径1-2 mm,经电镜观察其形态为蝌蚪状,头部为二十面体的立体对称,直径约为94 nm,并有一带伸缩尾鞘的长尾大约为27 nm×100 nm,按照国际病毒分类委员会分类标准,其属于有尾噬菌体目（Caudovirales）,肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae)的裂解性噬菌体,核酸性质为dsDNA;噬菌体浓缩液经SDS-PAGE分析至少可以观察到25条蛋白条带,相对分子质量在10-100 kD,说明其蛋白外壳至少含有25个结构蛋白;将提取的DNA进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示其条带大于48 kb,符合肌尾噬菌体科基因组大小范围（31-317 kb）;生物学特性的测定显示该噬菌体对青枯雷尔氏菌的最佳感染复数为0.01;其吸附和感染青枯雷尔氏菌时的潜伏期约为30 min,爆发期约为80 min,裂解量约为156;该噬菌体的裂解活性在28℃时最高,在28-50℃均较强,但在温度超过60℃后活性基本丧失;其对酸碱的耐受力较强,在pH 3-8的范围内均有较强的裂解活性,当pH值超过9后活性开始降低;其对紫外线有一定的耐受能力,经紫外线照射0-9 min后裂解活性依然较强,12 min后活性开始下降,21 min后活性基本丧失;其对氯仿不敏感,5%浓度的氯仿对其活性基本没有影响。【结论】分离到了裂解性的青枯雷尔氏菌噬菌体,属于有尾噬菌体目,肌尾噬菌体科,经过测定其各项生物学特性可知其潜伏期较短,裂解能力较强,具有很好的杀菌效果,且其裂解活性持续时间长,并能在不同温度、不同酸碱性的环境内有较强的适应能力,具有开发为抗青枯雷尔氏菌菌剂的潜力。     

Parthenium hysterophorus in Nepal: a review of its weed status and possibilities for management

The rapid expansion of the alien invasive Parthenium hysterophorus is a new agricultural and environmental problem for Nepal. Although the weed was first recorded in 1967, the most significant expansion has occurred in the last 20 years. The weed is thought to have entered Nepal from India and currently is found in the Tarai, Siwalik and hill regions of Nepal. A CLIMEX modelling projection has shown these regions to be climatically suitable for the growth of P. hysterophorus, both under the present and a future projected increased temperature. From the initially invaded roadside vegetation, the weed has now spread into cropping land and forests. Vehicle movement and transportation of agriculture products are the main means by which its seed is spreading. The weed has reduced plant species richness and changed species composition in grasslands, while fodder collectors have developed contact dermatitis from the plant. To date, no sustainable management strategy has been developed for this weed. However, the fortuitous arrival of the biological control agents Zygogramma bicolorata and Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola has had some impact upon the weed's growth and abundance. A CLIMEX modelling projection identifies many suitable locations for Z. bicolorata outside of its present range and within areas where the weed is likely to spread, both under the present and under a future projected climate of increased temperature. Mapping of the currently invaded areas, management through community involvement and further releases of new and redistribution of current biological control agents are required to manage P. hysterophorus in Nepal.     

马铃薯立枯丝核菌生物学特性研究

采用生长速率法研究了黑龙江省马铃薯立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)菌丝生长的条件。结果表明病菌菌丝在10~35℃均能生长,适宜温度是25~30℃,30℃菌丝生长最快。在pH为3~12的范围内病菌菌丝均能生长,以pH 5~7菌丝生长速度较快。黑暗对菌丝生长有促进作用,光照可促进菌核的形成。不同碳源、氮源对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长的影响均较明显,可溶性淀粉和酵母粉对菌丝生长有显著的促进作用。立枯丝核菌菌丝体及菌核的致死温度分别为49℃和51℃。明确了黑龙江省马铃薯立枯丝核菌生长的环境条件,可为病害防治提供理论依据。     

不同地理种群灰飞虱生物学特性差异

为明确灰飞虱生物学特性的地理差异,对沈阳、济宁、郑州、南京和嘉兴5个地理种群灰飞虱的表观形态、发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及生殖力等生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,在25℃条件下,不同地理种群灰飞虱的雌雄比随纬度降低而增大,沈阳、济宁种群的体长显著长于其它种群个体,雌虫中长翅比率存在明显差异。若虫存活率差异显著,由低到高为:郑州济宁沈阳嘉兴南京。不同地理种群灰飞虱若虫期的发育起点温度均为11~12℃,差异不显著;沈阳和济宁种群的若虫发育历期和有效积温值均显著长于其它3个种群。不同温度下不同地理种群的成虫寿命差异显著,但均随温度升高而缩短。25℃条件下,不同地理种群单雌有效产卵量差异显著,由低到高为:嘉兴郑州济宁沈阳南京。     

三种赤眼蜂对不同密度大豆食心虫卵的寄生反应及其自身密度的干扰效应

为评估赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫的生物防治潜能,采用室内接虫法和数学模型拟合法分别研究了黏虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma leucaniae、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae和螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis对自然寄主大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella卵的寄生反应及其自身密度对寄主防控效果的影响。结果表明,3种赤眼蜂寄生大豆食心虫卵的数量均表现出随寄主密度的增大而增加的趋势,除寄主密度20粒卵外,3种赤眼蜂在其它寄主密度下的寄生数量均无显著差异。自身密度对3种赤眼蜂寄生作用均存在明显的干扰效应,表现出寻找效应随自身密度增加而降低的趋势,Hassell模型和Beddington模型均能较好地拟合赤眼蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,黏虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂的寻找系数Q和攻击率a分别为0.3289、0.3270、0.2906和0.3267、0.3243、0.2853。在自身密度干扰作用下,3种赤眼蜂中,黏虫赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫表现出较好的防控潜能。     

施用生物炭后土壤生物活性与土壤肥力的关系

分析了生物炭不同用量条件下土生物活性与土壤主要肥力指标之间的关系。相关分析表明,除蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳外,土壤其它生物活性指标与土壤容重间呈显著负相关。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性、微生物量氮和三大类微生物与土壤主要肥力指标间呈显著或极显著正相关。除蔗糖酶外,酶活性与三类微生物数量间显著相关,但蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间并不完全显著相关。通径分析表明,脲酶和微生物量氮对土壤肥力影响以直接作用为主,而过氧化氢酶则以间接作用为主。主成分分析结果表明,可以用微生物因子、酶活性因子和速效磷因子进行综合描述土壤肥力特征。其中,各处理综合得分在玉米季大于小麦季,且随生物炭用量的增加而增加,表明高用量生物炭对土壤肥力的提高作用明显。     

Temperature Effects on the Development and Reproduction of Three Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Species Reared on Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs

The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a generalist species and an important pest of Brassicaceae worldwide. Egg parasitoids are a feasible alternative for the control of this species. We evaluated the suitability of T. ni eggs as hosts for three Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species and their tolerance to survive and develop within a range of temperatures between 15 and 30°C under laboratory conditions. The species evaluated were Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, and Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes and Soares. Parasitism rate was affected by temperature, parasitoid species, and by the interaction between these two factors. Parasitoids developed and reproduced in the range of temperatures evaluated, but Trichog. acacioi failed to parasitize T. ni eggs at 30°C. The highest parasitism rates of Trichog. atopovirilia and Trichog. pretiosum occurred at 20 and 25°C and Trichog. acacioi at 25°C, with parasitism rate above 70% in the three species. Parasitoid emergence was not affected by temperature or species. The estimated thermal constant and lower temperature threshold were 134.6 DD and 10.6°C for Trichog. pretiosum and 130.1 DD and 11.2°C for Trichog. atopovirilia. The results demonstrated that Trichog. pretiosum and Trichog. atopovirilia are the most suitable species for the control of T. ni, as they can remain active throughout the year in subtropical regions.