茉莉酸对马铃薯苗期低温胁迫耐性的影响

[目的]研究不同茉莉酸(JA)施用浓度对马铃薯叶片活性氧(ROS)含量及其清除酶活性以及抗寒关键基因CBF表达的影响,初步确定提升马铃薯抗寒性的最适施用浓度,为马铃薯产业的发展提供一定的理论基础.[方法]以马铃薯品种费乌瑞它为研究对象,采用叶面喷施JA的方法,探究正常和低温胁迫条件下,植株叶片的活性氧含量,活性氧清除酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性,以及抗寒关键基因CBF的表达.[结果]随着JA浓度的增加,马铃薯苗期叶片的活性氧含量逐渐降低,低温胁迫后活性氧含量能维持在较低水平,适宜浓度范围为100～400μmol/L,以200μmol/L JA处理效果最好,ROS含量降低47.6％.JA能够提升活性氧清除酶CAT和POD活性,且随着JA浓度增加效果越显著,低温胁迫后200μmol/L JA处理分别显著提升1.30、2.53倍.正常条件下,JA处理抑制SOD活性最低达70.7％;低温胁迫条件下,JA又可能通过其他途径提升SOD活性,最高达2.11倍.外源JA能诱导CBF1-3基因的表达,而低温胁迫能促进内源JA的合成,诱导CBF1-3基因的表达,提升马铃薯的抗寒性.[结论]马铃薯苗期的抗寒性与外源施加JA的浓度具有明显的相关性,适宜的JA浓度能够促进抗寒关键基因CBF1-3的表达,显著提升CAT、POD、SOD的活性,抑制低温胁胁迫诱导的活性氧生成,提高马铃薯抗寒性.适宜施用JA浓度为100～400μmol/L,以200μmol/L效果最佳.     

不同氧气浓度下烟草甲各虫态活性研究

为了减少磷化氢等有毒化学物质在储烟害虫防治中的施用量,为生产上运用低氧技术防治烟草甲等仓贮害虫提供技术参考,本试验研究了低氧环境对烟草甲各虫态致死作用及对烟草甲各虫态历期的影响。结果表明,在气调贮存运用中,可以将垛内氧气浓度调至2%,经历杀虫阶段后可以将垛内氧气浓度回调至4%～6%,这样可以在有效抑制虫害的基础上,最大限度地保证烟叶的醇化质量。     

纳米硒添加剂对褐牙鲆生长性能、耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在饲料中通过喷洒的方式添加液体纳米硒,测定不同浓度液体纳米硒对褐牙鲆生长性能、耗氧率及排氨率的影响。结果表明:与投喂基础饲料的对照组相比,饲料中添加纳米硒的试验组褐牙鲆的终末体质量、特定生长率及增重率显著提高,其中10 m L/kg组增长最为显著;肝体比、脏体比及肠体比对照组与试验组无显著差异;添加纳米硒可以增强褐牙鲆的耗氧率及排氨率,耗氧率在10 m L/kg时达到最高,排氨率在20 mL/kg时达到最高。     

Active metabolism in larval and juvenile fish: ontogenetic changes,effect of water temperature and fasting

Oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and fish swimming speed were measured in fish induced to swim by optomotor reaction in a circular metabolism chamber. The relationship between the swimming speed and fish metabolism described by exponential equations allowed the extrapolation to the standard metabolism, i.e. at zero swimming speed. The partitioning of the catabolised protein in the energy supply was estimated based on AQ (volume of ammonia/ volume of oxygen) values. Weight specific standard metabolism, as expressed by the ammonia excretion rate, decreased by one order of magnitude in coregonids as the fish grew from 20 to 780 mg body weight. The slope of the relationship between oxygen uptake and swimming speed decreased in coregonid ontogenesis. In salmon, after 12 days of fasting 28% of energy used was derived from protein, whilst coregonid juveniles utilized mostly lipid. Active swimming in fasted juveniles of coregonid, as well as in salmon, led to the accelerated utilization of protein as a source of energy, based on AQ coefficients. In juveniles acclimated to a range of water temperatures from 14 to 26°C, the changes in standard or active metabolic rate (expressed as oxygen uptake or ammonia excretion) were described by Q₁₀ coefficients. They were generally higher for the ammonia excretion rate than for the oxygen uptake rate and for active metabolism than for standard metabolism. Utilization of protein as energy for swimming differed significantly between the species, being in general one order of magnitude higher in coregonids than in salmon. The use of protein for swimming activity tended to decrease during coregonid ontogenesis.     

饥饿和再投喂对日本黄姑鱼代谢率和消化器官组织学的影响

采用封闭式呼吸仪测定日本黄姑鱼(8.14±1.07 g)在饥饿和恢复投喂过程中的耗氧率;用石蜡切片法观察和分析饥饿和再投喂对日本黄姑鱼消化器官形态结构和组织学的影响。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,其耗氧率逐渐降低;恢复投喂之后,其耗氧率开始逐步上升。从组织结构看,食道无明显变化,而胃、肠和肝胰脏则随着饥饿时间的延长出现不同程度的损伤;饥饿5 d组无明显变化,而饥饿15 d组变化明显,表现为胃腺细胞收缩,皱壁和上皮细胞高度减少,分泌颗粒减少,肠胃绒毛退化,肝组织致密,肝细胞内脂滴减少,胰腺泡缩小,排列不规则;饥饿10 d组介于饥饿5 d组和饥饿15 d组之间,再投喂各主要结构均有恢复。     

利用变温促进罗非鱼生长的研究

在实验室内不同温度条件(恒温28℃、30℃和周期性变温28±4℃、30±4℃)下,分四组饲养罗非鱼,测定其增重、耗氧率、并推算能量同化率和组织生长效率(K_2)。结果表明,变温组均比相应恒温组生长迅速。其中以变温28±4℃组日增重最快,增重百分率最高,其次为变温30±4℃组,恒温28℃组日增重最慢,增重百分率最低。能量同化率和组织生长效率也以变温28±4℃组最高;30±4℃组能量同化率虽较高,但组织生长效率却最低。本文对变温促进罗非鱼生长的机理和其在生产实践中的意义进行了分析与探讨。     

Growth and physiological responses of growing pigs to wheat–corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Gaining a detailed knowledge on the impact of a feedstuff on pig growth and physiological responses is critical for its effective utilization. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of distillers dried grains with solubles derived from co‐fermentation of wheat and corn (wcDDGS) on performance, carcass and visceral organ weights, whole‐body O₂ consumption and heat production (HP) in growing barrows. The experimental diets were as follows: corn–soybean meal diet (Control), Control + 15% wcDDGS and Control + 30% wcDDGS. In Exp. 1, 48 pair‐housed pigs of average BW 18.6 ± 1.5 kg (mean ± SD) were allotted to the 3 diets (n = 8). Pigs had free access to water and feed for a 28‐day period during which ADG and ADFI were calculated weekly. Thereafter, 1 pig/pen was killed to measure carcass and visceral organ weights. Overall, wcDDGS linearly decreased (p < 0.05) ADFI and ADG but had no effect on G:F (p > 0.10). The ADFI was 1.55, 1.45 and 1.36 kg/day for diets containing 0, 15 and 30% wcDDGS respectively; corresponding values for ADG were 0.79, 0.75 and 0.67 kg/day respectively. A linear decline (p = 0.01) in eviscerated hot carcass weight was observed as dietary wcDDGS increased. In Exp. 2, 18 pigs of average BW 20.4 ± 2.4 kg (mean ± SD) were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed the 3 diets (n = 6) at 550 kcal ME kg BW^?0.60day for a 16‐day period followed by measurement of O₂ consumption using an indirect calorimeter. Diet had no effect (p > 0.10) on whole‐body O₂ consumption and HP. In conclusion, increasing wcDDGS content in growing pig diets linearly reduced ADFI, ADG and eviscerated hot carcass weight but had no effect on G:F, visceral organ weights or HP.     

非生物逆境对植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶作用的影响研究进展

指出了植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)含有高度保守的氨基酸残基,分为叶绿体型同工酶和非光合器官型同工酶,以各自特异方式调控细胞内过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度。APX基因编码区同源性较高,表达具有组织特异性,响应H2O2、热激转录因子(Heat shock factors,HSFs)等信号因子调节,可调控胁迫相关蛋白和转录因子的表达。非生物逆境胁迫下,过量表达APX,可有效清除物体内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),减轻过氧化损伤,提高植物抵御逆境的能力。     

福州旗山常绿阔叶混交林空气含氧量日变化特征

运用PTM400氧气分析仪和气象测定仪对福州旗山森林公园中常绿阔叶混交林和停车场进行24小时连续同步观测,据此分析出2类观测点内空气含氧量的日动态变化规律以及常绿阔叶混交林中空气含氧量与气象因子之间的关系。结果显示:1)2类观测点内空气含氧量一天24小时的变化规律相似,呈抛物线形曲线变化,峰值都出现在下午15∶00,呈现出"昼高夜低"的变化规律;但在常绿阔叶混交林中,其各时段空气含氧量都比停车场高,且差异显著。2)常绿阔叶混交林空气氧气含量与空气温度呈极显著正相关,与光照强度呈显著相关,与空气湿度呈及显著负相关,与平均风速的相关性不显著。空气含氧量与气象因子的相关系数排序为空气温度空气湿度光照强度风速。