浅论西双版纳香荚兰寒害及防寒栽培技术

叙述了西双版纳冬季低温对香荚兰造成的寒害表现和影响;讨论了防寒栽培的策略和技术;提出当前香荚兰规模栽培的主要问题,进而开展系统的科学研究是解决西双版纳香荚兰产业巩固和发展问题的关键。     

施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长,叶绿素荧光特性及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理香草兰茎蔓和叶片干重显著高于施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥和有机肥的处理香草兰叶片表观电子光合传递速率(ETR)和实际光化学效率(Yield)无显著性差异,但均显著高于施用牛粪的处理;有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于施用牛粪的处理。综上所述,有机肥和生物有机肥配合施用可显著促进香草兰生长,提高香草兰的光能利用效率和土壤酶活性。     

香荚兰根腐病原菌酯酶同工酶分析*

 香荚兰根腐病是影响香荚兰生产的一个制约因素，其病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌和茄类镰刀菌。试验应用同工酶电泳技术对引起香荚兰根腐病致病性不同的12个菌株(其中尖镰孢9株，茄镰孢3株)进行酯酶同工酶谱分析。结果发现酯酶同工酶的活性区主要集中在中间带区和快带区。对12个菌株的酯酶同工酶带的Rf值进行UPGMA聚类分析，发现在相似性0.71的水平上，能将尖孢镰刀菌和茄类镰刀菌区分；在相似性0.86的水平上，能将用传统的致病性鉴定方法鉴定出的强、中、弱致病菌株及非致病菌株分开。试验的目的在于寻找与致病性/非致病性相关的同工酶标记。     

香草资源开发利用前景分析

香草具有观赏、食用和药用等多种功能和利用价值,对其合理的开发利用,不仅可提高城市园林绿化和娱乐休闲园建设、居室点缀装饰和有机安全果园生产趋避等的生态观赏价值,而且香草及其深加工产品,会带来可观的经济和社会效益。现从香草的基本涵义出发,对香草资源的主要类群及成分、功能特性及用途进行了较为科学的论述,且从国内外香草资源的研究和开发利用现状,分析了香草资源的开发利用前景,并提出了其开发利用的战略性对策。     

Effect of dose and type of fertilizer on flowering and fruiting of vanilla plants

Nutritional status affects the processes of flowering and fruiting of plants. This study was conducted to determine the effects of fertilizer application on flowering, fruiting, and leaf nutrient content of Vanilla planifolia (Jacks. ex Andr). Treatments consisted of the application of grade 10-20-20 nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer to the substratum in annual doses of 20, 50, and 100 g/plant plus a monthly application of foliar fertilizer. Two more treatments were foliar fertilization and no fertilization (control). Treatments increased the number of inflorescences and flower buds per plant, as well as the number and weight of fruits per plant, and decreased the abortion of flowers and immature fruits. These effects depended on the type of fertilizer, the amount applied, and the time of evaluation. The best results were obtained with the 100 g/plant/year treatment with an annual production of 1.5 kg of fruits per plant in the second year. Unfertilized plants produced 0.55 kg/plant/year. Differences were also found in foliar content of N, P, K, and copper (Cu) between vegetative and reproductive branches. Application of fertilizer to the substratum appears to improve reproductive parameters of vanilla plants and the production of beans, while foliar fertilization alone was ineffective in increasing crop productivity. Nutrients also seem to translocate from mature leaves to fruit racemes.     

6种药剂防治香草兰疫病田间药效试验

为筛选出防治香草兰疫病的最佳药剂,采用田间小区试验方法,测定68%精甲霜.锰锌WDG(水份散粒剂)、50%烯酰吗啉WP(可湿性粉剂)、25%甲霜.霜霉威WP、69%烯酰吗啉.锰锌WP、36%霜脲锰锌WP和70%乙磷铝锰锌WP等6种不同使用浓度药剂对香草兰疫病的防治效果。结果表明:68%精甲霜.锰锌WDG 1 000倍液、50%烯酰吗啉WP 1000倍液及36%霜脲锰锌WP 1 000倍液对香草兰疫病大田防效较好,分别为86.6%、81.4%和79.8%。生产上可交替使用这3种药剂来防治香草兰疫病。     

Genetic variations and interrelationships in Vanilla planifolia and few related species as expressed by RAPD polymorphism

Vanilla is naturally distributed in Mexico and parts of Central America and the history of origin of cultivated vanilla suggests that the entire stock outside Mexico may be from a single genetic source. In the present study, RAPD polymorphism was used to estimate the level of genetic diversity and interrelationships among different collections of Vanilla planifolia Andr., and few related species, including both leafy and leafless types such as V. tahitensis J.W.Moore, V. andamanica, Rolfe, V. pilifera Holtt., and V. aphylla Blume. Studies revealed that there are very limited variation within collections of V. planifolia, indicative of its narrow genetic base, and of the related species we tested, V. tahitensis is nearest to V. planifolia. The species studied are diverse and have a similarity ranging from 1.2 to 57.3 %. Of the sampled taxa, V. andamanica is the most divergent and there is also reasonable variability within its collections, indicating the possibility of natural seed set. A total of 82 polymorphic bands expressed in the RAPD profiles were used to generate a genetic distance matrix, which was then used in cluster analysis. Specific groupings were revealed by the cluster analysis whereby the leafless forms (V. aphylla, V. pilifera and the new species) and V. andamanica formed separate clusters. This is the first report of species interrelationship studies, including both cultivated and wild vanilla species.     

香荚兰病害研究综述

 综述了香荚兰病害研究的历史和现状病害的危害性、病害种类;并着重介绍了香荚兰根腐萎蔫病的研究概况,包括病害症状、病原菌、病害发生和流行的一般规律,香荚兰种间对根腐病抗性的差异,以及香荚兰根腐萎蔫病的防治经验.作者提出将传统的和现代化的方法结合起来进行抗病品种的选育工作,对于生物防治和着眼于增强香荚兰抗病性的各种农业技术措施也必须综合应用,可以早出成果.     

香草兰生防细菌的筛选、分子鉴定及其抑菌机制的初步研究

通过平板对峙法从香草兰根际微生物中筛选出对香草兰根(茎)腐病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、香草兰疫病菌(Phytophthora nicotianae)和香草兰细菌性软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora)均有良好抑制效果的生防菌10株。通过16S r DNA序列比对及系统发育树分析,其中7株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus.amyloliquefaciens),2株为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtils),1株为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(B.methylotrophicus)。提取脂肽类化合物进行抑菌分析,发现10株生防菌脂肽类提取物对香草兰根(茎)腐病菌和香草兰疫病菌均有良好的抑制效果,有4株的脂肽类粗提物对香草兰细菌性软腐病菌有强烈的抑制活性。对其中2个菌株脂肽类粗提物进行MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS检测,发现菌株VX2R11产生表面活性素(Surfactin)和伊枯草素A(Iturin A)2种脂肽类化合物,菌株VX2S02仅产生伊枯草素A,推测产生伊枯草素A是菌株VX2R11和VX2S02拮抗香草兰根(茎)腐病菌和疫病菌重要机制;产生表面活性素是菌株VX2R11拮抗香草兰细菌性软腐病菌的重要机制。     

香草兰VpLFY基因的克隆与表达分析

花分生组织特征基因LEAFY在植物花芽分化与成花诱导途径中起着重要的调控作用。通过RACE方法从香草兰中克隆VpLFY基因的全长cDNA序列。结果显示,该基因包含一个1 493 bp的开放阅读框,编码491个氨基酸残基。经蛋白质序列同源比对分析结果发现,VpLFY属于FLO-LFY家族。组织特异性研究结果表明,VpLFY基因在香草兰组织中属于组成型表达。荧光定量分析结果表明,VpLFY基因分别在香草兰纯花芽和混合花芽的不同发育阶段中有着较强的表达。