NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N不同配比对菠菜生长及食用品质的影响

为探究氮素形态对菠菜生长和品质的影响,试验采用盆钵培养的方法,在总氮浓度为15 mmol/L的条件下,设置了5种NO_3~--N与NH_4~+-N配比(分别为100:0、75:25、50:50、25:75和0:100),测定了5种铵硝配比条件下菠菜生长与品质相关指标。结果表明:与NH_4~+-N相比,NO_3~--N更有利于菠菜生长与Vc积累。适当增加NH_4~+-N比例后,Vc含量虽显著降低,但对菠菜的生长却无显著影响,并可显著降低可食用部分硝酸盐含量。因此,为了提供高产、低硝酸盐的优质菠菜,笔者认为适宜的NO_3~--N?NH_4~+-N为50:50。     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术，利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测，获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数，结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型，并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明，从拔节期到灌浆期，各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关，其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期，且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大，为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此，拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

基于氮梯度加载下的温室核桃砧木苗生长生理特性变化

【目的】探究新疆核桃砧木苗生长特征及生理特性对氮梯度的响应,为核桃砧木苗施氮标准化的探究奠定基础。【方法】以阿克苏厚皮农家种质核桃砧木苗为研究对象,进行不同梯度的氮素诱导,测定核桃砧木苗生长及生理指标。【结果】基于氮梯度加载下的核桃砧木苗株高、地径、叶片数、叶长、光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈上升趋势,并在15 g.a^-1.m^-2处理下达到最高值。【结论】适量地增施氮肥有利于核桃砧木苗的生长、提高砧木苗体内营养物质含量以及促进氮代谢能力。     

新时代土壤化学前沿进展与展望

土壤化学是重要的土壤学基础分支学科。在回顾了土壤化学发展历程的基础上,梳理了土壤化学的四个前沿交叉方向,并展望了土壤化学与其他相关学科的交叉发展趋势,以期寻求新的学科增长点。土壤化学经历了从恒电荷到可变电荷土壤学说演变,我国在土壤电化学、根际土壤化学、土壤化学-物理-微生物界面反应等方向逐步领跑。新时代中国已经发展成为国际土壤化学的研究中心之一,尤其在土壤化学与微生物学、地球化学、矿物学、环境化学等交叉领域取得了突破性发展。同时,发展并运用同步辐射、微流控联用光谱能谱、高分辨显微镜、光谱电化学等实时、原位、高精度研究方法,推动土壤化学研究取得了长足的进步。新时代的土壤化学具有三个重要发展趋势,首先系统揭示地球表层系统中物质循环与能量交换的土壤化学机制,实现"0到1"的土壤化学原创性成果的突破;其次需要综合运用地球表层系统理论,从多界面、多要素、多过程的"三多"交互耦合;再次,需要加强与地球宜居性这一人类重大命题的交叉融合,为生态文明建设、土壤污染防治攻坚战、全球变化等国家重大需求提供理论支持。     

切根与不同形态氮素对板栗苗木根系构型及生长的影响

为探明不同调控技术对板栗根系构型的影响和对板栗生长发育的作用效果,以期为培育高质量板栗苗木提供科学依据,采用大田板栗苗木为对象进行切根(切根深度分别为12、8、4 cm、CK)及不同形态氮素(尿素、硝酸钠、CK)追肥试验。结果表明:苗高生长量最大的处理为X2N2,地径生长量最大的处理为X4N1,不同处理苗木地径生长量差异性不显著;在同样切根深度的处理下,施用尿素的苗木在根系总根长、总表面积、总体积上均大于施用硝酸钠的苗木,也即NH^+4较NO^-3对板栗苗木根系生长发育具有更好的促进效果;X1N1、X2N1、X2N3处理在不同径级侧根的根长、根表面积、根体积上分别达到最高,差异性显著(P<0.05)。综合考虑苗木根系指标和形态指标,X2N1即切根深度8 cm结合施用尿素为板栗苗木根系的最佳调控处理。     

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响

以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳9108和南粳5055为材料,采用新型栽培技术钵苗机插移栽,在大田常用量总施氮270 kg hm~(–2)条件下,设置10∶0、9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6七种基蘖肥与穗肥比例的处理。比较研究不同处理对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥的合理施用提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明,当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4时,产量最高,与其他处理差异显著。稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐增加;直链淀粉和胶稠度含量随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减小,但蛋白质的含量变化趋势相反,后期施氮量大时蛋白质含量增大。两品种的垩白率和垩白度均随着基蘖肥比例的降低呈先增加后减小的趋势,以6∶4处理显著大于其他处理,而垩白大小逐渐增加。食味品质中除了完整性随着基蘖肥所占比例的降低而增加外,香气、光泽、味道、口感以及食味值均呈现递减趋势。各处理的稻米峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度,除对照不施氮肥处理最大外,均随基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减小,而消减值的变化呈现相反的趋势。基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4的氮肥运筹方式能显著提高钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量;适当增加穗肥比例能有效改善稻米的加工品质和营养品质,增大稻米粒长和粒宽,但降低了稻米的外观品质和食味品质。     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

根土空间对花生营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收积累变化的影响

为探讨花生高产适宜根系的大小,确定作物根系生长的合理空间范围,为花生高产新品种选育和栽培提供理论依据。以高产花生品种青花7号为试材,设长×宽×深分别为40 cm×20 cm×20 cm、40 cm×20 cm×40 cm、40 cm×20 cm×60 cm、40 cm×20 cm×80 cm 4种大小不等的根土空间,采用网袋法,研究了根土空间对花生营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收积累变化的影响。结果表明,根土空间过小限制了花生根茎叶生物量、氮磷钾含量和积累量的提高,当限根深度超过60 cm后,根土空间大小对花生根茎叶生物量、氮磷钾含量和积累量的影响变小。说明限根深度超过60 cm后,根土空间大小已不是限制花生吸收氮磷钾素的关键因素,限根深度不小于60 cm的根土空间是花生获得较高产量水平的一个必要条件。     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

施氮量对酿造高粱产量和氮素利用率的影响

为了实现酿造高粱氮肥合理高效利用,以晋杂22号为试验品种,研究了6种氮肥施用量(0,75,150,225,300,450 kg/hm~2)对酿造高粱产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,在施氮0~450 kg/hm~2,施用氮肥有效地增加了高粱产量和净利润,但随着施氮量的增加产量先升高后降低,其关系可表示为y=-0.037x~2+17.759x+5 874.41(R2=0.878 1)。随着施氮量的增加高粱氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率显著降低;氮素吸收效率逐渐降低;氮素利用效率大体呈下降趋势;当施氮量为225 kg/hm~2时,高粱产量、净利润最大,极显著高于不施氮处理,增产率达37.64%;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别为9.96,36.42 kg/kg,氮肥利用率可达到38.70%,且氮平衡为3.07,大体上满足氮素平衡。综合分析各项指标,施氮量为225 kg/hm~2是酿造高粱晋杂22号实现高产、高效益、较高氮肥利用率的适宜氮量。