4种竹子竹叶黄酮质量分数及抗氧化活性的季节变化

以毛竹Phyllostachys edulis, 雷竹Phyllostachys violascens, 石竹Phyllostachys nuda和高节竹Phyllostachys prominens等4种竹子为研究对象, 用硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法测定黄酮质量分数, 并采用DPPH·(1, 1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)法和ABTS+·[2, 2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐]法测定竹叶黄酮的抗氧化活性, 以考察竹叶黄酮质量分数和抗氧化活性随季节和竹种的变化规律。结果表明:春季毛竹的竹叶黄酮质量分数最高(2.12%±0.15%)(P<0.05), 夏季、秋季和冬季4种竹子间无显著性差异(P>0.05);石竹的竹叶黄酮质量分数四季变化不显著(P>0.05), 毛竹夏季的竹叶黄酮质量分数(2.36%±0.60%)高于冬季(1.52%±0.04%)(P<0.05), 雷竹(2.40%±0.17%)和高节竹(2.07%±0.13%)的竹叶黄酮质量分数以夏季最高。4种竹子的竹叶黄酮对DPPH·的清除能力都表现在夏季较强, 四季的各竹种竹叶黄酮对DPPH·的清除能力以毛竹较强。4种竹子的竹叶黄酮对ABTS+·的清除能力都表现在春季和秋季较强, 四季各竹种间差异性不大(P>0.05)。     

Optimization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme methods for ecosystem studies

Microbial digestive enzymes in soil and litter have been studied for over a half century, yet the understanding of microbial enzymes as drivers of ecosystem processes remains hindered by methodological differences among researchers and laboratories. Modern techniques enable the comparison of enzyme activities from different sites and experiments, but most researchers do not optimize enzyme assay methods for their study sites, and thus may not properly assay potential enzyme activity. In this review, we characterize important procedural details of enzyme assays, and define the steps necessary to properly assay potential enzyme activities in environmental samples. We make the following recommendations to investigators measuring soil enzyme activities: 1) run enzyme assays at the environmental pH and temperature; 2) run proper standards, and if using fluorescent substrates with NaOH addition, use a standard time of 1 min between the addition of NaOH and reading in a fluorometer; 3) run enzyme assays under saturating substrate concentrations to ensure V_max is being measured; 4) confirm that product is produced linearly over the duration of the assay; 5) examine whether mixing during the reaction is necessary to properly measure enzyme activity; 6) find the balance between dilution of soil homogenate and assay variation; and 7) ensure that enzyme activity values are properly calculated. These steps should help develop a unified understanding of enzyme activities in ecosystem ecology.     

Direct measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of cereal products

A simple and rapid procedure was developed for the direct measurement of the antioxidant capacity of cereals. It entails grinding of cereals, mixing with 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) reagent, centrifugation and measure of the absorbance. The ABTS reagent was dissolved in a mixture of ethanol:water (50:50, v/v), instead of 100% ethanol, in order to overcome low solubility of water-soluble antioxidant compounds of some cereals. A reaction time of 30 min allowed plateau values to be reached during the antioxidant capacity measurement of cereal samples. The accuracy of the direct procedure was confirmed by measuring, in solid state, the antioxidant activity of pure phenolic compounds.The direct procedure gave results of total antioxidant capacities significantly higher than those determined by the traditional procedure (multiple extraction followed by alkaline hydrolysis) for most whole meal cereals, suggesting that such a procedure was not always sufficient to properly assess the antioxidant capacity of bound phenolic compounds in cereals. The proposed extraction-independent procedure for measuring antioxidant capacity of cereals will facilitate the inter-laboratory data comparison, the construction of reliable antioxidant capacity database and the screening of large sampling of cereals for their nutraceutical characteristics.     

Antioxidant activity of Cassia auriculata flowers

The ethanol and methanol extracts of Cassia auriculata flowers were screened for antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was determined by an improved assay based on the decolorization of the radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The ethanol and methanol extracts of C. auriculata flowers showed antioxidant activity in both assays.     

铁观音与荆芥提取物协同抗氧化作用研究

为研究铁观音提取物和荆芥提取物联用在抗氧化方面的协同作用,采用水浸提法分别萃取铁观音和荆芥得其抗氧化活性成分。以芦丁为标准品检测两种提取物类黄酮含量,其中铁观音提取物为15.13 mg/g,荆芥提取物为0.87 mg/g;以没食子酸为标准品检测两种提取物的总酚含量,其中铁观音水提物为50.87μg/mg,荆芥水提物为47.40μg/mg。用2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(DPPH)和2,2'-二氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)法评估两种提取物联合应用时的抗氧化活性,结果表明,在较低浓度时,铁观音与荆芥提取物联用具有协同增强抗氧化作用。     

Modeling the effects of microfluidization conditions on properties of corn bran

Corn bran was microfluidized through a 200-μm channel in the pressure range of 124.1–158.7 MPa for 1–5 passes following the central composite experimental design. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties of microfluidized bran samples were measured and fitted to the second order polynomial model. The response surface equations obtained showed that all the properties examined had a positive linear relationship with pressure and a negative quadratic relationship with number of passes except for ABTS radical scavenging activity which was quadratically related to both processing parameters. The number of passes generally had a more pronounced effect on the examined properties compared with pressure. Within the experimental range, the maximum values of swelling capacity, water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity were respectively 10.62 ml/g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), 5.49 g water/g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), and 4.61 g oil/g d.w. (at 124.1 MPa); the maximum values of surface reactive phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 148.80 mg/FAE g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), 50.02 μmol TE/g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), and 47.90 μmol TE/g d.w. (at 145.9 MPa), respectively. All maximum values of the properties occurred at 5 passes.     

无花果叶不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性的比较研究

[目的]研究不同溶剂提取对无花果叶抗氧化能力的影响。[方法]以不同溶剂对无花果叶进行超声提取,比较各提取物抗猪油氧化及清除DPPH（1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）和ABTS[2,2-Azino-bis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid）]自由基的能力。[结果]各提取物对猪油的抗氧化能力为：蒸馏水提取物﹥70%乙醇提取物﹥甲醇提取物﹥乙酸乙酯提取物﹥无水乙醇提取物;对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除能力为：蒸馏水提取物﹥70%乙醇提取物﹥甲醇提取物﹥无水乙醇提取物﹥乙酸乙酯提取物,水提物清除DPPH的IC50值为0.49 mg/ml,清除ABTS的IC50值为1.54 mg/ml。[结论]无花果叶水提物具有较强的抗氧化性能,有开发功能性抗氧化剂的潜在价值。     

Effects of Pressurized Low Polarity Water Extraction Parameters on Antioxidant Properties and Composition of Cow Cockle Seed Extracts

Antioxidant activity of pressurized low polarity water (PLPW) extracts of cow cockle seed and extraction residues were determined using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The effect of extraction conditions (temperature (125, 150 and 175 °C) and time) on the antioxidant activity and the relationship amongst the antioxidant activity and extract composition (total phenolics and saponin content) were determined. The antioxidant activity of PLPW extracts increased with extraction temperature. Increasing activity with time was also observed at 175 °C. PLPW extraction residues had the highest activity suggesting antioxidant compounds were not completely extracted by PLPW. Antioxidant activity correlated well with total phenolics content of samples (R ² ≥ 0.94), however no correlation was observed with the saponin content. A strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity values obtained using different methods (R ² ≥ 0.94). These results point to the potential of PLPW extraction as a method to modify the activity of biological materials for the production of customized extracts.     

ABTS底物检测漆酶活力条件和算法比较——以长白山两种林分土壤为例

选取长白山针叶林与阔叶林A层土壤,以0.25~12.5 mmol L~(-1)不同终浓度2,2'-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)为底物,考察漆酶氧化产物在0~32、0~54和0~95 min吸光值线性变化率,并藉此获得3个不同时间段线性拟合漆酶活力值;以一级反应动力学方程拟合最大吸光值增幅及相应平均反应时间,计算吸光值平均变化率,并藉此获得非线性拟合漆酶活力值。当ABTS浓度为7.5 mmol L~(-1)时,反应体系吸光值增幅和酶活最大。阔叶林反应体系吸光值增量显著大于针叶林,前者在0~300 min持续增加,且不同算法间漆酶活力差异不显著;后者仅在0~21 min显著变化,且非线性拟合漆酶活力值显著高于线性拟合。非线性拟合测算的漆酶活力变异系数整体上低于线性拟合。因此,森林土壤漆酶活力测定应重视酶底物浓度、反应时间、算法和林分条件变化带来的显著影响。     

柚皮素-镉配合物的合成·表征及其抗氧化作用

[目的]合成柚皮素金属镉配合物,并比较配合物与柚皮素的抗氧化活性。[方法]以柚皮素和乙酸镉为原料在无水乙醇溶液中制备柚皮素-镉配合物,通过紫外(UV)、红外(IR)对配合物进行表征,并采用ABTS法研究其清除自由基的能力。[结果]紫外、红外数据证实柚皮素与镉离子成功配合,且在试验浓度下,配合物对ABTS+·的清除能力随浓度增加而增强,且强于柚皮素。[结论]镉离子成功地与柚皮素形成配合物,其体外抗氧化活性较配体有所增强。