水肥耦合效应对保护地辣椒肥料氮、磷经济利用效率的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了灌水定额、氮肥和磷肥对保护地辣椒肥料氮和肥料磷经济利用效率的影响。研究表明:高量施肥时灌水定额增加能提高氮肥经济利用率,但在低量施肥情况下灌水定额增加却降低氮肥经济利用率。施氮、施磷、水氮交互作用和水磷的交互作用对磷肥经济利用效率的影响显著,其影响大小顺序为施磷>水磷互作>施氮>水氮互作,水磷互作对磷肥经济利率效率为正效应。     

氮肥对大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响及合理施用量研究

对宁夏灌淤旱耕人为土氮(N)肥与大白菜产量及菜体和土体中硝酸盐累积的关系进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在设计范围内,银川平原复种大白菜的产量及净菜率与施N量成正比;施N肥增加大白菜硝酸盐含量;复种大白菜的最高产量施N量为448.5㎏/hm2,最佳产量施N量为427.5㎏/hm2;大白菜外叶硝酸盐含量高于内叶,内叶硝酸盐含量随施N肥量的增加而增加,外叶硝酸盐含量在高施N时,随生育期延长而增加;施用N肥明显增加土体各土层中的硝态N含量。     

Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants

The increasing frequency of dry periods in many regions of the world and the problems associated with salinity in irrigated areas frequently result in the consecutive occurrence of drought and salinity on cultivated land. Currently, 50% of all irrigation schemes are affected by salinity. Nutrient disturbances under both drought and salinity reduce plant growth by affecting the availability, transport, and partitioning of nutrients. However, drought and salinity can differentially affect the mineral nutrition of plants. Salinity may cause nutrient deficiencies or imbalances, due to the competition of Na⁺ and Cl^– with nutrients such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NO . Drought, on the other hand, can affect nutrient uptake and impair acropetal translocation of some nutrients. Despite contradictory reports on the effects of nutrient supply on plant growth under saline or drought conditions, it is generally accepted that an increased nutrient supply will not improve plant growth when the nutrient is already present in sufficient amounts in the soil and when the drought or salt stress is severe. A better understanding of the role of mineral nutrients in plant resistance to drought and salinity will contribute to an improved fertilizer management in arid and semi‐arid areas and in regions suffering from temporary drought. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on plant nutrition under drought and salinity conditions. Specific topics include: (1) the effects of drought and salt stress on nutrient availability, uptake, transport, and accumulation in plants, (2) the interactions between nutrient supply and drought‐ or salt‐stress response, and (3) means to increase nutrient availability under drought and salinity by breeding and molecular approaches.     

“3S”技术在水土保持工作中的应用及展望

随着遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)与全球定位系统(GPS)三项技术的飞速发展,其在水土保持工作中的应用也得到不断加强。基于“3S”技术在水土保持工作中的应用,提出了“3S”技术的集成构想,最后对“3S”技术在水土保持中的应用做了相应的展望。     

非金属矿物改良皖南酸性红黄壤应用研究

应用非金属矿物沸石(尿素沸石)、白云石改良皖南地区酸性红黄壤,结果表明:盆栽玉米、大豆植株干物重增加39.4%-54.5%,NPK吸收量增加25.7%-52.7%;大田试验玉米产量增加23.5%,NPK吸收量增加8.2%-30.6%。沸石(尿素沸石)与白云石配合效果好,是改良酸性红黄壤有效途经。     

Natural N abundances of inorganic nitrogen in soil treated with fertilizer and compost under changing soil moisture regimes

This study was conducted to examine whether the applications of N-inputs (compost and fertilizer) having different N isotopic compositions (δ¹⁵N) produce isotopically different inorganic-N and to investigate the effect of soil moisture regimes on the temporal variations in the δ¹⁵N of inorganic-N in soils. To do so, the temporal variations in the concentrations and the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ in soils treated with two levels (0 and 150 mg N kg⁻¹) of ammonium sulfate (δ¹⁵N=−2.3‰) and compost (+13.9‰) during a 10-week incubation were compared by changing soil moisture regime after 6 weeks either from saturated to unsaturated conditions or vice versa. Another incubation study using ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate (3.05 ¹⁵N atom%) was conducted to estimate the rates of nitrification and denitrification with a numerical model FLUAZ. The δ¹⁵N values of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ were greatly affected by the availability of substrate for each of the nitrification and denitrification processes and the soil moisture status that affects the relative predominance between the two processes. Under saturated conditions for 6 weeks, the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ in soils treated with fertilizer progressively increased from +2.9‰ at 0.5 week to +18.9‰ at 6 weeks due to nitrification. During the same period, NO₃⁻ concentrations were consistently low and the corresponding δ¹⁵N increased from +16.3 to +39.2‰ through denitrification. Under subsequent water-unsaturated conditions, the NO₃⁻ concentrations increased through nitrification, which resulted in the decrease in the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻. In soils, which were unsaturated for the first 6-weeks incubation, the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ increased sharply at 0.5 week due to fast nitrification. On the other hand, the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ showed the lowest value at 0.5 week due to incomplete nitrification, but after a subsequence increase, they remained stable while nitrification and denitrification were negligible between 1 and 6 weeks. Changing to saturated conditions after the initial 6-weeks incubation, however, increased the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ progressively with a concurrent decrease in NO₃⁻ concentration through denitrification. The differences in δ¹⁵N of NO⁻₃ between compost and fertilizer treatments were consistent throughout the incubation period. The δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ increased with the addition of compost (range: +13.0 to +35.4‰), but decreased with the addition of fertilizer (−10.8 to +11.4‰), thus resulting in intermediate values in soils receiving both fertilizer and compost (−3.5 to +20.3‰). Therefore, such differences in δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ observed in this study suggest a possibility that the δ¹⁵N of upland-grown plants receiving compost would be higher than those treated with fertilizer because NO₃⁻ is the most abundant N for plant uptake in upland soils.     

不同培肥方式对西藏中部退化土壤的影响

对西藏中部土壤复退过程中土壤物理、化学 (养分 )、生物变化及其效应进行了探讨 ,初步结果表明 ,在西藏高原生态条件下 ,有机肥 ,特别是有机—无机肥配合施用在短期内对降低土壤容重 ,提高土壤孔度 ,增加 1～ 3 mm水稳性团聚体数量 ,提高土壤养分和有机质含量 ,促进土壤生物繁殖具有显著作用 ,并呈随有机肥投入量递增而显著增加的趋势 ,化肥 (包括化肥平衡施用 )的综合效应则相对较低。大幅度提高土壤有机质含量及供钾水平是退化土壤肥力恢复过程中面临的重要问题。不同培肥方式的土壤微生物数量构成中细菌均占绝对优势 ,对作物营养具较大贡献 ;化肥、有机—无机肥配合施用不利于土壤真菌、放线菌数量的提高     

基于生产生活可达性的农村居民点整治分区及模式

农村居民点整治应满足农户生产生活的需求,提高农村居民点的生产生活可达性。该文从生产生活可达性切入,以农村居民点生产生活可达性作为整治分区和采取何种整治模式的依据,从生产可达性和生活可达性两方面出发构建生产生活可达性评价指标体系,采用空间可达性测度方法和指标综合评判法计算得到农村居民点(斑块)生产生活可达性,将其分为I、II、III、IV 4个等级,分别对应发展区、优化区、引导区和拆迁区。根据整治分区并结合实际情况,划分了城镇化发展模式、城乡统筹发展模式、综合优化模式、辐射引导模式、增减挂钩模式和生态搬迁模式等6种整治模式,并对整治思路和具体做法做了探讨。该研究尝试将生产生活可达性评价结果应用于农村居民点整治,对有序整治农村居民点和改善提高农村人居环境有指导意义。     

水稻产量对长期不同施肥和环境的响应

以开始于1982年的不同施肥长期定位试验为平台,选择氮磷钾肥(NPK)、有机肥(牛粪,M)、氮磷钾肥+有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷肥+有机肥(NPM)、氮钾肥+有机肥(NKM)和磷钾肥+有机肥(PKM)共6个处理,采用产量年际变化、变异系数(CV)、产量可持续指数(SYI)、肥料增产贡献率及AMMI模型对影响双季稻稻谷总产量稳定性的施肥处理、环境和二者互作进行综合分析,研究历年稻谷产量(1982—2012年)对长期不同施肥和环境的响应特征。结果表明:NPKM处理稻谷产量最高;在养分投入量相同的情况下,单施有机肥和单施化肥对于早稻产量的影响效果一致,但单施有机肥较单施化肥有利于提高晚稻稻谷产量。不同施肥处理稻谷产量CV随试验时间延长逐渐降低,有机无机配施相比较单施化肥能够减小产量CV,各处理晚稻产量的CV大于早稻,但其SYI值小于早稻。NPKM处理的SYI值最高,为0.51;M和NPK处理的SYI值分别为0.44和0.42。肥料对于产量的贡献率表现为:有机肥化肥氮化肥磷化肥钾。AMMI模型交互效应主成分(IPCA)表明,不同施肥处理在不同试验年份对环境的响应不一样。综合以上分析结果,氮磷钾完全肥基础上配施有机肥(NPKM)是该区域双季稻高产和稳产的最佳施肥措施。     

中国古典园林设计手法在现代园林中的应用

以中国古典园林的分类为基点,分析古典园林的特点,总结了中国古典园林的设计手法,提出将其造园手法运用于现代园林的方法和措施,为我国现代园林设计提供一定的理论帮助和参考依据.