基于Ecotect的不同墙体材料猪舍光热环境和热性能分析

北方地区冬季寒冷漫长,为探究北方冬季养猪的采光及保温问题,该文基于Ecotect软件,以吉林省内某大型猪场的典型猪舍为对象,等比例建模仿真,研究猪舍的光热环境及猪场生产区光环境,探究猪舍内不同高度的采光系数及猪场生产区采光情况,分析4种形式不同墙体材料猪舍的保温性能。结果表明,试验猪舍各研究高度采光系数均高于2%,满足绿色建筑标准;猪场生产区采光良好,在大寒日的太阳辐射量可达5.38 MJ/(m2·d),日照充足无遮挡;通过对比4种形式不同墙体材料猪舍的逐月能耗值,计算出4种形式猪舍中黏土多孔砖猪舍、泡沫混凝土猪舍、酚醛夹芯板彩钢猪舍和低密度聚乙烯薄膜温室大棚猪舍的保温性能最好,考虑成本后更推荐炉渣砖砌体猪舍、粉煤灰加气砌块猪舍、聚苯夹芯板彩钢猪舍和低密度聚乙烯薄膜温室大棚猪舍;通过将试验实测值与软件模拟值进行数据对比,计算得出相对误差范围为0.74%～8.62%,验证了模型的可靠性。该文可以为探究北方猪舍的光热环境提供理论依据,为建筑设计师在方案实施前提供更多优化设计方案的思路。     

空气污染视角下中国工业能源环境效率的空间效应及其影响因素研究

工业能源消耗是温室气体排放的主要来源,提高工业能源环境效率是缓解当前气候变化问题的重要途径.从空气污染的视角出发,将工业CO_2、工业SO_2和工业PM_(10)3种污染物排放作为非期望产出,采用非径向方向距离函数测算了1998-2014年中国30个省域的工业能源环境效率,检验了其空间相关性并通过空间计量回归模型分析了中国工业能源环境效率的主要影响因素.研究结果表明:中国工业能源环境效率整体处于上升趋势,但区域差异显著,东部和中部地区的工业能源环境效率显著高于西部地区;中国工业能源环境效率存在正向空间相关性,西部多数省域处于低集聚区;环境规制是影响中国工业能源环境效率的重要因素,应协同推动经济高质量发展与生态环境高水平保护,改善能源消费结构和国有企业股份制改革,有助于提高中国工业行业的能源环境效率.     

基于环境税的两部门政策与农业面源污染规制

在面源污染经济规制方面,现有文献对于环境税、财政补贴、环保罚款等政策的研究取得了丰富的理论成果,但对于多种经济规制工具的结合研究,特别是对基于环境税的两部门规制政策(two-part instruments)的研究仍有较大的空间.两部门规制政策既具备最优庇古税(first-best Pigouvian tax)的特征,同时对于监管和执行的信息需求可以实现最小化.该文在一个局部均衡框架下,比较研究了5种不同情境下,基于环境税的两部门政策对农业面源污染的规制效应.结果表明:基于环境税的两部门规制政策会诱导道德风险,因为面源污染不仅与污染性要素投入本身有关,而且与要素投入的使用方式关联.实现社会最优面源污染排放的政策组合至少有2种:①对污染性要素投入征税,对耕地的使用进行补贴的政策组合;②对农业产出和高污染、低成本的粪肥使用行为征税,而对非污染性要素投入和低污染、高成本的粪肥使用行为进行补贴的政策组合.     

Effects of nitrogen feeding for extraradical mycelium of Rhizophagus irregularis maize symbiosis incorporated with phosphorus availability

In terrestrial ecosystems, plants are frequently in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with mineral nutrients and photosynthesis carbon exchanges in between. This research sought to identify the effects of phosphorus (P) levels on the nitrogen (N) uptake via extraradical mycelium (ERM) and the mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) of maize plants within the AMF symbiosis. Pots were separated into root compartments and hyphae compartments (HCs) with two layers of a 30‐μm mesh membrane and an air gap in between, where only hyphae could pass through, to avoid both N diffusion and root growth effects. Maize plants were inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis with different N fertilization in HCs under two different P fertilization levels. Our results indicated that a strong increase in MGR with low‐P fertilization. The same tendency was not observed with high‐P fertilization, although both had a large increase in P concentration as a potential source of growth in shoot tissue of mycorrhizal plants. Substantial effects (10.5% more N) were observed in the case of high‐P availability for the host plants from ERM fed with N, whereas under low‐P conditions ERM may prioritize P uptake rather than N uptake. The AM fungi increase the uptake of N and P, which are most limiting in the soil with fewer forces from soil resources. In addition, there was still more P accumulated than N due to the high N for ERM with high‐P supply. Low N in HCs corresponded with a lower colonization rate in roots but with high hyphae density in HCs; this result suggest that N and P availability might change the ratio of extraradical to intraradical hyphae length.     

Behavioural response of a trophic specialist, the Iberian lynx, to supplementary food: Patterns of food use and implications for conservation

Prey scarcity compromises population survival, especially for specialist predators. Supplementary feeding is a management tool that can be applied to reverse the decline of food-limited populations. We analyse how a population of Iberian lynx, a threatened food specialist, initially reacted to, and subsequently used, supplementary food. Twenty-seven feeding stations (FS) with domestic rabbits were placed in the Doñana Biological Reserve, SW Spain, between 2002 and 2005. We recorded lynx tracks inside and around stations to analyse spatio-temporal patterns of use, as well as the performance of several station designs. Iberian lynx used 62% of the FS installed, and consumed most of the supplied food. All station designs were used and food provision apparently covered the energetic needs of the lynx inhabiting the reserve. There was spatial aggregation in the use of the FS. Fourteen weeks were needed on average for lynx to become familiar with feeding stations and making a regular use of the supplementary food. Seasonal variations in consumption frequency appeared to be modulated by fluctuations of wild rabbit numbers throughout its annual cycle as well as by variation in energy demand of breeding females. The Iberian lynx responded positively to our supplementary feeding programme. We show that this technique allows the persistence of lynx populations during long periods in areas where wild rabbits are extremely scarce. Supplementary food may be used to sustain lynx whenever rabbit populations need recovery, as well as in the context of lynx restocking or reintroduction programmes.     

干旱及复水处理下坪用黑麦草和高羊茅抗旱特性比较

本试验以冷季型草坪草高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种凌志（Barlexas）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）品种首相（Premier）为供试材料,研究其在干旱胁迫和复水过程中的生长、形态指标的变化。结果表明,两种草坪草在干旱胁迫期间叶片相对含水量、叶片水势、蒸散量、土壤相对含水量、草坪质量、生长速率呈明显下降趋势,质膜透性(以相对电导率表示)、萎蔫率呈上升趋势;复水后两草种叶片相对含水量、萎蔫率、叶片水势、生长速率和凌志草坪质量恢复到对照水平,两草种质膜透性、蒸散量和首相草坪质量未恢复到对照水平。胁迫期间凌志各指标可保持较好水平,变化幅度也相对较低,复水期间凌志各指标恢复速度快,复水结束时较多指标恢复到胁迫前水平,说明高羊茅品种凌志的抗旱性及恢复能力优于黑麦草品种首相。     

Assessment and up-scaling of CO2 exchange by patches of the herbaceous vegetation mosaic in a Portuguese cork oak woodland

Long-term eddy covariance measurements over a montado oak woodland in southern Portugal have documented a vulnerability to predicted decreases in springtime rainfall, since water availability during spring limits annual CO₂ gain, the growth of fodder for animals, and the production of cork by Quercus suber. The current study examined CO₂ exchange of three different herbaceous vegetation components distributed over montado landscapes and within the footprint of long-term landscape eddy covariance monitoring studies. Simultaneous measurements with eddy covariance at two sites and with manually operated chambers at multiple locations revealed that slow drainage of shallow basins, the onset of drying at higher sites and a high release of CO₂ below tree canopies significantly influenced the overall course of montado ecosystem gas exchange during the spring.Hyperbolic light response models were employed to up-scale and compare herbaceous gas exchange with landscape net ecosystem CO₂ flux. The up-scaling demonstrates the importance of the herbaceous understory in determining annual carbon balance of the montado and suggests a relatively small additional CO₂ uptake by the tree canopies and boles, i.e., by the aboveground tree compartment, during springtime. Annual flux totals obtained during the extremely dry year 2005 and a normal precipitation year 2006 for the oak woodland and a nearby grassland were essentially the same, indicating that both ecosystems similarly exploit available resources. Based on comparisons with additional temperate grasslands, we can visualize the montado herbaceous cover as a typical European grassland canopy, but where temperature fluctuations in winter control uptake, and where total production depends on springtime rainfall as it controls phenological events and eventually dieback of the vegetation. On the other hand, tree canopies remain active longer during late spring and early summer, modifying the montado response from that of grassland. Uncertainties in flux estimates via both chamber and eddy covariance methodologies currently prevent a full understanding of vegetation/atmosphere coupling, of the recycling of CO₂ between the understory communities and trees, and of relationships between exchange rates of individual components of the vegetation mosaic and overall carbon and water balances in montado landscapes.     

Soils are back on the global agenda

In the 1990s and early 2000s, there was widespread pessimism on the status of soil science in most parts of the world. This was mainly due to dwindling research budgets, reduced number of students and the overall perception that soil science and pedology were dead and buried. Renewed interest in agriculture for food, feed and fuel has brought soils back onto the global research agenda. Soil erosion, nutrient depletion and pollution are key issues brought up in many recent reports by UN and other international organizations. The need for up‐to‐date and fine resolution soil information and the revival of soil research is highlighted and prioritized in several studies. There is increased interest in soils in the popular press and media, and soils have entered the policy arena. For the global soil science community, there are challenges ahead and there is a direct need to educate a new generation of soil scientists.     

Heterogeneity in soil hydrological response from different land cover types in southern Spain

This paper reports results from the analysis of the soil hydrological response to simulated rainfall in a cork oak forest in Los Alcornocales Natural Park (SW Spain). Four different soil/vegetation units were selected for the field experiments: [1] cork oak woodland, [2] heathland, [3] grassland, and [4] cork oak/olive tree mixed forest. Rainfall simulations tests were performed on circular plots of 1256.6 cm² at an intensity of 56.5 mm h^− 1 for 30 min.Marked differences in the hydrological behavior of the studied vegetation types were observed after the rainfall simulations. The soils under woodland showed low runoff rates and coefficients. The highest runoff rates were measured on the heath and grass-covered parts of the hillslope. Water repellency of the soil, measured from water drop penetration tests, reduced infiltration (especially under the heathland), and seems to be the cause of fast ponding and runoff generation during the first stages of rainstorms.The mosaic of different patterns of hydrological response to rainfall, such as runoff generation or infiltration, is governed by the spatial distribution of vegetation and its influence on the soil surface.     

重金属在土壤载体中的行为和环境响应

综述了21世纪初重金属在土壤环境中发生的吸附/解吸、溶解/沉淀、氧化/还原、络合(螯合)等行为的影响因素,如粘土矿物类型、微生物、腐殖质、pH、重金属性质、土壤酶和人为活动等方面的研究结果,得到了比较深入的进展。同时也显现了在复杂的野外条件下,重金属的行为特征研究明显不足;与植物的吸富关系研究尚处于起步阶段;不同区域和土壤类型中重金属及其化合物的行为差异缺乏科学的解释;重金属污染土壤的修复技术还存在风险;重金属复合污染研究也需进一步定量化。