An investigation of links between metabolic rate and feed efficiency in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

Feed efficiency (FE) is the amount of body weight gain for a given feed intake. Improving FE through selective breeding is key for sustainable finfish aquaculture but its evaluation at individual level is technically challenging. We therefore investigated whether individual routine metabolic rate (RMR) was a predictor of individual FE in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a major species in European mariculture. The European sea bass has three genetically distinct populations across its geographical range, namely Atlantic (AT), West Mediterranean (WM), and East Mediterranean (EM). We compared FE and RMR of fish from these three populations at 18 or 24 °C. We held 200 fish (62 AT, 66 WM, and 72 EM) in individual aquaria and fed them from ad libitum down to fasting. FI was assessed for an ad libitum feeding rate and for a fixed restricted ration (1% of metabolic body weight·day⁻¹, with metabolic body weight = body weight^0.8). After being refed 12 wk in a common tank, individual RMR was measured over 36 h by intermittent flow respirometry. There was a significant effect of temperature whereby fish at 18 °C had greater mean FE (P < 0.05) and lower RMR (P < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of population, where AT fish had lower FE (P < 0.05) and greater RMR (P < 0.001) than WM and EM, at both temperatures. Despite these differences in temperature and population means, individual FE and RMR were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05). Therefore, although the results provide evidence of an association between metabolic rate and FE, RMR was not a predictor of individual FE, for reasons that require further investigation.     

长白和大白猪主要生长性状的遗传参数估计

旨在分析母猪的出生年份、出生季节、初生重、开测日龄等固定效应对长白、大白猪主要生长性状的影响,并对目标生长性状进行遗传参数估计（遗传力、遗传方差、表型相关和遗传相关）,为猪的遗传改良提供基本依据。本试验利用GLM模型分析试验猪群（398头长白猪和1 176头大白猪）的固定效应对猪生长性状的影响,并采用多性状动物模型对目标性状进行遗传参数估计。目标生长性状包括达100 kg体重日龄（age to 100 kg,AGE）、达100 kg背膘厚（backfat to 100 kg,BF）、100 kg平均日增重（average daily gain to 100 kg,ADG）。研究表明,在大白和长白猪中,猪的出生年、出生季、初生重以及开测日龄对生长性状均具有极显著的影响（P<0.001）;长白猪的AGE、ADG和BF的遗传力分别为0.321、0.327和0.324,大白猪对应性状的遗传力分别为0.454、0.469和0.408;长白猪的ADG和AGE之间的遗传相关、表型相关分别为-0.990、-0.995,大白猪的ADG和AGE之间的遗传相关、表型相关分别为-0.993、-0.998,均呈现较强的负相关。长白、大白猪的生长性状（AGE、ADG、BF）均属于中等遗传力性状,其出生年份、出生季节、初生重和开测日龄对猪的生长性状影响较大。在遗传参数估计分析时,提高样本数量并提升表型数据质量,可以增加遗传参数估计的可靠性。本研究中的生长性状遗传参数估计结果较为可靠,可为后续的遗传改良提供参考。     

基因2型猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的遗传变异与演化

作为一种RNA病毒,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)极易变异,具有快速演化且易与其他毒株发生重组的特性,不同PRRSV毒株又存在着明显的致病性表型差异,异源毒株间交叉保护较差,这也是迄今为止PRRSV未得到有效控制的最主要的原因之一,PRRSV给全球养猪业带来了不可估量的经济损失。自上世纪80年代发现以来,基因2型PRRSV不断变异与演化,根据ORF5基因遗传进化分析,其被划分为9个谱系,我国主要以谱系1,3,5,8为主。本文从自然流行毒株、疫苗演化毒株、重组毒株3个方面对基因2型PRRSV的遗传变异与演化进行了综述,以期为PRRSV分子流行病学的研究及其免疫防控提供参考依据。     

The value of incorporating carcass trait phenotypes in terminal sire selection indexes to improve carcass weight and quality of heavy lambs

Genetic selection for carcass traits is paramount to maximize the profitability and long‐term sustainability of any meat‐producing livestock species. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficiency of indicator traits for the genetic improvement of lamb carcass traits and to determine the value of including carcass traits into terminal sire selection indexes for the Canadian sheep industry. The carcass traits included hot carcass weight (HCW), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR) and average carcass conformation score (AVGCONF), and were measured on heavy lambs (slaughter age less than 365 days and HCW greater than 16.3 kg) in commercial abattoirs. Growth traits were found to be moderately efficient indicator traits for the genetic improvement of HCW but selection on ultrasound traits was necessary to substantially improve the carcass quality traits (FATGR and AVGCONF). Economic selection indexes were designed by adding various combinations of carcass traits into the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System terminal indexes. Records measured on individuals and progeny were assumed to be the sources of information for live animal and carcass traits, respectively. The changes in index accuracy, efficiency and expected correlated response were used to assess the value of their inclusion. HCW was found to have a large economic value, and its inclusion into terminal selection indexes was expected to substantially increase their accuracy (0.08–0.12 points) and efficiency (20%–30%). However, further including FATGR (measured 110 mm from the carcass midline over the 12th rib) and AVGCONF had little impact on the accuracy (≤0.03) and efficiency (1%–7%) of the proposed indexes. Thus, the inclusion of carcass traits into the existing terminal selection indexes could be beneficial for the genetic improvement of HCW, but further research is needed to determine optimal methods of increasing carcass fatness and muscularity.     

遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺研究

本文采用一种新型绿色溶剂提取红枣总黄酮,并对其提取工艺进行优化。通过单因素试验探究含水量、超声功率、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对红枣总黄酮得率的影响。在此基础上,采用遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺。结果表明：超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮最优的工艺参数为：含水量37%、超声功率167 W、提取时间30 min、提取温度54 ℃和料液比1∶26（g/mL）。在此条件下,所得红枣总黄酮得率为（29.33±0.37）mg/g。试验值和理论值的相对误差为1.24%。表明遗传算法可较好地模拟和预测不同提取条件下红枣总黄酮得率,且优化工艺参数是可行的。研究发现低共熔溶剂可作为一种新型、绿色溶剂用于高效提取红枣总黄酮。[关键词] 遗传算法|红枣|总黄酮|低共熔溶剂|工艺     

Phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens using mitochondrial D-loop sequence reveals their characteristics as a genetic resource

Myanmar indigenous chickens play important roles in food, entertainment, and farm business for the people of Myanmar. In this study, complete mitochondrial D-loop sequences (1232 bp) were analyzed using 176 chickens, including three indigenous breeds, two fighting cock populations, and three indigenous populations to elucidate genetic diversity and accomplish a phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens. The average haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.948 ± 0.009 and 0.00814 ± 0.00024, respectively, exhibiting high genetic diversity of Myanmar indigenous chickens. Sixty-four haplotypes were classified as seven haplogroups, with the majority being haplogroup F. The breeds and populations except Inbinwa had multiple maternal haplogroups, suggesting that they experienced no recent purifying selection and bottleneck events. All breeds and populations examined shared haplogroup F. When 232 sequences belonging to haplogroup F (79 from Myanmar and 153 deposited sequences from other Asian countries/region) were analyzed together, the highest genetic diversity was observed in Myanmar indigenous chickens. Furthermore, Myanmar indigenous chickens and red junglefowls were observed in the center of the star-like median-joining network of 37 F-haplotypes, suggesting that Myanmar is one of the origins of haplogroup F. These findings revealed the unique genetic characteristic of Myanmar indigenous chickens as important genetic resources.     

Genetic analysis for sow stayability at different parities in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs

Genetic parameters for sow stayability were estimated from farrowing records of 10,295 Landrace sows and 8192 Large White sows. The record for sow stayability from parity k to parity k + 1 (k = 1, …, 6) was 0 when a sow had a farrowing record at parity k but not at parity k + 1, and 1 when a sow had both records. Heritability was estimated by using single-trait linear and threshold animal models. Genetic correlations among parities were estimated by using two-trait linear–linear and single-trait random regression linear animal models. Genetic correlations with litter traits at birth were estimated by using a two-trait linear–linear animal model. Heritability estimates by linear model analysis were low (0.065–0.119 in Landrace & 0.061–0.157 in Large White); those by threshold model analysis were higher (0.136–0.200 & 0.110–0.283). Genetic correlations among parities differed between breeds and models. Genetic correlation between sow stayability and number born alive was positive in many cases, implying that selection for number born alive does not reduce sow stayability. The results seem to be affected by decisions on culling made by farmers.     

马鹿的起源进化与遗传多样性研究进展

马鹿是非常重要的物种资源,由于栖息地的流失和人为干扰进行近亲繁殖等导致野生马鹿数量急剧减少,而家养马鹿多经过改良,因此马鹿的纯种数量锐减。对马鹿进行分子遗传学研究不仅可以加深人们对马鹿起源和物种形成的认识,还能帮助开展遗传多样性保护研究。随着高通量测序技术、分子生物学和生物信息学的迅速发展,马鹿的起源进化研究已发展到全基因组水平,并取得了一定的成果。马鹿的起源进化研究从最初对体态外貌和染色体核型的研究逐渐发展到对DNA序列与生理指标的研究。文章回顾了近年来国内外对马鹿起源进化和遗传多样性方面的研究,从起源时间、起源地和迁徙路线等方面揭示了马鹿的演化历史,介绍了父系、母系和常染色体研究方面分析了马鹿遗传多样性选取的不同分子标记,为进一步揭示马鹿种群的遗传变异、分化情况、迁徙路线和系统发育关系等提供基础信息,同时为马鹿遗传资源的利用和保护以及马鹿产业的良性发展提供重要的借鉴与参考。     

绵羊(ATAG)n四碱基微卫星位点的筛选及其在亲子鉴定中的应用

本试验旨在筛选绵羊高度多态性四碱基微卫星遗传标记,建立适用于绵羊亲子关系鉴定的实验体系。试验以小尾寒羊为主要研究对象,从已有的绵羊参考基因组序列出发,基于全基因组序列筛选法共筛选出53个（ATAG）_n四碱基重复微卫星位点,然后通过基因分型数据共筛选出30个扩增效果好、多态信息含量（PIC）丰富的四碱基重复微卫星位点;30个位点的基因分型结果表明,共扩增出253个等位基因,平均等位基因数为8.433,等位基因数均>5,多态信息含量在0.566~0.898,观测杂合度（Ho）范围在0.548~0.903,期望杂合度（He）范围在0.631~0.921,平均期望杂合度为0.776;哈代-温伯格平衡检验30个位点均处于遗传平衡状态。随后根据PCR的扩增效率从获得的30个多态性位点中筛选出22个微卫星位点用于亲权排除概率的计算,根据多态信息含量的大小由高到低依次增加位点数进行组合。结果表明,在两个亲本的基因型均未知的情况下,标记位点数为15个时,累积排除概率可达到99.99%,其中单个位点的第一非亲排除率（non-exclusion probability of the first parent,NE-1P）介于0.321~0.663之间。利用建立的亲子鉴定体系对16只具有系谱记录的小尾寒羊样本进行检测,结果共鉴定出4个具有高置信度的绵羊家系,鉴定结果与系谱记录完全一致。本试验为绵羊分子系谱的构建、亲子鉴定以及保障绵羊育种工作的正常开展奠定重要基础。     

松辽黑猪OAS1基因多态性及其与繁殖性状的关联分析

为探究寡腺苷酸合成酶1（oligoadenylate synthase 1,OAS1）基因多态性与松辽黑猪繁殖性状的关联性,试验选取130头松辽黑猪母猪为研究对象,利用Sanger直接测序法测序查找OAS1基因外显子1~8的SNP位点,使用SPSS 19.0软件分析OAS1基因SNP位点与松辽黑猪繁殖性状的关联性。结果显示,在松辽黑猪OAS1基因外显子2、3和6上共检测到33个突变位点;其中在外显子2的110 bp处存在1个SNP位点（G110C）,存在3种基因型：GG、GC和CC;在外显子3的176 bp处存在1个SNP位点（C176T）,存在3种基因型：CC、CT和TT;在外显子6的145 bp处存在1个SNP位点（C145T）,存在3种基因型：CC、CA和AA;在166 bp处存在1个SNP位点（G166A）,存在3种基因型：GG、GA和AA;在206 bp处存在1个SNP位点（A206G）,存在3种基因型：AA、AG和GG。卡方适合性检验结果显示,松辽黑猪OAS1基因G110C突变位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,C176T、C145A、G166A和G206A位点均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。群体遗传参数分析结果显示,各SNPs位点遗传杂合度均位于中等水平,为中度多态（0.25<PIC<0.5）。关联分析结果发现,G110C位点GC基因型个体总产仔数、产活仔数和断奶仔猪数均显著高于GG基因型个体（P<0.05）;C176T位点CT基因型个体断奶仔猪数显著高于CC基因型个体（P<0.05）;C145T位点CC基因型个体总产仔数和产活仔数均显著高于AA基因型个体（P<0.05）;G166A位点GA基因型个体断奶仔猪数显著高于GG基因型个体（P<0.05）;A206G位点GG基因型个体总产仔数和产活仔数显著高于AA基因型个体（P<0.05）。结果表明,OAS1基因外显子区存在突变位点,对松辽黑猪部分繁殖性状有显著性影响。