杨红腹叶蜂无公害防治方法

杨红腹叶蜂是尚志市新发现的危害杨树叶部的一种重要害虫,严重发生时杨树叶子全部被其吃光,结合形态特征,生物学特征,提出切实可行的防治办法。     

紫椴不同造林密度的生长效应

对林龄20年生6种造林密度的紫椴人工林固定试验样地调查数据分析表明,造林密度对保存率、树高、直径、直径分布、材积、蓄积均有明显影响。相同造林方式中,1.5m×1.5m株行距的中等密度保存率均高于其它两种密度,林分蓄积最大。研究结果表明,1.5m×1.5m株行距单株栽植是适宜的造林密度。     

Tephrosia species and provenances for improved fallows in southern Africa

Seeking an alternative to Sesbania spp. tree fallows, a Tephrosia species and provenance trial was conducted at Msekera Research Station, Chipata (Zambia) to evaluate eleven Tephrosia vogelii and three Tephrosia candida provenances. They were tested for biomass production, quality of biomass, resistance to root-knot nematodes, nitrogen release, and for their effects on soil nitrogen dynamics. At the end of 1.5 years, the T. candida provenances 02970, 02971 and 02972 from Madagascar produced two times greater amount of aboveground biomass than the T. vogelii provenances. There was little variability among the T. vogelii provenances in terms of litter and biomass production. Weed growth was significantly greater under T. vogelii than T. candida provenances. While Tephrosia vogelii provenance 98/02 from Zambia and T. candida 02972 were highly tolerant to the Meloidogyne incognita nematodes, T. vogelii provenances 02977, 98/03, 02973 from Kenya, Zambia and Malawi, respectively, were highly susceptible to the nematodes. The Tephrosia species and provenances showed a wide variability in terms of N, lignin and polyphenol concentration in their foliage. Mineralization of N in the foliage of T. candida provenances 02970 and 02971 and T. vogelii provenances 98/04 and 02974 from Malawi occurred rapidly within 14 weeks of incubation. At the end of the 2-year growth period, there was significantly greater total inorganic N under T. candida provenance 02972 (12.5 mg kg⁻¹) than T. vogelii (5 mg kg⁻¹) provenance Mungwi 98/02. Maize (Zea mays L.) yields after T. candida provenances were greater than those after T. vogelii provenances. Further testing of the most promising provenances is needed for their effects on subsequent maize yields under a range of farm conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

豆秸、花生秧和青贮玉米秸间的组合效应研究

本试验旨在研究豆秸、花生秧和青贮玉米秸间的组合效应。试验将豆秸、花生秧和青贮玉米秸分别以0∶100、20∶80、40∶60、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0比例进行两两组合,利用体外瘤胃发酵技术,分析不同组合对产气量及产气参数、pH、氨态氮、菌体蛋白的影响,计算各组合的单项组合效应值和综合组合效应值,进而筛选各饲料组合的适宜比例。结果表明：豆秸-花生秧、豆秸-青贮玉米秸、花生秧-青贮玉米秸组合在产气参数上差异显著(P<0.05),豆秸-花生秧和豆秸-青贮玉米秸均以20∶80时各产气参数最优,花生秧-青贮玉米秸以60∶40时各产气参数为最优;各组合对体外瘤胃液pH影响差异不显著(P>0.05);不同组合的氨态氮浓度差异显著(P<0.05),在39~64 mg/dL变化;豆秸-花生秧和花生秧-青贮玉米秸的菌体蛋白浓度随花生秧比例增多而增多,豆秸-青贮玉米秸的菌体蛋白浓度在两者比例为20∶80时最高。以多项组合效应评定指数评定各组合效应,豆秸与花生秧、青贮玉米秸均以20∶80的比例较为适宜,花生秧与青贮玉米秸比例以60∶40时较为适宜,综合组合效应指数均达到最大。     

Genetic parameters for litter size,piglet growth and sow's early growth and body composition in the Chinese–European line Tai Zumu

Genetics of piglet growth in association with sow's early growth and body composition were estimated in the Tai Zumu line. Piglet and sow's litter growth traits were calculated from individual weights collected at birth and at 3 weeks of age. Sow's litter traits included the number of piglets born alive (NBA), the mean piglet weight (MW) and the standard deviation of weights within the litter (SDW). Sow's early growth was measured by the age at 100 kg (A₁₀₀), and body composition included backfat thickness (BF₁₀₀). A main objective of this study was to estimate separately the direct genetic effect (d) and the maternal genetic effect (m) on piglet weight and daily weight gain during lactation. Variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood methodology based on animal models. The heritability estimates were 0.19 for NBA, 0.15 and 0.26 for SDW and MW at 3 weeks and 0.42 and 0.70 for A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀. The NBA was almost independent from SDW. Conversely, the A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀ were correlated unfavourably with SDW (r_g<−0.24, SE<0.12). A stronger selection for litter size should have little effect on litter homogeneity in weights. Selection for lean growth rate tends to favour heterogeneity in weights. The direct effect on piglet weight at birth and daily weight gain accounted for 12% (h² (d) = 0.02) and 50% (h² (d) = 0.11) of the genetic variance, respectively. The association between d and m for piglet weight was not different from zero at birth (r_g = 0.19, SE = 0.27), but a strong antagonism between d and m for daily weight gain from birth to 3 weeks was found (r_g = −0.41, SE = 0.17). Substantial direct and maternal genetic effects influenced piglet growth until weaning in opposite way.     

洞庭湖洲滩杨树人工林对钉螺孳生的影响

为探讨修枝强度、林农间种、异龄林等因素对洞庭湖洲滩钉螺孳生的影响,对拐棍洲有螺滩地杨树人工林的螺情分布进行了长期定点调查。结果表明:4年生杨树林,修枝次年林分内的活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于修枝当年,其中1/3修枝强度次年林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度较修枝当年分别降低了68.00%和80.80%。林农间种的杨树林较翻耕不种和不耕不种的杨树林抑螺效应显著,翻耕而不间种的杨树林,活螺框出现率与不耕不种的1年生杨树林一样,但活螺密度却较不耕不种下降了47.20%。异龄林营造后,活螺密度大致呈下降趋势,营造后的第2、3、4年时活螺框出现率、活螺密度分布较营造当年下降73.33%、50.00%、77.67%和75.96%、43.94%、83.85%。林分郁闭后,全面翻垦的林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度均比不翻垦的林分低直至趋于零。除了高程(32.64m)较高的林分外,其他高程全耕不种林分内活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于全垦间种。     

油菜籽联合收获机作业效果综合测评

我国油菜机收损失率过高,一个重要原因是在实际生产中大多用谷物联合收割机兼收油菜,收获损失难以精准把控,割台损失率、脱粒清选损失率、破碎率都过高,总损失率难以达到行业标准要求,亟待对专用油菜籽联合收获机实际作业性能进行科学准确评价,加大专用油菜籽联合收获机推广应用力度。为此,农业农村部农业机械化总站组织对国内主流的3款专用油菜籽联合收获机开展了包括作业性能和经济性能在内的作业效果综合测评。结果显示,3款机具的含杂率、破碎率、总损失率等作业性能指标均达到行业标准要求,满足生产需要,充分说明油菜籽专用联合收获机的作业性能比兼用收获机更为可靠;3款机具的作业效率均是人工收割油菜的100倍以上,包括人工、机具折旧、燃油在内的作业总成本只有人工的1/10,经济效果显著。通过结果分析,提出以收定种、耕种收一体推进油菜机收,大力发展高效低损油菜收获机具装备,加大机手培训指导减少机收损失等措施建议。     

农户绿色生产技术采纳行为及其效应——以测土配方施肥技术为例

为揭示农户绿色生产技术采纳行为决策的规律性和显化其行为效应,基于鄱阳湖平原6个产粮大县的607份调查数据,利用内生转换回归(ESR)模型实证分析了农户采纳测土配方施肥技术的影响因素及其采纳行为的经济和生态效应。结果表明:农户采纳测土配方施肥技术主要受到家庭总收入、耕种面积和信息获取渠道的正向影响,耕地破碎度和家离农技机构距离的负向影响。测土配方施肥技术的采纳有助于农户实现水稻的增产和化肥的减量化施用,表现为在反事实假设情景下,实际采纳该技术的农户若未采纳,其水稻单位面积产值下降6.38%、化肥施用量增加2.14%;实际未采纳该技术的农户若采纳,其水稻单位面积产值提高1.83%、化肥施用量减少1.00%。鉴于此,建议降低耕地破碎度,实现适度规模经营,加强技术的宣传推广,构建技术培训体系,显化技术效益,发挥技术的示范带动效果。     

不同动物模型对安格斯牛周岁生长性状遗传参数估计的比较分析

旨在分析不同动物模型对宁夏地区安格斯牛周岁生长性状遗传参数估计的影响,筛选出估计生长性状遗传参数的最佳动物模型。本研究使用包含或剔除母体遗传效应、母体永久环境效应及母体与直接遗传效应之间是否存在协方差来区分6种动物模型,借助DMU软件的DMU_AI模块,利用约束最大似然法(AI-REML)估计安格斯牛周岁生长性状的遗传参数。利用赤池信息准则(AIC)和似然比检验(LRT)来确定最佳动物模型。结果表明:1)在不考虑母体效应的模型中(模型1),周岁体重、体高、体长和胸围的直接遗传力分别为0.59±0.02、0.52±0.03、0.20±0.04和0.52±0.03;2)在考虑母体加性遗传效应及其与直接加性遗传效应的协方差模型中(模型4),直接遗传力和母体效应的遗传力升高,总遗传力值降低;3)模型4估计的周岁体重、体高、体长和胸围的直接遗传力分别为0.77±0.01、0.73±0.03、0.33±0.04和0.70±0.03,母体效应遗传力分别为0.50±0.05、0.51±0.05、0.10±0.04和0.23±0.04,总遗传力分别为0.16±0.06、0.12±0.05、0.11±0.01和0.32±0.01。综上,基于本研究发现模型4对安格斯牛周岁生长性状的遗传参数估计效果最佳,为宁夏地区安格斯牛核心群的选育提高提供理论依据。     

2020年曲阜气候概况及影响评价

利用2020年曲阜国家气象观测站气象资料,分析曲阜市气候特征及评价其影响。结果表明2020年全市平均气温偏高,与常年相比呈上升趋势,降水偏多,暴雨日数7天,较常年偏多2.4天,主汛期（7-8月）降雨多且强度大,照偏多。2020年异常天气频发,灾害时有发生,给农业生产和人民生活造成一定程度的影响,共发生自然灾害5次,其中暴雨洪涝灾害4次,雷雨大风1次,灾害影响了小麦、玉米等农作物的产量,造成了不同程度的经济损失。综合分析,本年气象条件较常年属于正常年份,气候因素同时为农作物的生长创造了有利条件,对农业生产的影响利大于弊。