Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

基于转录组测序开发糜子SSR标记

【目的】 以6份不同地理来源的糜子资源为试验材料,基于前期转录组测序获得的1 000对SSR引物,选出200对进行多态性检测,以期构建一批可以准确评估糜子种质遗传差异的分子标记。【方法】 用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计引物,改良CTAB法提取DNA,PCR扩增DNA和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳筛选引物多态性;用PowerMarker 3.25和PopGen 1.32计算遗传多样性参数。【结果】 200对引物中97对呈单态性,80对呈多态性。单碱基序列重复引物有20对,10对具多态性,其重复基元是A（50%）和T（50%）。二碱基序列重复引物有36对,15对具多态性,其碱基重复类型有7种（AG最多,TC、GC和GA次之,CA、TA和AC最少）。三碱基序列重复引物有144对,55对具多态性,其碱基重复类型有24种（GGC、GCG和GCC最多,GAA、GCT和CGC等次之,ACC、AGG、CAG、CGT、AAG、AAC、TCG、CGA、ATT、CAA和CCA最少）。就引物分辨率(Rp)值而言,1—3碱基序列重复引物分别为0.67—4.67（平均2.07）、1.33—4.33（平均2.73）和0.67—4.00（平均1.83）。基于Rp值分析SSR分布频次,发现80个标记分布在5个区间：0—1、1—2、2—3、3—4和4—5,分别包含17（21.25%）、36（45.00%）、11（13.75%）、14（17.50%）和2个（2.50%）。就$\overline{\text{Rp}}$值而言,1—3碱基序列重复引物分别为0.33—0.67（平均0.51）、0.40—0.78（平均0.59）和0.33—0.83（平均0.59）。单碱基序列重复标记共检测到22个等位变异,每个位点为2—3个（平均2.2000）,其中8个和2个位点分别具2和3个变异;二碱基序列重复标记共检测到38个等位变异,每个位点为2—3个（平均2.5333）,其中7个和8个位点分别具2和3个变异;三碱基重复标记共检测到136个等位变异,每个位点为2—3个（平均2.4727）,其中29个和26个位点分别具2和3个变异。就多态性信息含量而言,1—3碱基序列重复引物分别为0.3750—0.5355（平均0.4293）、0.2392—0.7438（平均0.4293）和0.2392—0.7438（平均0.3989）。就多样性指数而言,1—3碱基序列重复分别为0.6365—1.0776（平均0.7497）、0.5623—1.0986（平均0.8339）和0.5623—1.0889（平均0.8312）。【结论】 基于转录组测序结果,检测200对SSR引物的多态性,发现177对（88.5%）可以扩增出完整条带,其中80对具多态性,多态率为40%。     

Hormonal changes play important roles in the key period of superior and inferior earshoot differentiation in maize

The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency. To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormones are involved in this process, a two-year experiment was designed using two maize hybrids: Suyu 41 (S41, single-ear hybrid) and AN 101 (A101, double-ear hybrid). The results showed that the lag of lower earshoot differentiation was not only caused by the delay of the differentiation starting time but also related to extension of the duration in spikelet differentiation (stage II) and sexual organ formation stage (stage IV). From 12 days before silking (DBS), the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR)+zeatin (ZT), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) in both upper and lower earshoots of the two hybrids increased dramatically and then decreased quickly. ABA slightly increased in the two hybrids and then decreased slowly in S41, while it was maintained at a high level in A101. At 8 DBS, i.e., the transition period from floret differentiation to sexual organ formation stage, not only the growth of upper-to-lower earshoot difference (ULED), but also the values for ULED of IAA, ZR+ZT and GA₃ were all significantly higher in S41 than in A101. Furthermore, the upper-to-lower hormone ratios IAA_U//AA_L and (ZR+ZT)_U/(ZR+ZT)_L were also much higher in the single-ear hybrid than in the double-ear hybrid, while the GA_3U/GA_3L and ABA_U/ABA_L had no significant differences. In addition, the time course of ULED_hormone/ULED_{earshoot growth rate} also suggested that the hormones work in different ways in earshoot superiority/inferiority formation. The delayed differentiation of lower ear shoots was conclusively related to the later initiation of differentiation and the longer durations of specific differentiation stages. Compared with the regulating roles of IAA and ZR+ZT in the key period (8 DBS) of superiority/inferiority differentiation, GA₃ seems to be affected earlier, while ABA contributes little to this process.     

矮化自根砧和中间砧苹果在滨海盐碱地的栽培特性

为滨海盐碱地区筛选适宜的苹果砧穗组合,分别将苹果品种金矮生和嘎啦嫁接到M9T337自根砧与M9T337中间砧(基砧为八棱海棠)上,比较了不同砧穗组合在滨海盐碱地区树体生长、光合性能、果实品质及产量的差异。结果表明:金矮生和嘎啦M9T337自根砧的树体冠幅和单位面积枝量小于M9T337中间砧,中短枝比例高于中间砧;叶片SPAD值和除蒸腾速率之外的其他光合参数均高于M9T337中间砧;单果重、可溶性固形物含量和产量均高于M9T337中间砧。综合分析认为,矮化自根砧苹果在滨海盐碱地区的栽培性状优于矮化中间砧。     

魏可葡萄气生根发育的转录组分析

葡萄气生根是在高温高湿环境下老蔓上发育形成的一种特殊根系类型,发育程度较低,具有分化潜力。通过技术手段诱导魏可葡萄当年生结果枝茎节处萌发气生根,以同一结果母枝未处理茎节为对照进行根系转录基因表达情况分析,结果表明,诱导气生根发育过程中有3 989个基因表达量上升,2 830个基因表达量下调。采用GO功能分类,可将注释的基因划分为40个功能类别,包括催化活性、结合和代谢过程等。部分根系关键基因表达结果表明,生长素、赤霉素、脱落酸在内的所有植物激素都参与了调控过程,结合生长素下游相应基因分析,内切葡聚糖酶基因、PRE基因和高亲和力硝酸盐转运体基因在气生根发育过程中显著上调表达,表明降解茎节处表皮细胞壁、利用硝酸盐在茎节处富集刺激根芽萌发是气生根生长发育调控机理之一。     

黑甜糯玉米新品种黑甜糯639的选育

黑甜糯639是以糯玉米自交系HNF为母本,以甜玉米自交系D91为父本配制而成的黑甜糯玉米一代杂种。生育期为91 d(天),株高263 cm,穗位151 cm,雄穗主轴与分枝角度中等,一级分枝18～23个,果穗筒型,籽粒黑紫色,甜糯籽粒比例为1∶3,籽粒可溶性糖含量为12.5%,支链淀粉占总淀粉含量的98.1%,口感佳。高抗丝黑穗病、茎腐病、大斑病,抗穗腐病和矮花叶病,平均每667 m~2鲜穗产量900 kg左右。适宜在山西省鲜食糯玉米主产区种植。     

浙江仙居括苍山省级自然保护区天蛾科昆虫资源调查

于2014-2019年每年的4-10月、2020年4-8月,对浙江仙居括苍山省级自然保护区的天蛾科Sphingidae昆虫进行了调查,共采集标本128号,经鉴定分别隶属于3亚科、20属、32种(含亚种)。依据我国动物地理区系,浙江仙居括苍山省级自然保护区的天蛾科昆虫与华中区、华南区、西南区、青藏区、华北区共有种较多,属于东洋界华中区。     

关中地区规模化奶山羊养殖场机器挤奶现状及建议

对陕西省关中地区31个不同规模的奶山羊养殖场使用机器挤奶的相关数据及资料进行分析。结果表明,不同奶山羊养殖场规模、挤奶设备、挤奶时间、质检方式和羊奶售价等方面均存在差异;机器挤奶流程、挤奶次数和环境卫生等影响到奶山羊乳房健康和羊奶品质。应加强对养殖场挤奶机器的管理,规范机器挤奶技术流程,提高奶山羊养殖场生产效益。     

Intestinal Microbiota in Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea,at Different Ages

The polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to investigate bacterial communities in the intestines of large yellow croaker at six different ages (12 d, 18 d, 26 d, 40 d, 3 mo, and 1 yr old) as well as within the corresponding feed and culture water. In addition, Illumina Miseq sequencing was utilized to compare intestinal microbiota between 12‐d‐old and 1‐yr‐old individuals. PCR‐DGGE results revealed that the culture water had the highest bacterial diversity, followed by the feed, while the intestines had the lowest diversity. The intestinal microbiota at six ages changed severely; however, the change did not follow any trend. The large yellow croaker intestines harbored specific bacterial communities that differed from those in both feed and water. Illumina Miseq sequencing results revealed that the diversity of intestinal bacteria in 12‐d‐old fish was higher than that in 1‐yr‐old fish, and the bacterial composition differed significantly between them. γ‐Proteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas supplied the most abundant phylum and genus in the 12‐d‐old fish intestine. However, in the 1‐yr‐old fish intestine, Firmicutes and Clostridium were the most dominant, respectively. The study may contribute to a better understanding of gut microbiota and dynamics of the large yellow croaker and the relationship with their surrounding environment.