Effect of dietary fermented soybean meal on growth,intestinal morphology and microbiota in juvenile large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbiota of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Replacement ratio of FM with FSM were 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%, respectively (marked as FSM0, FSM15, FSM30, FSM45, FSM60 and FSM75). The results indicated that the survival ranged from 84.78% to 99.44%, and no significant differences were observed among all treatments (p > 0.05). Weight gain ratio (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly decreased when the replacement level of FM protein exceeded 60%, and fish fed the FSM60 and FSM75 diets had lower WGR and SGR than those fed the other diets. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) significantly increased with replacement levels of FM increasing. Illumina high‐throughput sequence analyses showed that the alpha diversity did not differ among the diets of FSM0, FSM15 and FSM75. The whole community of tested samples was not modified by FSM, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant flora in the intestines based on the phyla level. The dominant phyla in the water sample were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes. Fish fed the diet containing FSM75 significantly reduced the species abundance of Paenibacillus. There was a certain correlation between the intestine microbiota and SGR, antioxidant, and immune. Results indicated that up to 45% of FM can be replaced by FSM without negative effects on growth performance and intestinal integrity of juvenile large yellow croaker.     

Microbiota of yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoora Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) fed two different diets

The rapidly growing yellow grouper industry has experienced relatively severe bacterial disease problems in China. The proliferation of pathogens in fish can be suppressed by commensal microbiota. In this background, we used nested polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) and sequence analysis to investigate microbiota in the skin, gills and intestines, including adherent bacteria and non‐adherent bacteria in yellow grouper fed with natural diet and complete feed. A total of 21 bacterial species were identified using phylogenetic analysis. The γ‐Proteobacteria group (81.0%, 17 species) dominated the bacterial communities in yellow grouper completely. Others belonged to Firmicutes (9.5%, two species), Actinobacteria (4.75%, one species) and Verrucomicrobia (4.75%, one species). The higher similarities (above 91%) of the DGGE band patterns in skin, gill and intestinal‐non‐adherent bacteria between two groups of fish indicated that existed more stable microbial communities existed in these specifically ecological niches in yellow grouper. However, considerable differences existed between two intestinal‐adherent bacteria (IAB) samples; that is, compared with natural diet fed yellow grouper, higher bacterial apparent species richness and possibly less abundance existed in IAB in fish fed with complete diets, probably indicating that the community structures in IAB were affected easily and significantly by diet.     

Effects of antimicrobial peptide APSH‐07 on the growth performance,anti‐oxidation responses,stress resistance and intestine microbiota in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

A 65‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary antimicrobial peptide APSH‐07 on the growth performance, anti‐oxidation responses, stress resistance and intestine microbiota of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg/kg of APSH‐07, respectively. The results showed that the fish fed with 90 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 had the significantly highest specific growth rate (p < .05). The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, the total anti‐oxidative capacity and lysozyme had the significantly highest values in liver of fish fed with 90 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 (p < .05). Serum glucose increased significantly in fish fed diets without APSH‐07 supplementation after temperature stress, while serum cortisol increased significantly in those after trawl stress (p < .05). Fish fed with 90 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 showed significantly higher operational taxonomic units, ACE estimator and phylogenetic diversity whole tree in intestine microbiota compared to fish fed without APSH‐07 (p < .05). In conclusion, under the present experimental condition, 90 mg/kg of antimicrobial peptide APSH‐07 supplementation in diet had the better growth performance, higher anti‐oxidation and stress resistance capacity, and a potentially more beneficial intestine microbial community of large yellow croaker.     

海水网箱养殖花鲈和日本黄姑鱼肠道细菌的多样性

利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析了网箱养殖花鲈（）肠道细菌组成，同时分析了配合饲料和网箱中海水的细菌组成，以确定鱼类肠道细菌与环境之间的关系。花鲈投喂冰鲜鱼，日本黄姑鱼投喂配合饲料。从花鲈和日本黄姑鱼前肠、中肠、后肠、配合饲料和网箱内海水中共鉴定出886个细菌OTU（operational taxonomic unit），分别隶属8个门、40个属，其中从花鲈和日本黄姑鱼肠道中鉴定出的550个细菌OTUs分别隶属5个门、15个属。在门的水平上，厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）在两种鱼类肠道中均占优势；在属的水平上，梭菌属（）在日本黄姑鱼肠道中占优势。花鲈与日本黄姑鱼之间肠道细菌的相似性高于日本黄姑鱼肠道细菌与配合饲料中细菌的相似性，也高于花鲈或日本黄姑鱼肠道细菌与其养殖网箱内海水中细菌的相似性。日本黄姑鱼肠道与配合饲料中共有的细菌OTU数多于日本黄姑鱼肠道与网箱内海水中共有的细菌OTU数。综上所述得出结论：（1）花鲈和日本黄姑鱼肠道细菌群落分别独立于其养殖网箱内海水细菌群落，日本黄姑鱼肠道细菌群落独立于其配合饲料中的细菌群落；（2）日本黄姑鱼肠道细菌受配合饲料中细菌的影响大于受网箱内海水中细菌的影响。     

Effects of florfenicol feeding on diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Intestinal microbiota contributes health of living organisms. Florfenicol is an approved antimicrobial (AM) prescribed for several bacterial fish diseases. The present study investigated the extent to which florfenicol modulates intestinal microbial populations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Florfenicol was administered orally to catfish at a standard therapeutic dose (10–15 mg/kg of body weight for 10 days), and the intestinal contents were collected and the 16S rRNA was subjected to Illumina sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that florfenicol significantly decreased microbiota richness and diversity. Beta diversity reflected a clear separation had occurred between the florfenicol‐fed and control groups. Results indicated a significant increase in the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria (98.97% vs. 79.35% of the population) and decrease in phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (0.72% and 0.29% vs. 18.04% and 2.53%, respectively) in the florfenicol‐fed fish in comparison with the control fish. At the genus level, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia populations increased in the florfenicol group. In contrast, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Lactococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto, Romboutsia, Klebsiella, Turicibacter and Lactobacillus decreased in florfenicol‐fed fish in comparison with the control fish, indicating that intestinal microbiota of catfish was substantially modulated by florfenicol administration. Knowledge of changes in gut microbiota during medicated feed administration is important to improve fish performance and disease management and could enable the development of alternative therapeutic strategies.     

健康和患病卵形鲳鲹肠道菌群结构的差异

为研究病害发生后卵形鲳鲹肠道菌群结构的差异及其与养殖环境的关系,分析不同样品中的菌群组成和细菌多样性。实验采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,分别构建了健康鱼水样、患病鱼水样、健康鱼肠道、患病鱼肠道和饵料颗粒5个样品中菌群的16S rRNA基因测序文库。研究表明,与健康鱼肠道细菌组成相比,患病鱼肠道中螺旋体门相对丰度显著升高,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度显著降低;患病后肠道中的细菌种类仅为健康鱼肠道细菌种类总数的54.94%;健康卵形鲳鲹肠道菌群中有73.46%的可操作分类单元(OTUs)与水体样品中OTUs一致,有70.58%与饲料样品一致,而患病后分别只有17.98%和38.95%的OTUs与水体和饲料样品一致。健康卵形鲳鲹肠道中黑海弧菌的相对丰度为17.19%,患病后该菌的相对丰度大幅提高,达到78.90%;健康鱼肠道中鳆发光杆菌占比54.53%,患病鱼肠道中不含鳆发光杆菌。健康和患病鱼肠道菌群种类组成类似,但存在一定差异,病害的发生会导致肠道细菌多样性显著降低。健康鱼肠道菌群与养殖环境和颗粒饲料中菌群组成关系密切,而患病后鱼肠道细菌多样性受环境中菌群的影响较小。黑海弧菌在患病鱼肠道中的大量增殖可能是引起其患病的重要原因。     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序的江鳕肠道微生物群落结构研究

为探究江鳕(Lota lota)肠道菌群结构特征,采用MiSeq 16S rRNA高通量测序技术对3龄、4龄、5龄野生江鳕的雌、雄样本进行了微生物测序和分析。结果显示,3个年龄组江鳕的肠道菌群丰度及多样性差异不显著(P＞0.05),同一年龄雌、雄江鳕间的肠道菌群丰度及多样性差异不显著(P＞0.05)。江鳕肠道内容物的优势菌门为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,与鱼类肠道中最普遍和共存的细菌类群相同。Mycoplasma(支原体属)存在于所有样品中,且为优势菌群,其功能有待进一步研究。     

Structural characteristics and succession of intestinal microbiota for Paralichthys olivaceus during the early life stage

The research of intestinal microflora structures for Paralichthys olivaceus larvae and juveniles will help us to master the ontogeny and developmental colonization of microflora during the larval rearing stage. In this study, we sequenced the total bacterial genomic DNA in larval and juvenile guts with an Illumina MiSeq PE300 system, and analysed the structural characteristics of these microbiota, feed and rearing water in live and formulated feeding periods. The structure of gut microbiota was gradually similar to those in wild P. olivaceus at the phylum level and the newly hatched ones with the growth, according to the distribution and abundance of intestinal microbiota. And the colonized rule of main microbial species in guts was decreased initially and then increased during the larvae and juveniles stage. Meantime, the core microflora of this study were obtained through the analysis of shared and dominant species, which included Bacteroides, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Escherichia_Shigella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Nitrosomonas, and Glaciecola. The correlation analysis of microbiota between intestines and environmental factors suggested that microflora in feed and water could affect the distribution of larval and juvenile gut microbiota. Moreover, many species of Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Vibrio are treated as important potential pathogens in aquaculture. These all pointed out the microbial quality of feed and rearing water should be strictly controlled in fish breeding and farming, and supply theoretical bases for screening the native probiotics to artificially regulate the gut microbiota.     

不同健康程度和抗生素氟苯尼考干预下斑石鲷肠道菌群的结构差异

为了研究不同健康程度和抗生素氟苯尼考干预下斑石鲷肠道菌群结构的差异及其与养殖环境中菌群结构的相关性,采用Illumina Hi Seq PE250高通量测序的方法对健康、亚健康、典型黑身病和口服氟苯尼考条件下的斑石鲷肠道、养殖水体和颗粒饵料中的细菌多样性及群落结构进行了分析比较。结果显示,养殖水体中细菌多样性高于肠道和颗粒饵料。不同健康程度及氟苯尼考干预下斑石鲷肠道中细菌均以变形菌门、厚壁菌门和软壁菌门为主,且对应的操作分类单元(OTU)占样品全部OTU的比例均达到85%以上。黑身病的发生可影响斑石鲷肠道中丰度最高的前20种优势细菌种类的排名次序,其中变形菌门中的弧菌属的相对丰度显著增加,且随着弧菌属丰度的增加,斑石鲷的黑身病症状也逐渐加重。饵料中添加氟苯尼考投喂斑石鲷能使患病鱼肠道弧菌属的丰度从60.33%下降到1.29%,较大程度改变了肠道的菌群结构,并证实氟苯尼考有效防治黑身病。其次,养殖水体和颗粒饵料对斑石鲷肠道菌群也有一定影响,且养殖水体的影响高于颗粒饵料。本研究首次报道了斑石鲷肠道菌群结构,其研究结果为今后斑石鲷的健康养殖、疾病防控及其微生态学研究提供了参考依据和技术支撑。     

Effect of intraperitoneal injection of immunostimulatory substances on allochthonous gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

The allochthonous microbiota in the proximal and distal intestine was investigated in three groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a commercial diet and intraperitoneally injected with (a) phosphate‐buffered saline (control), (b) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the fish pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida, and (c) laminaran [β‐(1,3)‐d ‐glucan]. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the hyper variable V3 region was used to present the microbiota in different experimental groups. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of excised DGGE bands suggested that an intraperitoneal injection of LPS from A. salmonicida affects the allochthonous gut bacteria of Atlantic salmon to some extent, as Aeromonas enteropelogenes, Aeromonas veroni, Psychrobacter, Lactobacillus letvazi, Lactobacillus satsumensis, Pantoea, swine manure bacterium and several uncultured bacteria were unique for this group. On the other hand, the bacterial diversity of the allochthonous microbiota did not seem to be affected by injection of β‐(1,3)‐d ‐glucan. Sequences of this experimental group were most closely related to A. enteropelogenes, uncultured Escherichia and Lactobacillus aviarius ssp. aviarius.     

Effect of Chitosan on Intestinal Bacteria of Allogynogenetic Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus gibelio,as Depicted by polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

A 16S rDNA‐based polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) method was applied to detect intestinal bacterial communities of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, fed with chitosan‐containing diet. This is the first time to use the molecular method to analyze the bacterial communities in the allogynogenetic crucian carp intestine. The DGGE profile with universal bacterial primers revealed simple communities in all treatment groups. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of excised DGGE bands showed that the dominant bacteria belonged to class γ‐Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria. The relative abundance and diversity of detected bacteria suggested that 0.5 and 0.75% of chitosan in diet were optimum for juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp. As in these concentrations, some detected pathogen bacteria either disappeared or decreased. However, the DGGE profile with Aeromonas‐specific primers showed a similar composition among all treatment groups, which suggested that Aeromonas was one of relative stable bacteria components in the intestine of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp.     

Intestinal microbiota of mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus Forsskål, 1775) reared in sea cages

Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA coupled to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of isolated amplicons, we investigated the microbiota of the intestinal digesta and mucosal surface in mangrove red snapper cultured in a cage aquaculture area in Daya Bay. A total of 14 sequences were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Among the bacterial species determinated from sequences, the γ‐Proteobacteria group (64.25%, nine species) dominated absolutely in fish intestines. Others belonged to Spirochaetes (14.3%, two species), Cyanobacteria (14.3%, two species) and Firmicutes (7.15%, one species). However, the bacteria were identified as uncultured accounting for 28.6% (four species). The apparent bacterial richness (calculated as the numbers of DGGE bands) was significantly higher in digesta than that in mucosal tissue samples (P<0.05). There existed five dominant individual populations including one unknown species of Firmicutes, Arthrospira sp., Vibrio metschnikovii, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal digesta, and in contrast, only three dominant individual populations including Vibrio natriegens, V. harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal mucosal surface. The results indicated that the microbiota in intestinal digesta was significantly different from that in mucosal surface.     

The autochthonous microbiota of the freshwater omnivores jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the effect of dietary carbohydrates

Previous studies have shown that the gut microbiota of fish differs depending on host feeding habits and these populations may also be influenced by dietary ingredients. In this study, the bacterial populations of the intestinal tract of the opportunistic omnivore jundiá Rhamdia quelen and the typical omnivore tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were investigated in two experiments. In experiment I, the levels of amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic and total culturable bacteria were compared in the proximal, mid and distal intestine using selective agar. Higher levels of amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic and total culturable bacteria were observed in the tilapia than jundiá, in all intestinal regions. Jundiá contained higher levels of proteolytic bacteria and lipid digesting bacteria in the distal intestinal portion as compared with the mid intestine; both fish species also presented more amylolytic bacteria in the distal intestine. In experiment II, the amylolytic intestinal microbiota between the two species was compared after administration of diets containing different carbohydrate sources. Jundiá fed broken rice presented higher total culturable bacterial levels; however, dietary cassava bagasse and ground corn significantly elevated the population of amylolytic bacteria in tilapia (P > 0.05). PCR‐DGGE was also used to assess the bacterial communities in experiment II. A Cetobacterium spp. was detected in jundiá fed diets containing broken rice, and tilapia fed cassava bagasse, dextrin, broken rice and ground corn. Microbial differentiation was further demonstrated between jundiá and tilapia, because an uncultured bacterium was unique in tilapia and an uncultured spirochete was observed only in jundiá; the presence of these bacterial species was also influenced by dietary carbohydrate sources.     

An outbreak of visceral white nodules disease caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida at a water temperature of 12°C in cultured large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China

Visceral white nodules disease (VWND) caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a common disease in cage-farmed large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. VWND usually occurred at water temperature of 16–19℃, resulting in high mortality in farmed large yellow croaker. Now, P. plecoglossicida as its pathogen has been considered nonpathogenic at 7–12℃. During February 2019, an infectious disease outbreak was observed in cage-farmed large yellow croaker at a water temperature of 12℃ in Ningde, China. This disease is characterized by white granulomatous lesions in internal organs of the diseased fish, which was similar with the symptoms of the VWND in large yellow croaker. Then, we isolated a bacterial strain named PQLYC4 from visceral lesions of the diseased fish. The experimental infection studies demonstrated that the strain PQLYC4 was the pathogen of the disease, which was further identified as P. plecoglossicida by the analysis of morphology, 16s rRNA gene homology and average nucleotide identity based on the whole genome sequence. Our results revealed that P. plecoglossicida strain PQLYC4 could cause the outbreak of the VWND at 12℃, a water temperature lower than that reported previously, thus providing new knowledges of prevalence and prevention of the VWND in large yellow croaker.     

池塘和工厂化养殖牙鲆肠道菌群结构的比较分析

为研究池塘和工厂化养殖条件下牙鲆肠道菌群结构差异及其与饵料、水环境、底质等的关系,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,构建了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)肠道、养殖水体、饵料和池塘底泥等7个样品的16s rRNA基因测序文库,分析了不同样品中菌群组成和生物多样性。结果表明：池塘养殖牙鲆肠道（B1）中以厚壁菌门（30.49%）、变形菌门（19.16%）和梭杆菌门（11.11%）为主,其中芽孢杆菌属（27.66%）占绝对优势,弧菌属（0.16%）丰度最小;工厂化养殖牙鲆肠道（B5）中以变形菌门（44.31%）、厚壁菌门（11.57%）和放线菌门（4.79%）为主,其中不动杆菌属（10.37%）丰度最大,弧菌属（4.05%）相对B1中丰度较高。牙鲆肠道优势菌群主要与营养代谢调节相关,同时有益微生物和有害微生物也是肠道菌群的重要组成部分。差异性和系统进化分析表明两种养殖条件下牙鲆肠道菌群结构与饵料中菌群关系密切,此外受养殖水环境中菌群影响较大。研究结果将为今后牙鲆养殖专用高效微生态制剂的研制和养殖环境微生态调控技术构建提供理论依据。     

Characterization of bacterial community in intestinal and rearing water of Penaeus monodon differing growth performances in outdoor and indoor ponds

Penaeus monodon provides a high‐quality protein source for humanity, and pond cultured shrimp often presents asynchronous growth. Microbial communities are important for the digestion and immunity of shrimp. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the bacterial characteristics of the intestine and rearing water of asynchronously growing P. monodon that were cultured in outdoor and indoor pond respectively. The results showed that the bacterial community of the rearing water was more complex than that of the intestine; the fast‐growing shrimp in the indoor pond had higher intestinal bacterial diversity. Besides, the dominant bacterial composition of the water was more complex than that of the intestinal. Specifically, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the intestine was consistent with the growth performance of shrimp in the outdoor pond, which was exactly the opposite in the indoor pond. At the genus level, two cyanobacteria, Limnothrix and Cyanobium PCC‐6307, were dominant in the indoor and outdoor water respectively. In the outdoor pond, Bacillus was dominant in the slow‐growing shrimp intestines, while Vibrio was dominant in the fast‐growing shrimp. The intestinal microbes of the fast‐growing shrimp had higher proteasome metabolic capacity. These results can provide new insights into microbiome characteristics involved in the asynchronous growth of shrimp.     

Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets with different replacement levels of fish meal by fish silage: A molecular approach on intestinal microbiota

We investigated the intestinal microbiota in shrimp fed diets with five replacement levels (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of fish meal by fish silage. An 8‐week feeding trail was conducted in 15 fibreglass tanks (400 L volume, three replications for each diet) with 50 shrimps (initial weight 0.26 ± 0.03 g) per tank. After 8‐week trial, shrimp fed diets with low replacement levels (0% and 25%) of fish meal by fish silage had significantly enhanced growth performance (p < 0.05). Based on the Illumina sequencing of 15 samples, a total of 5,778 OTUs were obtained and the number of OTUs in each sample ranged from 2,346 to 3,491. OTUs were identified into 23 phyla, and Proteobacteria was the most abundant. At family and genus levels, family Vibrionaceae and genus Photobacterium were more abundant in high replacement level groups (50%, 75% and 100%) than those in low replacement level groups (0% and 25%), which may be related to the worse growth performance of high replacement level groups. However, dietary different levels of fish silage did not make significant difference on intestinal bacterial richness, diversity and metabolism functions (p > 0.05), which indicated the limited impact of dietary fish silage on intestinal microbiota.     

两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群对生长的微生态调控作用

探究了工厂化、网箱养殖模式对黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)幼鱼生长性能及消化道菌群的影响, 通过 16S rRNA 高通量测序和生物信息学方法, 分析了两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼消化道(胃、幽门盲囊、肠道)、饵料及养殖水中的菌群结构特征及其互作关系。结果显示, 本实验条件下, 网箱养殖黄条鰤幼鱼较工厂化养殖鱼生长性能显著提升; 在黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群方面, 门水平上的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和属水平上的拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)在网箱养殖模式中其丰度值高于工厂化养殖模式, 其中拟杆菌属仅出现于网箱养殖模式且呈现显著性差异; Beta 多样性分析显示消化道菌群更多受到饵料菌群的影响, 受水环境影响相对较小。KEGG 注释分析表明两种养殖模式的差异菌群中, 网箱养殖幼鱼消化道菌群主要参与磷酸转移酶系统 (PTS)和 NOD 样受体信号通路, 而工厂化养殖幼鱼为碳水化合物代谢和类胡萝卜素合成通路。本研究表明, 环境菌群中, 饵料菌群对消化道菌群的影响大于养殖水体菌群; 消化道微生物群落通过调整其组成结构从而改变菌群功能通路的方式, 积极参与两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼生长机能差异的调控。因此, 网箱养殖鱼表现出更快速的生长性能可能是由于机体内的菌群产生了更多的短链脂肪酸并诱导 IGF-1 等生长相关功能基因的表达, 从而促进机体的营养吸收和生长。本研究预期结果将为黄条鰤专用配合饲料的研制和健康养殖技术开发提供微生态理论支撑。     

Effects of rearing temperature and dietary short‐chain fructooligosaccharides supplementation on allochthonous gut microbiota,digestive enzymes activities and intestine health of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) juveniles

The gut microbiomes of fish play important roles in host development, digestion and health. Evidence suggests that abiotic factors, such as diet and rearing temperature, could affect fish gut microbiota. In this study, the effect of dietary short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on turbot intestinal health, microbiota and digestive enzymes was investigated at two rearing temperatures: 15 and 20 °C. Four practical diets were supplemented with scFOS at 0, 5, 10 and 20 g kg^?1. scFOS did not affect fish performance. PCR‐DGGE did not show differences in bacterial profiles between dietary treatments; however, the number of operational taxonomic units, richness and diversity were higher at 20 °C. Enzyme activities in the foregut were not affected by rearing temperature, while in the hindgut, enzyme activities were higher at 15 °C. Total alkaline protease, α‐amylase and lipase activities in the foregut were higher in fish fed 20 g kg^?1 scFOS. Prebiotic supplementation had no effect on hindgut α‐amylase activity, while lipase activity of fish reared at 20 °C was higher in fish fed diet with 5 g kg^?1 scFOS. No differences were observed in intestinal morphology. This was the first study to simultaneously evaluate the effect of dietary prebiotic level and rearing temperature on fish intestinal microbiota and health.     

Effect of different culture conditions on the structural diversity of prokaryote communities in the sediment of earth ponds stocked with gilthead seabream Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758)

In this study, we evaluate the use of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) for monitoring the effect of different aquaculture practices on sediment prokaryote (Archaea and Bacteria) communities. The effect of initial fish (gilthead seabream Sparus aurata) stocking density on the structural diversity of prokaryote communities of earth ponds bottom sediments was evaluated using PCR‐DGGE after a 5 month grow‐out period. An identical approach was used to monitor the effect of supplying different fish feeds [commercial feed (CD) versus an ecofeed (ECO)]. One additional variable was the use of copper sulphate (CuSO₄) as an algicide in some of the experimental rearing tanks. The statistical analyses of prokaryote community profiles showed that the presence of fish in earth ponds significantly influenced the structure of sediment prokaryote communities, when compared with earth ponds without fish, independently of the stocking density. Our results also indicated that the structure of the prokaryote communities of earth ponds supplied with the ECO feed shared a strong similarity with that fed CD. Curiously, the use of CuSO₄ in ponds receiving the ECO feed promoted significant differences on the structural composition of the bacterial community, but not on the archaeal community. DGGE molecular fingerprints are suitable for fast evaluation of new management practices in food‐fish production on earth ponds by monitoring shifts on microbial communities in bottom sediments.