Spring Barley Responses to Row Spacing and Fungicide Triadimefon in Regions with a Short Crop-growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high-yielding cultivars, narrow-row spacings and fungicide treatments could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out at McGill University, Canada for three years (1987 to 1989) to test the effects of triadimefon (1-[4-chlorophenoxy]-3,3-dimethyl-1-[1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-2-butanone, or Bayleton, a trade name) fungicide (0 vs. 140 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and row spacing (10 vs. 20 cm) on the yield components, yield and other agronomic traits (spike emergence, days to maturity, leaf disease and plant height) of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger. A cultivar by row spacing interaction resulted in a 11 to 13.5 % increase in grain yield due to narrow rows for Laurier in two out of the three years and up to 16 % for Leger in one year. Over the three years grain yields were on average increased 6 to 12 % due to use of the narrower row spacing. Fungicide application to barley at the early heading stage effectively controlled leaf diseases without influence on yield components or grain yield. Our results indicate that some components of intensive management such as narrow row spacing can be applicable in regions with a short crop-growing season.     

影响啤酒大麦种子发芽整齐度的因素

综述影响啤酒大麦种子发芽整齐度的因素 ,着重介绍了品种、籽粒整齐度 (包括粒重和粒位 )对发芽整齐度的影响 ,旨在为培育优质啤酒大麦提供借鉴。     

宁夏南部山区抗旱应灾农业技术体系的探讨

通过分析宁夏南部山区干旱气候规律及其对农业的胁迫效应，指出干旱灾害是宁南农业生产力水平低而不稳的重要原因；加强与气候条件相适应的农业技术的研究和改进，是宁南农业持续稳定发展的重要基础。结合多年来的旱地农业科技攻关研究工作，在对单项农业技术进行组装集成的基础上，建立了包括工程措施、生物措施、农艺措施、化学措施等四大措施紧密结合的宁南山区抗旱应灾农业技术体系，探讨了宁南山区抗旱应灾的主要技术策略。对于广大旱农地区提高农业系统防旱抗旱能力，实现农业高产稳产具有普遍指导意义。     

Differential effects of -mannose and 2-deoxy- -glucose on attempted powdery mildew fungal infection of inappropriate and appropriate ramineae

Barley, oat and wheat were used as both inappropriate hosts (IH) and appropriate hosts (AH) for three formae speciales of the fungus Blumeria graminis, the causal agent of powdery mildew disease. Treatment with either the glucose analog 2-deoxy- -glucose (DDG) or with -mannose dramatically suppressed penetration resistance in IH and to a much lesser extent in AH combinations. Other effects of DDG and -mannose were strikingly dissimilar. DDG greatly reduced localized autofluorescence at fungal attack sites on epidermal cells, and prevented hypersensitive epidermal cell death (HR). -mannose had little effect on autofluorescence or HR. DDG arrested the development of fungal haustoria and apparently prohibited biotrophy leading to secondary hyphae. -mannose allowed haustorial development and functional biotrophy leading to the production of elongating secondary hyphae. This suggests that B. graminis is in some way capable of utilizing -mannose as a carbon substrate. Results with IH combinations paralleled those of known mlo -barley responses to DDG and -mannose. Results are discussed in relation to specific physiological processes known to be influenced by either DDG or by -mannose, or by both compounds.     

晋南冬麦区大麦黄矮病毒流行株系监测及防治策略探讨

连续5年(1996～2000年)采集晋南冬麦区小麦黄矮病标样,采用生物学和血清学(酶联免疫吸附法)相结合的诊断方法对该地区的大麦黄矮病毒流行株系进行了鉴别。结果表明,该小麦黄矮病流行区近五年以GAV株系为主流株系,兼有少量GPV、PAV和混合株系存在。同时对小麦抗黄矮病新品种“临抗1号”进行了GPV和GAV两种株系的抗性测定,明确了该品种兼抗GPV和GAV两种株系。根据小麦黄矮病发生现状,提出了一套以选育推广抗耐病品种为主,以药剂防治为辅的综合防治措施。以期为当地小麦生产服务。     

Interaction between the sequence of feeding of hay and concentrate,and boiling of barley on feed intake,the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and fermentation in the hindgut of Arabian mares

The interaction between the sequence of feeding of hay and concentrate and the hydrothermal processing of barley in alleviating concentrate effects on intake, and hindgut fermentation in horses was tested. Six Arabian mares (4–10 years of age, 410 ± 35 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of feeding sequence (FS) and type of barley (TB) on intake, and faecal volatile fatty acids (VFA), activities of α‐amylase (AA: EC 3.2.1.1), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase: EC 3.2.1.4), microcrystalline cellulase (MCCase: EC 3.2.1.91) and general filter paper degrading activity (FPD). Mares were offered a ration of air‐dried alfalfa and concentrate (70:30 as‐fed) in four subsequent periods of 14 days including 8 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. In each period and each meal, mares received concentrate either 30 min after (HC) or 30 min before (CH) alfalfa hay. Barley was either milled or boiled in water. Rectal samples were grabbed directly from rectum once per period. Mares subjected to CH had higher dry matter intakes than mares under HC regime. The acetate:propionate ratio (A:P ratio) in rectal content was higher with CH than HC. The AA activity was higher under CH than under HC. Mares fed boiled barley had lower rectal concentrations of VFA and propionate and a higher A:P ratio than mares fed milled barley. Furthermore, the rectal content showed a higher MCCase activity but a lower AA activity when mares were fed boiled compared with milled barley. Interactions between FS and TB were observed with respect to CMCase activity, and concentrations of propionate and valerate. In conclusion, the present results suggest that both, feeding concentrate before hay and boiling the barley, might improve the hindgut environment in Arabian mares, and that the two measures were mostly additive and sometimes even synergistic.     

Phosphorus bioavailability in ash from straw and sewage sludge processed by low‐temperature biomass gasification

Reuse of phosphorus (P) from waste streams used for bioenergy conversion is desirable to reduce dependence on nonrenewable P resources. Two different ash materials from low‐temperature biomass gasification of wheat straw and sewage sludge, respectively, were investigated with regard to their P bioavailability. A set of pot experiments with spring barley was carried out to compare the ash P fertiliser value with mineral P fertiliser and the sewage sludge feedstock. An indirect radioactive labelling approach with ³³P was used to determine the amount of P taken up from the fertiliser materials. Depending on the application rate, straw gasification ash produced a fertiliser response comparable to mineral P. However, P uptake from the ash was generally less than uptake from equivalent amounts of mineral P, and the calculated relative effectiveness was 44% after 6 weeks of plant growth. In contrast, the P fertiliser value of Fe‐rich sewage sludge after low‐temperature gasification was practically zero. These results suggest that ash from low‐temperature gasification could be developed into alternative P fertilisers; however, as the P bioavailability depends greatly on the feedstock used, a greater emphasis on feedstock composition is required.     

Phenotypic and allelic variation for wort protein Z in Australian and Canadian barleys

Protein Z is a major component in beer foam. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to analyze wort proteins of two Australian (Buloke and Commander) and two Canadian (CDC Meredith and Bentley) varieties. The Canadian barley contained more abundant proteins from MW 40–45 kDa (pI 5 to 7). These proteins were identified as either protein Z4 or protein Z7 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Full-length gene of protein Z4 and Z7 were sequenced from Canadian and Australian barleys. Sequence differences were identified in the coding region and upstream regions of the two genes, resulting in protein sequence and expression variations. Molecular markers were designed according to the indels in the upstream regions of protein Z4 and Z7 genes. These markers were highly correlated to wort protein Z content in Canadian and Australian varieties. The Canadian barleys contained ‘high level’ genotypes for protein Z4 and Z7 while most Australian barleys had ‘low level’ genotypes for protein Z4, Z7 or both. The markers identified in this study provide a valuable tool for the selection of protein Z alleles in marker-assisted breeding. Total protein Z content was assessed using different steeping conditions, and increasing air-rest time increased protein Z content in 15 varieties.     

水分胁迫下转DREB3基因抗旱大豆的生理反应

采用田间试验方法,在苗期和初花期自然状态、水分胁迫以及充足灌水条件下,研究了转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片、茎、根中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和蔗糖含量的变化。结果表明,在自然状态下,苗期水分胁迫第5天时,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片SOD活性显著高于受体大豆东农50,初花期无明显变化;苗期和初花期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片、茎和根中丙二醛、脯氨酸含量与受体大豆东农50相比无明显差异;苗期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片和根中蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,初花期差异不显著。在水分胁迫条件下,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆SOD活性显著高于受体大豆东农50,丙二醛含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,初花期水分胁迫第10天时叶片和茎中脯氨酸含量显著高于受体大豆东农50,蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50。充足灌水管理下,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆与受体大豆东农50相比,苗期和初花期叶片、茎和根中SOD活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量无明显差异;苗期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片中蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,但在初花期水分胁迫10天时转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片中蔗糖含量显著高于受体大豆东农50,苗期和初花期茎和根中蔗糖含量无显著差异。