利用GGE双标图分析花生品质性状的基因型-环境互作

花生品质性状的稳定性和基因型-环境互作研究，可为花生品质育种及不同生态区域花生品种的选择提供参考依据。本研究利用GGE-biplot工具，对我国黄淮海花生主产区16个花生品种两年间的品质性状进行了综合分析，包括含油量、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和蛋白质含量等。结果显示，5个品质性状均有较高的GGE总变异值（主成分因素PC1和PC2变异的总和），变幅在61.5%-79.9%之间，以含油量的GGE变异值最低，为61.5%，油酸含量的GGE变异值最高，为79.9%。16个花生品种2年间部分品质性状表现较为一致，其中濮花9519的含油量表型值波动最小，山花9号的亚油酸含量表型值波动最小，开农49是油酸含量表型值最为稳定的品种，天府23号是棕榈酸含量和蛋白质含量表型值最为稳定的品种。初步明确了徐州和濮阳分别适合高油花生和高油酸花生种植，确定了不同生态类型试点下较适合种植的品种，为花生品种推广应用提供了参考。     

QTLs for malting flavour component associated with pre-harvest sprouting susceptibility in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a key factor affecting quality of beer in terms of foam stability and flavour. Low LOX content is a desirable trait for malting quality. A doubled haploid (DH) population was made from a cross of Australian malting barley Stirling and Canadian malting barley Harrington and mapped with 513 molecular markers. The 120 DH lines with their parents were planted in field trials and the harvested grains were micro-malted for analysis of LOX content in two consecutive years. LOX content was controlled by both genetic effects and environment conditions. Three QTLs were consistently detected. One QTL flanked by the markers E6216 and SCssr03907 at the telomere region of chromosome 5HL contributed 39% of genetic variation in LOX content. The second QTL close to the centromere region of chromosome 5H accounted for 17% of genetic variation. A minor QTL on chromosome 2H explained 6% of genetic variation but was significant in both years. The Australian variety Stirling contributed to higher LOX content for the three QTLs. The two QTLs mapped at chromosome 5H for LOX content coincided with the QTLs for seed dormancy/pre-harvest sprouting from the same population. The pre-harvest sprouting susceptible alleles were associated with low LOX content, which indicated that the low LOX QTL from the Canadian malting barleys are only useful in the barley growing areas where the pre-harvest sprouting risk is low. New genetic sources for low LOX should be exploited in different germplasm with different mechanisms.     

不同刈割期甘蔗营养成分和生物产量研究及饲用价值评价

畜牧产业的快速发展对饲草饲料的需求日益增加,筛选新的饲料作物品种是当务之急。本研究以2个国审牧草甘蔗品种为对照,对15个甘蔗品种的生物产量和10个青饲料常规营养成分指标进行测定分析,探究甘蔗不同刈割期的主成分变化规律,评价甘蔗饲用价值,为甘蔗一年多采和全株饲用提供科学依据。通过因子主成分分析筛选出粗蛋白（CP）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）、粗脂肪（EE）、钙（Ca）5个主要指标,基本包含了所测指标的全部信息。结果显示：15个甘蔗CP含量最高的是‘云蔗12-201’,为8.80%;ADF含量最低的是‘ROC22’,为35.25%;WSC含量最高的是‘云蔗00-290’,为6.16%;EE含量最高的是‘云蔗01-286’,为1.40%。其中‘ROC22’‘云蔗12-201’的CP含量超过CK1、CK2;‘Q27’‘ROC22’‘云蔗01-286’‘云蔗06-160’‘云蔗12-142-1-J’‘滇蔗11-728’的ADF含量均低于CK1、CK2;‘Q27’‘云蔗00-290’‘云蔗12-142-1-J’‘云蔗16-16’‘滇蔗11-726’‘滇蔗11-728’的WS...     

New host resistances to Pseudocercosporella capsellae and implications for white leaf spot management in Brassicaceae crops

Effective host resistance is the most cost-effective long term prospect for successful management of white leaf spot disease (Pseudocercosporella capsellae) in Brassicaceae. In two separate field trials, 168 genotypes were screened. In the first trial, lines of Brassica oleracea var. capitata (59), Brassica napus (34), Brassica juncea (6) and B. juncea containing wild weedy Brassicaceae introgression(s) (14) were arranged; and in the second, Australian historic and current B. napus (45) and B. juncea (10) varieties were screened. There was wide variation in expression of resistance, from complete resistance to highly susceptible as assessed by two disease parameters, viz. (i), Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) for percent leaves diseased (values 0–221.2) and (ii) Percent Leaf Collapse Index (%LCI) values for leaf collapse due to disease (0–38.7). Brassica oleracea var. capitata was overall the most resistant species, while B. juncea the most susceptible with the majority having AUDPC values >75 and B. napus was intermediate. Five B. oleracea var. capitata genotypes were completely resistant, with 0 AUDPC and %LCI values. Pioneer^® 45Y22 (RR) ‘Mystic’ and ‘Wahoo’ were also highly resistant, with the least %LCI (<3.7) and AUDPC (<20) of the Australian B. napus varieties. In contrast, ‘Thunder TT’ (AUDPC -133.6; %CLI – 15.6) and ‘Carbine’ (AUDPC – 73.8; %CLI – 12.5) were the most susceptible lines in first and second trials, respectively. The particularly high susceptibility of newly released B. juncea varieties such as ‘Xceed OasisCL’ highlights the risk of significant losses in such susceptible varieties when deployed in areas with high degree of pressure for white leaf spot disease. There was no association between AUDPC or % CLI with year of Australian varietal release, indicating that Australian breeding programs not made improvement for resistance to white leaf spot over the past two or more decades. Resistant varieties identified in this experiment can now not only be utilized in breeding programs to significantly improve overall crop resistance and management of white leaf spot disease, but also directly deployed to lower the severe inoculum load challenging current varieties.     

新疆小麦黄色素含量基因等位变异的分子检测及其分布

为了明确新疆小麦材料Psy-A1和Psy-B1位点控制籽粒黄色素含量基因的组成和分布以及与黄色素含量的关系,利用7A和7B染色体上Psy-A1和Psy-B1基因的分子标记YP7A和YP7B,对326份新疆冬、春小麦材料中的等位变异进行检测。结果表明,在Psy-A1位点,含有等位基因Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b的品种(系)分别占83.74%和16.26%,两种基因型黄色素含量平均值的差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);在Psy-B1位点,含有等位基因Psy-B1a和Psy-B1b的品种(系)分别占83.44%和16.56%,但两种基因型黄色素含量平均值的差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同变异组合类型的分布比例表现不同,Psy-A1a/Psy-B1a所占比例最高,为69.63%;其次是Psy-A1a/Psy-B1b组合类型,为14.11%;Psy-A1b/Psy-B1a组合类型为13.8%;Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b所占比例最低,为2.45%,没有扩增出Psy-B1c和Psy-B1d基因位点。总体来看,新疆小麦高黄色素含量的等位变异类型所占比例较高,冬、春小麦黄色素含量基因型存在一定差异;YP7A可以作为一个稳定、高效的功能标记用于分子标记辅助选择,而YP7B标记则不能独立作为黄色素含量辅助选择的实用性标记。     

接种甘蔗内生菌B9对不同甘蔗品种生长的影响

为探究甘蔗促生长菌株B9对不同基因型甘蔗品种的促生长效果,本研究采用6个不同基因型的甘蔗栽培种作为研究对象,以接种菌株与否分为处理组及对照组（CK）,分别测定各甘蔗幼苗的株高、根长、鲜重、干重、株高、茎径、茎长等农艺性状以及叶绿素含量、根系活力、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等生理指标。通过综合生理指标及各方面农艺性状分析B9菌株对不同基因型甘蔗的促生长情况。由试验结果可知,在接种B9菌株后,不同甘蔗品种在株高、茎径、叶长、叶片数、地下部分和地上部分的鲜重、干重等农艺性状均显著优于CK;同时处理组中各甘蔗品种叶绿素含量、植株光合指标、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）及谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性、根系活力等生理指标较CK均明显提升,其中‘桂糖11’在叶绿素含量、气孔导度（G_s）、可溶性糖含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性等方面促进效果较为显著;对‘粤糖93-159’的谷氨酸合成酶活性促进效果最为显著;‘柳城09-182’的可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力等方面相比其余品种增幅最大;‘滇糖01-58’中净光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率（T_r）促进效果最佳。可见,内生菌B9对不同基因型的甘蔗品种均存在一定促生长作用,但促生长效果因基因型不同而存在差异,研究证明了促生菌株B9的普适性,为甘蔗的选种问题提供了参考依据。     

Genetic Diversity of Seed Storage Proteins in Different Ecotype Varieties of japonica Rice and Its Application

Plant endosperm storage proteins are coded by a group of enormous gene families, and a sub-family genes code a kind of protein respectively. These proteins are deposited in one kind of protein body and cannot be denatured during seed is formed. Thus, storage proteins as direct, stable products of genes can reflect DNA diversity of plants. The kind of diversity can be easily detected by various electrophoresis. So far, the polymorphism of seed storage proteins has already widely applied in pl…     

4个抗枯萎病香蕉品种果实性状和品质比较

香蕉枯萎病是危害全球香蕉产业发展的主要病害,选育抗病品种是控制枯萎病的有效措施,而开展抗病香蕉品种的果实特性及品质研究是选育和推广抗病品种的基础。本研究通过以巴西蕉为对照,对4个香蕉枯萎病抗性品种的果实特性、果实品质及感官评价进行分析。结果表明,‘中蕉9号’的单穗重、果梳数和果指直径显著高于巴西蕉,单株产量比巴西蕉增加21.9%,而‘南天红’和‘南天黄’的单穗重、果梳重及果指数均显著低于巴西蕉,‘中蕉4号’的果实性状则与巴西蕉无显著差异。‘南天红’的含水量显著高于巴西蕉,其他3个品种的含水量则与巴西蕉无显著差异。‘中蕉4号’的可食用率显著高于巴西蕉,其他3个品种的可食用率与巴西蕉无显著差异。‘中蕉9号’的果实硬度和维生素C含量显著低于巴西蕉,而可溶性固形物含量则显著高于巴西蕉。‘中蕉9号’和‘南天红’的单宁含量显著低于巴西蕉,‘南天黄’的单宁含量则显著高于巴西蕉。‘南天红’和‘中蕉9号’的果肉色泽、气味、甜味及口感等感官评价显著高于巴西蕉,其他2个品种则与巴西蕉无显著差异。隶属函数法综合分析表明,4个抗枯萎病香蕉品种的综合表现可分为3个等级,‘南天红’和‘中蕉9号’为第1等级,‘中蕉4号’为第2等级,‘南天黄’为第3等级。综上,‘中蕉9号’的单株产量高、综合性状优异,可进一步开展大面积的示范推广。     

Evaluation of malting barley quality using exploratory data analysis. I. Extraction of information from micro-malting data of spring and winter barley

This paper presents an exploratory multivariate approach for analysis of malting barley quality data. By using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) complex malting quality data are combined into functional factors which are used for malting barley quality characterisation. Fifty barley samples were used in this investigation, representing 15 spring barley and 10 winter barley varieties grown at two locations in Denmark. The samples were micro-malted and mashed and analysed for 13 quality parameters according to official methods of the European Brewery Convention. These data were combined and reduced into a few latent (functional) factors using PCA by which it is demonstrated that the modification of β-glucan plays a major role in both spring and winter barleys. Additionally, the spring barley and winter barley samples display different covariate latent structures, mainly in the nitrogen and diastatic power patterns. It is furthermore shown that graphic display as facilitated by exploratory data analysis, can be utilized in order to evaluate genotype-environmental interactions by considering the position and movements of the individual objects (genotypes in this instance) in the score plots. Thus, in contrast to the classical analysis of variance, the samples can be individually evaluated and the corresponding loadings can be used to validate the genetic and environmental effect of a given sample in a quality perspective.Several of the investigated malting quality parameters are highly intercorrelated. This fact is utilized by applying PLSR to barley and malt data for the prediction of wort quality in order to exclude the mashing step. This approach was successful for the modification-dependent wort parameters, extract, wort β-glucan and viscosity.     

小麦品种黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因的分子标记检测

为了改良小麦加工品质、提高小麦育种效率,利用位于7AL和7BL染色体上与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合酶（Phytoene synthase,PSY）基因PsyA1的标记YP7A、YP7A2,基因PsyB1的标记YP7B1、YP7B2、YP7B3、YP7B4,以及位于2AL染色体上的多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性基因PpoA1 的标记PPO18,对221份冬小麦品种（系）进行黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因的等位变异检测。结果表明: (1) 在所检测的小麦品种（系）中,含低黄色素含量等位基因PsyA1b的材料78份,频率为35.3%;含低黄色素含量等位基因PsyB1b 的材料117份,频率为52.9%;含高黄色素含量等位基因PsyB1c的材料31份,频率为14.0%;含PsyB1d等位基因的材料4份,频率为1.8%;未发现携带PsyB1e的材料。（2）含低PPO活性等位基因PpoA1b的材料119份,频率为53.8%。(3) 在221份材料中,黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因型皆符合中国面条和馒头加工品质要求的品种仅25份,聚合多个优良基因的小麦品质改良工作急需加强。本实验使用的标记均为基因特异性功能标记,重复性好,准确率高,可有效地应用于小麦品质改良的分子标记辅助选择。     

水稻种子蛋白质的组成和积累形态对稻米品质的影响

设置水培试验对‘16-17’（谷蛋白前体聚合物明显,含量高）和‘16-20’（谷蛋白前体聚合物不明显,含量低）分别进行CK（氮2800 μmol/L,硫80 μmol/L）、N（氮3640 μmol/L,硫80 μmol/L）、S（氮2800 μmol/L,硫260 μmol/L）、N+S（氮3640 μmol/L,硫260 μmol/L）处理,以此改变稻米品质和稻米贮藏蛋白质的组成与含量,从而对稻米蛋白质各组分及相关品质性状进行分析。结果表明：（1）在N、S和N+S的不同处理下均增加了粗蛋白的含量,使‘16-20’的稻米粗蛋白百分含量分别增加2.35%、2.67%和2.73%;（2）在2个品种的各组分蛋白含量变化中,‘16-17’的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的百分含量在N、S和N+S下较对照分别增加了9.75%、4.21%和4.67%,3.92%、7.38%和12.92%。‘16-20’的谷蛋白百分含量在S和N+S处理下增加了17.72%和29.38%,醇溶蛋白百分含量在N+S下增加了3.73%,而球蛋白百分含量在N、S和N+S三个处理下降低了2.86%、3.78%和3.69%,清蛋白在N、S处理下显著降低;（3）谷蛋白的2个亚基的相对含量和57 kDa谷蛋白前体及57 kDa以上谷蛋白聚合体的积累在‘16-20’品种中明显增加。（4）稻米品质中,N、S配施对2个参试品种的碾磨品质性状的影响不明显,但有利于2个品种稻米外观品质和食味品质的改善,并使‘16-20’的营养品质显著增加,另外,‘16-20’的千粒重在S和N+S处理下显著增加。故不同N、S配施处理下,不同品种水稻贮藏蛋白质的组成和积累形态差异很大,并改变了含巯基蛋白质组分的积累量和积累形态。尤其是在富S条件下,蛋白质积累过程中形成较多的巯基及二硫键,并通过二硫键来改变含巯基的蛋白质亚基之间的聚合程度,形成不同分子量的谷蛋白聚合体,使蛋白质的积累形态发生明显改变,进而使稻米相关品质性状发生改变。     

不同粒型花生品种品质形成规律

为明确不同粒型花生品种品质形成规律,在大田试验条件下,以大粒型品种花育22、中粒型品种铁引花2号和小粒型品种农花16为试材,采用完全随机设计,研究了不同粒型花生品种荚果成熟过程中水分含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、可溶性糖含量以及淀粉含量的动态变化规律。试验结果表明：花生荚果成熟过程中含水量逐渐下降,大粒型品种籽仁含水量大于中粒型和小粒型,差异显著（P＜0.05）;籽仁粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量逐渐积累,中粒型品种粗蛋白含量始终高于小粒型品种和大粒型品种,而粗脂肪含量是小粒型品种高于其它两品种,差异均达显著水平（P＜0.05）;结荚期花生荚果可溶性糖含量及淀粉含量均呈下降趋势,小粒型品种淀粉含量高于中粒型和大粒型,差异显著（P＜0.05）。对不同粒型花生品种品质的相关性分析表明,在荚果的发育过程中,籽仁粗脂肪含量与粗蛋白含量之间呈负相关关系,可溶性糖与淀粉含量之间呈显著的正相关,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与可溶性糖和淀粉含量呈极显著的负相关。本研究结果可结果可为选育优质专用花生品种提供理论依据。     

60Co-γ和EMS诱变“天隆一号”突变体库变异特征的初步分析

为培育新的适应长江流域气候类型的大豆品种,利用60Co-γ射线和EMS分别对大豆天隆一号的种子进行诱变处理,构建大豆突变体库。对350份有表型变异的株系进行连续两年田间鉴定,运用60对SSR标记进行分子检测,并对籽粒表型变化明显的突变株进行苯基丙酸类代谢主要酶qPCR分析。结果表明:350份材料中有145份在株高、叶形、花色、种皮色、结荚习性等方面有稳定可见的表型变异,101份材料中检测到与野生型天隆一号存在至少1个SSR位点差异,其中M3-SD-1与M3-SD-2有超过10个标记的差异。SSR分析表明,表型发生变异的突变体主要是由DNA变化引起的,且突变体发生了多位点变异,突变位点也彼此不同。qPCR检测结果显示,种皮色、脐色等发生突变的3个材料苯基丙酸类代谢途径中关键基因的表达量发生显著变化。研究结果既可以为大豆品种改良提供新的种质资源,也有助于大豆功能基因组的研究。     

Identification of Major Locus Bph35 Resistance to Brown Planthopper in Rice

An introgression line RBPH660, derived from wild rice Oryza rufipogon, showed stable resistance to brown planthopper(BPH). Segregation analysis indicated BPH resistance of RBPH660 was controlled by multiple genes/QTLs. By using the bulked segregant analysis(BSA)-seq method, two genomic regions harboring QTLs resistance to BPH were identified from 1.20 to 16.70 Mb on chromosome 4 and from 10.20 to 12.60 Mb on chromosome 9 in RBPH660, respectively. A major resistance locus, designated as Bph35 accounting for 51.27% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 42.51, was mapped to the candidate region of chromosome 4 between In Del(insertion-deletion) markers PSM16 and R4 M13. For fine mapping of Bph35, one simple sequence repeat and three newly developed In Del markers were used to screen the recombinants. Finally, the Bph35 locus was delimited in the region from 6.28 to 6.93 Mb and there were 18 predicted protein-encoding genes with a total of 114 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) variant sites between the resistant and susceptible parents. Out of these genes, Os04 g0193950, encoding a putative NB-ARC(nucleotidebinding adaptor shared by APAF-1, R proteins and CED-4) and LRR(leucine-rich repeat) domain protein with nine non-synonymous SNP substitutions in its coding sequence regions, might be the candidate gene for Bph35. These findings would facilitate the map-based cloning of the Bph35 gene and development of resistant varieties against BPH in rice.     

青稞B组醇溶蛋白基因5′上游调控区的TAIL-PCR克隆及序列分析

为了阐明青稞种子中B组醇溶蛋白合成的遗传调控机制，为分子改良大麦和小麦籽粒品质奠定基础，以青稞品种Z09和Z26的基因组DNA为模板，根据已克隆的青稞B组醇溶蛋白（B-hordein）基因的5’端序列设计三个基因特异的反向引物，分别与随机简并引物配对，进行热不对称嵌套PCR（Thermal asymmetric interlaeed PCR，TAIL-PCR）扩增，从两份西藏青稞材料中分离克隆出2个B-hordein基因的上游调控序列。序列测定结果表明，两个扩增片段长度分别为395和396bp，加上已知B-hordein基因中的GSP2引物序列与翻译起始密码子之间198bp的长度，则可得到约600bp的B-hordein基因5’上游调控序列。将所得序列与Genbank中的三个贮藏蛋白基因的对应区段进行序列比对，所得序列与来自野生智利大麦（H．chil-ense）的B3-hordein基因（Genbank登录号：AY998010）、普通小麦（T.aestivum）的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因（Genbank登录号：X07747）和栽培大麦（H．vulgare）的B-hordein基因（Genbank登录号：X03103）具有81％～95％的序列相似性。推测其TATAbox位于-80bp，CAAT-likebox位于-140bp处。另外，在-300bp处存在一个胚乳盒（EndospermBox，EB），包含EM基序和GCN4基序。EM基序高度保守，GCN4基序有一个核苷酸位点的突变。此外，在约-560bp处存在一个胚乳盒类似结构。     

20个甘蔗品种（系）的抗旱性比较

干旱是限制我国甘蔗产量提高的主要原因。采用桶栽和人工控水的方法,对云南省甘蔗主产区临沧市选取的20个甘蔗品种（系）进行抗旱性分析,通过测定苗期和分蘖期的8个抗逆生理指标,以及分蘖率、成活率和株高3个生长指标,采用模糊隶属函数、主成分分析和系统聚类分析方法对各甘蔗品种（系）的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,甘蔗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、甘蔗分蘖率、株高和成活率呈下降趋势,而甘蔗叶片丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、质膜透性、SOD和POD酶活性则呈上升趋势。通过模糊隶属函数、主成分分析和系统聚类分析可将20份甘蔗品种（系）材料分为3类,其中7个为抗旱品种（系）,6个为中等抗旱品种（系）,7个为不抗旱品种（系）;根据抗旱综合值,7个抗旱品种（系）的抗旱能力排名为：‘桂糖06-2081’>‘柳城05-136’>‘福农38’>‘柳城03-1137’>‘德蔗03-83’>‘云蔗05-49’>‘福农40’。相关分析表明,与甘蔗抗旱性呈显著正相关的指标分别为成活率、株高和叶片相对含水量,呈显著负相关的指标分别为质膜透性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量。     

Evaluation of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers Established in Europe as a Method for the Identification of Potato Varieties Grown in Canada

The correct identification of potato varieties is crucial to maintaining the quality level of seeds produced under the Canadian Seed Potato Certification Program. During inspection of in vitro potato plant propagation centres or seed potato production field lots, morphological characteristics may not be sufficient for the identification of plantlets or tubers and therefore molecular identification is sought by inspectors for variety confirmation. With international harmonization of testing methods in mind, we proposed to evaluate further the microsatellite (SSR) markers established successfully by Reid et al. (2009, Euphytica 182: 239–249, 2011), using the reference potato variety DNA collection at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) established and currently used for Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The SSR markers developed by the European community laboratories were successfully validated by and established within the CFIA laboratory. Most genotypes generated for a set of 34 varieties were identical between the 2 laboratories with only 3 discrepancies due to the different interpretation of the presence/absence of the alleles. When used with potato reference DNAs of the CFIA collection, the method successfully differentiated 217 varieties apart but 10 groups, which are most likely clonal variants, were not discriminated. The SSR markers were successfully used to address 5 potato variety verification requests from CFIA inspectors during field inspections for seed potato certification. The markers successfully confirmed the presence of rogue varieties in 4 of these requests, therefore fulfilling the CFIA’s mandate towards stakeholders of the Canadian potato industry in preserving the quality of certified seeds.     

滴灌模式下矮秆基因对小麦部分农艺性状的效应

为探明滴灌模式下矮秆基因对小麦农艺性状的影响,对不同麦区的271份小麦品种(系)所含的矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8进行检测,并对其在滴灌栽培模式下的株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和单株产量进行分析。结果表明,参试的271份小麦品种(系)中有177份含矮秆基因Rht-D1b,占65.31%;110份含Rht-B1b,占40.59%;58份含有Rht8,占21.40%;27份材料不含有所检测的3个矮秆基因。34.68%的品种(系)含有2个或3个矮秆基因。根据所含矮秆基因的类型可将271份材料分为8类。3个矮秆基因都能显著降低滴灌栽培模式下小麦的株高,其中Rht-B1b还显著降低了穗长、小穗数和单株产量,对穗粒数的影响不显著;Rht8对穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和单株产量均产生了负效应,但影响不显著;Rht-D1b对株高的影响最大,并对穗长、穗粒数和单株产量具有正效应,在育种中应加强利用。     

木薯块根不同发育期β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累变化及其有色体蛋白质组学研究

木薯是世界重要的粮食作物,在我国发展潜力巨大。蛋白质和类胡萝卜素是重要的营养品质特性,但木薯蛋白质含量低,提高木薯块根类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量,提高其营养成分,已成为木薯选育种的重要目标。本研究以蛋黄木薯（‘SC9'）、紫叶黄心木薯（‘BGM019'）和白心面包木薯（‘SC101'）3个木薯品种为试验材料,开展黄心和白心木薯块根营养品质特性的研究,分析其不同发育期类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量的变化,同时利用双向电泳和质谱法开展木薯块根有色体亚细胞结构蛋白质组的研究,揭示其蛋白质含量提高与类胡萝卜素积累的关联性。结果表明：3个木薯品种块根β-胡萝卜素含量在块根形成期、膨大期和成熟期差异显著（P<0.05）,‘BGM019'和‘SC9'蛋白质含量在同一生长发育时期差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著高于‘SC101'（P<0.05）。随着木薯块根发育成熟,其类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量均呈上升趋势,且二者表现为正相关。以膨大期为对照,在‘SC9'成熟期块根有色体中检测到36个差异表达蛋白质,其中26个上调表达,10个下调表达;‘BGM019'中检测到49个差异表达蛋白质,其中28个上调表达,21个下调表达;‘SC101'检测到38个差异蛋白质,其中20个上调表达,18个下调表达。通过对上述差异蛋白质的功能分析,发现它们均参与抗氧化、碳代谢和能量代谢、信号转导等多个代谢过程,说明木薯块根类胡萝卜素积累是由多个代谢途径协同作用的结果。对比分析3个木薯品种块根有色体亚细胞结构的差异蛋白质,发现20个差异表达蛋白质在其中2个品种或3个品种间出现相同的表达趋势。它们主要涉及到碳代谢及能量代谢、抗氧化、细胞骨架蛋白、无机离子运输及代谢、分子伴侣和蛋白质合成等代谢途径,其中与抗氧化相关的蛋白质占20%。构建蛋白质生物调控网络揭示块根有色体蛋白质与β-胡萝卜素积累的关联性,为培育优质高营养的木薯新品种提供新思路。