大麦中支链淀粉对奶牛瘤胃发酵及氮利用的影响

本试验研究了不同谷物类型(玉米或大麦)以及大麦(常规或蜡质)中支链淀粉对瘤胃发酵、消化和瘤胃氨氮的利用及乳蛋白合成的影响。采用6头牛进行3×3重复拉丁方设计,试验处理分别为(以干物质计):CORN组:40%玉米;NBAR组,30%常用Baronesse大麦,10%玉米;WBAR组:含30%高支链淀粉(蜡质)的Baronesse大麦。谷物经蒸汽碾压制成全混合日粮。NBAR组和WBAR组较CORN组瘤胃氨提高,分别为8.2、7.4和5.6mM。其他瘤胃发酵参数包括日粮养分在瘤胃中的消化率和微生物蛋白合成未受影响。玉米的体外干物质有效降解率(58.2%)较大麦(50.7%)提高62.8%。蜡质大麦的淀粉结晶性能远远高于常规大麦。WBAR组与CORN组和NBAR组相比,全肠道干物质和有机物消化率降低;CORN组与其他大麦试组相比,全肠道淀粉消化率提高,牛奶尿素氮水平降低。本研究中,发现日粮中谷物加工程度是日粮应答的影响因子。蒸汽碾压玉米(加工指数为58.8%)与大麦最低限度的加工(加工指数为79.2%～87.9%)相比,全肠道淀粉消化率降低,瘤胃氨浓度升高,大麦干物质降解率降低。大麦日粮与玉米日粮相比,瘤胃氨氮用于合成微生物蛋白的效率降低。本研究中蜡质Baronesse大麦瘤胃和全肠道降解率低于常规谷物。究其原因,可能与淀粉结构和化学成分的差异有关,同时两种大麦的不同加工方法可产生不同的效果。     

产蛋鸡大麦型日粮添加复合酶的试验

试验旨在研究大麦酶在高产蛋鸡大麦型日粮中的应用效果。选择486只33周龄海兰褐蛋鸡，随机分为正、负对照组及添加大麦型复合酶的试验组，每组6个重复，每重复27只鸡。试验结果表明，大麦型日粮中添加复合酶，相对负对照组（大麦基础日粮）产蛋率显著提高1．3％（P〈0．05），同时平均日采食量显著下降6．5％（P〈0．05），料蛋比降低7．6％（P〈0．05），蛋质量相当（P〉0．05）；与正对照组（玉米-豆粕型日粮）相比，产蛋率、采食量、料蛋比和平均蛋质量等指标都差异不显著，表明在大麦日粮中添加大麦复合酶可达到与常规日粮相同的饲养效果。     

大麦可作为有效的奶牛饲料能源

大麦是一种谷类作物,广泛种植于欧洲和北美及亚洲一些较寒冷的地区,对奶牛来说,大麦也是一种较好的饲料来源。在美国,除玉米之外.大麦同样作为能量饲料,是饲喂奶牛最常用的饲料之一。     

用热压处理的大麦和乳渣饲喂幼猪

用热压处理的方法能改善大麦的饲用价值和品质。目前尚未查明幼猪饲喂挤压大麦在何种年龄更经济合理。而重要的是寻找新的供平衡幼猪日粮用的有价值的动物性蛋白,并与自产籽粒的配合利用。至今,养猪业中尚未利用乳渣(乳在分离器内净化和离析过程中所获得的产品)。文献中也缺乏有关饲喂乳渣效果的资料。因此,大量有价值的乳蛋白、糖、无机盐和维生素随乳渣丢失。此外,乳渣还会污染乳品企业的水源。     

野大麦生产试验

1989年呼伦贝尔盟草原研究所受中国农业科学院草原研究所的委托，在牧草引种试验点搞了野大麦生产试验，经3年试验结果表明，野大麦叶量丰富，质量好，产量高，适宜呼盟种植。     

肉牛的常用谷物替代品——大麦

肥育场经营者,通常饲喂肉牛一种谷物和粗饲料相混合的饲料,以期达到最佳的增重和饲料转化率。许多经营者加工谷物,是为了增进消化与提高肉牛的生产性能。玉米和小麦是肉牛肥育场最常用的饲料谷物。然而,这些谷物资源紧张、价格高,肉牛肥育场经营者需要利用其它谷物,如     

“威—24”大麦不同刈割次数的效益观察

“威二四”大麦是我省从墨西哥引入的优良品种。产量高,亩产种子高达500千克以上;品质好,其籽实含粗蛋白12％,尤其是含0.68％的赖氨酸,比普通小麦高出近一倍。又属于粮草兼用型作物,提早播种刈割二次基本不影响种子的产量,并可同时每亩收青3000千克和收种子450千克。 我县1990年引种后反映良好。为指导农户适时刈割以获得最佳营养和最佳经济效益,我站从1992年10月到1993年5月做了栽培观察。 1 观察场地及方法:我们在将军镇专业户康兴木的一块旱田中种植。按随机区组设计作交叉重复试验。即:     

云南德宏象草与王草的对比试验研究

通过对德宏象草和王草的植物学特征、生物学特性进行观测比较,结果表明:德宏象草种子实生苗生长速度快,其自然扩展蔓延途径主要依靠种子繁殖进行;德宏象草的干物质产量、主要营养成分均极显著高于王草(P<0.01),但德宏象草的生长高度、分蘖数均低于王草;德宏象草幼茎(直径<3cm)的再生能力极显著高于王草幼茎的再生能力(P<0.01),而德宏象草主茎(直径>3cm)的再生能力极显著低于王草主茎的再生能力(P<0.01);德宏象草最适刈割留茬高度为10cm,利用高度应控制在1m左右为宜。     

兔用饲草适口性研究初探(二)

兔可食用的主要饲草有189种,本次试验选用的是幼年和青年八点黑獭兔24只,体重为1750.4±369.9g,对28种饲草进行适口性研究。供试兔分A、B、C、D四组,每组6只,每批试验4种草,每组1种草,连续4d,第1天50g/兔,第2天100g/兔,第3天150g/兔,第4天150g/兔。其结果是13种饲草为适口性好,占46.4%,食草率在80%以上;6种饲草为适口性较好,占21.4%,食草率在70%～79%;4种饲草为适口性中等,占14.3%,食草率在60%～69%;5种饲草为适口性较差,占17.9%,食草率在50%～59%。本次试验确定了幼年和青年獭兔每天的最佳供草量为100g;对兔用饲草适口性定为好、较好、中等、较差和差5个等级;了解兔喂饲草的发育情况;查阅了兔用饲草的药用价值。为兔用饲草适口性、营养价值、药用价值、消化率等研究奠定了一定的基础,为广大养兔者合理利用饲草养兔提供科学依据。     

藏绵羊羊毛季节性生长规律分析

试验旨在探讨藏绵羊羊毛季节性生长规律,为藏绵羊羊毛的均衡生产提供理论依据。结果表明,藏绵羊在青草期、黄草期和枯草期羊毛生长长度分别占全年总长度的67.66%、15.68%和16.66%,羊毛生长速度青草期极显著高于黄草期和枯草期（P〈0.01）,黄草期极显著高于枯草期（P〈0.01）;藏绵羊体侧部5 cm×5 cm毛束生长重量青草期、黄草期和枯草期分别占全年生长总重量的78.89%、7.68%和13.43%,毛束增重速度青草期极显著高于黄草期和枯草期（P〈0.01）,黄草期极显著高于枯草期（P〈0.01）;藏绵羊羊毛中氨基酸含量青草期〉黄草期〉枯草期。     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GRASS AWN MIGRATION IN THE DOG

The aim of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic features of grass awns in soft tissue. A 10 MHz linear transducer was used. Ultrasound images from 25 dogs (27 awns) were collected and compared with the results from water bath studies using wild oat seeds (Avena spp.) collected in the field. Wild oat seeds were the most common grass awn found in soft tissue of dogs. Ultrasonographically grass awns appeared as a double/triple spindle-shaped echogenic interface within soft tissue. The same appearance was observed in water bath studies. In four dogs, the grass awn was removed surgically with a clamp introduced into a fistulous tract, using sonographic guidance. The grass awn was not found surgically in only three dogs, suggesting more attention during surgery. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic imaging technique to identify grass awns within soft tissue.     

兔用饲草适口性研究初探(一)

兔可食用的主要饲草有189种,本次试验选用幼年和青年八点黑獭兔24只,体重为1801.3±343.5g,对58种饲草进行适口性研究。供试兔分A、B、C、D四组,每组6只,每批试验4种草,每组1种草,连续4d,第1天50g/兔,第2天100g/兔,第3天150g/兔,第4天150g/兔。其结果是23种饲草为适口性好,占39.7%,食草率在80%以上;18种饲草为适口性较好,占31%,食草率在70%～79%;13种饲草为适口性中等,占22.4%,食草率在60%～69%;3种饲草为适口性较差,占5.2%,食草率在50%～59%;1种饲草为适口性差,占1.7%,食草率在49%以下。本次试验对兔用饲草适口性定为好、较好、中等、较差和差5个等级;进一步确定了幼年和青年獭兔每天的最佳供草量为100g;57种草有药用价值,占98.3%,合理饲喂,对兔病有很好的防治作用。该研究为饲草饲用价值的评价和合理开发提供参考依据。     

水分、NaCl复合胁迫对苏丹草种子萌发的影响

试验以苏丹草种子为材料,采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了水分、NaCl复合胁迫对宁苜1号种子胁迫萌发指数(PI)的影响,结果表明:NaCl对苏丹草种子萌发有明显的抑制作用;水分对苏丹草PI影响不大,苏丹草种子萌发具有较强的耐旱性;水分、NaCl两因素对PI交互效应表现为:随着两因素的同时变化,PI表现出先增大后减小,两个因素共同作用下,PI最大,为64.12,两因素组合为盐分-1.414水平(浓度0)和0水平(6 ml),为苏丹草种子萌发较优组合。     

放牧条件下草地土壤圆锥指数变异及其对牧草生长的影响

为研究放牧条件下草地土壤圆锥指数性质及其对草地牧草产量的影响,在内蒙古正常放牧的4块各100 hm2草地上测定产草量和用装载DGPS的电动圆锥仪测试土壤圆锥指数,采用Kriging插值法分析采样数据,绘制草地产草量和土壤圆锥指数分布图,分析圆锥指数变异对产草量的影响.试验表明,在放牧条件下,草地土壤圆锥指数变异强度中等,圆锥指数太大和太小都会降低草地牧草产量,当草地土壤圆锥指数在0.8～1.6 MPa时,草地牧草产量较高.     

Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 1. In vitro and in vivo studies of nitrogen utilization

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were baled and ensiled. All silages were well preserved; within experiments the grass silages had similar composition, except for greater (P < 0.05) water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the high-sugar than the control grass silage. In Exp. 1, high-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover silages were fed alone or as mixtures (30:70, 50:50, or 70:30 on a DM basis, respectively) of each grass with the red clover silage to a simulated rumen culture system. There were no significant differences in microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis between individual forages. However, the corresponding values for the 70:30 ratio of high-sugar grass:red clover silage were greater (P < 0.05) than for the red clover silage. The value for the efficiency of N use (g of microbial N/g of feed N) was greater (0.86; P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage. In addition, the high-sugar grass:red clover silage mixtures all gave greater (P < 0.05) values for the efficiency of N use than red clover silage alone; this difference was not achieved with the control grass mixture. Experiment 2 was an incomplete Latin square design conducted with 6 Here-ford x Friesian steers (163 +/- 5.9 kg of BW) with rumen and duodenal cannulas fed the following 5 silage diets: high-sugar grass silage; control grass silage; high-sugar grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); control grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); and red clover silage. Rumen NH3-N concentration was lowest (P < 0.05) with the high-sugar grass silage. Microbial N flows to the duodenum and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed the high-sugar grass silage than for control grass and red clover silages, and mixing red clover with grass silages increased (P < 0.05) these values compared with red clover silage alone. In both experiments, the efficiency of incorporation of silage N into microbial N was more than 20% greater (P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass than for control grass silage. These data suggest that grass silage with high-sugar content provides a forage-based strategy for balancing N and energy supply and improving the efficiency of use of grass silage N in the rumen.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GRASS AWNS IN THE URINARY BLADDER

Grass awns are a common cause of foreign body disease in animals, but little is known about their presence in the lower urinary tract. The ultrasonographic features of grass awns in vivo and in vitro have been described in detail. The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical and sonographic features of grass awns in the urinary bladder of dogs and cats. Three male Yorkshire terriers (one of which was examined twice) and one female domestic short‐haired cat were evaluated for signs of lower urinary tract disease, and an intravesicular grass awn was suspected based on ultrasound examination. The grass awn appeared ultrasonographically as a bladder stone (n=1) or a linear hyperechoic structure (n=4) with or without acoustic shadowing that was easy to identify due to contrast with surrounding urine. The presence of a grass awn within the urinary bladder was confirmed during exploratory surgery. In all patients, the route of entry of the grass awn was thought to have been retrograde migration from the urethral opening. The ultrasonographic appearance of grass awns in the bladder is consistent with that in other tissues.     

不同改良措施对盐碱化草地植被和土壤肥力的影响

通过改良试验研究,3种措施都改善了草地生境,增加土壤速效养分,增加牧草在草群中所占的比重。施肥改良使豆科和菊科牧草在草群中比重分别比对照区增加39.9%～19.8%和27.5%～34.4%,使禾本科牧草比重降低21.3%～15.3%,可食牧草产量增加22.0%～57.8%;围栏封育使豆科和菊科牧草分别增加26.7%～13.4%和4.7%～9.0%,可食牧草产量增加13.1%～78.0%。浅耕翻使豆科和菊科牧草比重分别增加27.3%～17.7%、23.2%～36.3%,禾本科牧草比重降低12.1%～10.1%,可食牧草产量增加-28.5%～28.6%。由此得出,施肥和围栏封育是草地改良的有效途径。