Visualization of the effect of a surfactant on the uptake of xenobiotics into plant foliage by confocal laser scanning microscopy

A radiolabelling method is generally used to determine the foliar uptake of xenobiotics. This technique cannot provide any information on the localization of chemicals inside leaf tissues. The influence of an alcohol ethoxylate surfactant on the uptake of three fluorescent dyes, difluorofluorescein (hydrophilic), rhodamine B (moderately lipophilic) and a naphthalimide dye (lipophilic), into the leaves of three contrasting species, bean (Vicia faba), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea), at 16 h after treatment was measured using a conventional wash‐off method and also visualized in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Whereas the lipophilic dyes showed greater intrinsic uptake than the hydrophilic one, the enhancing effect of the surfactant on uptake was more pronounced for the latter. CLSM revealed that the presence of the surfactant increased the transport of difluorofluorescein into the epidermal cells of bean and wheat leaves, but not cabbage leaves. Rhodamine B showed greatest transcuticular diffusion in all three species, but most of the dye moved into the vacuole of the epidermal cells. The naphthalimide dye was strongly retained by the wax–cuticle layer of all species, even in the presence of the surfactant. CLSM has proven to be an attractive tool for studying xenobiotic diffusion. The results obtained using fluorescent dyes are believed to be applicable to the foliar uptake of herbicides.     

饲料中苏丹红染料的测定

建立用Agilent1100高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测饲料样品中苏丹红含量的方法。采用C18柱(250mm×4.6mmi.d.,5μm),以乙腈和水的混合溶液为流动相,对比采用不同处理方法后,苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ相应的平均回收率。结果表明,在0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0mg/kg5种添加浓度下,苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ相应的回收率均高于90%。说明该方法具有较好的准确性。     

用活性染料对泡桐单板仿红木进行染色的影响因素

采用活性染料对预处理后的泡桐单板进行了仿红木染色研究.结果表明:活性染料对泡桐有较好的易染性,泡桐单板经染色后能达到红木商业用材的自然效果;活性染料染色时,由于上染和固色是分开进行的,固色前染料可以充分进行扩散移染,从而有效避免泡桐单板表芯色差现象;通过控制染色温度、时间以及促染剂和固色剂用量,可得到满意的染色效果.试验得出的染色工艺条件为:温度70~80℃,时间3 h,促染剂元明粉40 g/L,固色剂纯碱20 g/L.     

杨木前处理对活性染料渗透性的影响

染液在木材中的移动和渗透是木材深度染色的关键.分别采用热水浸提、烧碱、过氧化氢等试剂对染色前的杨木进行染色前处理.实验结果表明:三种方法都可以不同程度提高杨木的染色深度,其中烧碱对提高染液渗透深度影响最大.较优前处理工艺条件为:烧碱用量8 g/L,碱液温度90~95℃,前处理时间2 h.与未进行前处理的试件对照,染料纵向渗透深度提高48.0%,横向渗透深度提高43.7%.     

活性染料对杨木单板染色耐光性影响的研究

采用活性染料、酸性染料和直接染料分别对杨木单板进行染色,分析并确定耐光性最佳的染料及此染料染色的最佳工艺参数。结果表明：活性染料染色杨木单板的耐光性最佳;确定出的最佳染色工艺参数为：染料浓度10g/L,染色时间2．5h,染色温度60℃,浴比20：1。这一研究结果为杨木单板仿制珍贵木材提供了理论依据和实际生产工艺参数。     

用薯莨提取液对真丝织物染色增重的最佳工艺及金属离子后处理的改性效果

采用天然染料改善真丝性能有利于环保和人体健康。研究了以天然薯莨提取液为染料,应用汽蒸染色方法对真丝织物进行染色增重的最佳工艺,比较了分别用Fe3+、Cu2+、Cr6+3种金属离子进行后处理的改性效果。薯莨提取液对真丝增重的最佳工艺是:汽蒸温度110℃、湿度85%,汽蒸8次,汽蒸时间4 min,带液率180%、含固量6.28%。用Fe3+、Cu2+、Cr6+金属离子后处理的最佳质量浓度分别为12、10、10 g/L。Fe3+、Cr6+后处理的真丝织物其增重率随离子浓度的增加逐渐增大,而Cu2+后处理的真丝织物增重率在离子浓度上升到一定程度后有所降低。用Fe3+后处理的真丝织物颜色最深,呈红黑色;用Cu2+后处理的真丝织物颜色偏深,色相在红黄之间;用Cr6+后处理的真丝织物偏暗黄色。3种金属离子用于染色真丝织物的后处理,均在一定程度上提高了薯莨提取液染色增重真丝的色牢度和拒水性能,能明显提高真丝织物的紫外屏蔽性能,其中经Cr6+后处理的真丝织物拒水性能和紫外屏蔽性能最为显著。     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

食品中苏丹红HPLC检测方法研究

[目的]建立食品中简便、易行检测苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ的高效液相色谱方法。[方法]采用液相萃取样品处理,C18色谱柱,流动相A为1％冰醋酸的水溶液,流动相B为1％冰醋酸、20％丙酮的乙腈溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长478nm,对辣椒食品中的苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ号进行了分离和检测。[结果]苏丹红I～Ⅳ的标准曲线呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0．9999、0．9966、0．9974、0．9937,精密度相对标准偏差分别为4．25％、5．34％、1．99％、7．56％;辣椒粉样品中的苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ号的加样回收率分别为89．87％、90．90％、87．55％、81．07％;辣椒油样品中的苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ号的加样回收率分别为94．83％、91．99％、88．83％和86．86％;苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ号的最低检测限分别为5．02、2．46、2．30、5．02¨∥kg。[结论]该方法样品处理简单、快速,灵敏度、精密度符合要求,可在基层实验室推广应用。     

白腐菌对简单混合染料的脱色

选取8株白腐菌分别与偶氮类染料刚果红和三苯甲烷类染料结晶紫共培养5d,进行脱色菌种筛选,发现白干酪菌和白耙齿菌对刚果红的脱色率均达到99%,血红密孔菌对结晶紫的脱色率达到90.62%.结合木素氧化酶系定性检测的结果,证明在相同培养条件下,漆酶活性是影响染料脱色率的主要因素;在振荡培养方式下菌种对染料的脱色率高于静置培养;利用筛选出的高效脱 色菌对简单混合染料进行脱色试验,同样达到了很好的效果,表明单一菌种的脱色效果要好于混合菌种.     

Use of Fura 2 Fluorescent Dyes as Indicator for Studying Calcium Distribution in Several Plant Tissues

Calcium (Ca) is an essential plant nutrient and is important in determining quality of fruits in storage. The analytical method presently known to determine Ca concentration in vegetables measures total Ca, and there is a need to develop methods that can determine the distribution of Ca within vegetable tissues. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of fluorescent probes to visualize Ca location and distribution in vegetable tissues. We examined three protocols using fluorescent dyes developed to detect Ca. The first tested Fura 2 acetoximetil (AM) probe in fresh cuts from grapes at different combinations of temperatures and incubation times. The second protocol was developed with the aim of lowering the natural autofluorescense. In the third protocol, the Fura 2 probe was used in tissues previously fixed in formalin, acetic acid, and alcohol solution (FAA). Tissues were observed under an epifluorescence microscope and, to compare and complement the observations, under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). No sign of fluorescence was observed in fixed and fresh tissue using the Fura 2 AM. In fresh cuts, there was autofluorescent interference, provoked mainly by chlorophyll, but also from the vascular system and tannins. The Fura 2 probe was introduced to vegetable tissues by utilizing a pH of 4.5, and a more intense signal was observed in tissues with greater Ca concentration. This signal was also associated with Ca crystals, which might have had some degree of hydrolysis at low pH. Under a SEM microscope, Ca oxalate crystals were clearly observed in those tissues. Our results show that Fura 2 probe can be used to detect Ca and its distribution in vegetable tissues.