应用聚合酶链式反应检测禽痘病毒田间分离株及疫苗株中网状网皮？…

本文利用聚合酶链式反应对来自澳大利亚昆士兰州,维多利亚州的新南维尔士州的４株禽痘病毒田间分离株及二疫苗株中网状内皮组织增殖病毒的ＬＴＲ片断,ｅｎｖ及ｒｅｌ基因因进行了检测。     

禽痘病毒变异株

根据Ｋｅｎ Ｔａｋｅｓｈｉｔａ 博士的报道，在已接种过禽痘疫苗的鸡群中暴发禽痘的原因在于禽痘病毒变异株的产生。已知的Ｐ２ 禽痘病毒已经从感染的禽类中分离到。在一个实 验中Ｐ２ 病毒在无疫病鸡群中被发现，此鸡群先前在２９ 日龄已接种过禽痘疫苗，鸽痘疫 苗或者禽痘和鸽痘疫苗。接种Ｐ２ １０ 天后，以鸡翅损伤或气管病变为指标，发现：接种过 任何一种疫苗的鸡群，翅保护率只有３６ ％～４５％。仅用鸽疫苗免疫的鸡群支气管的保护 率达到９２％。Ｔａｋｅｓｈｉｔａ 博士承认，用来预防禽痘的第一道防线是良好的免疫…     

重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株在鸽体内的分布及毒性试验

采用翅内侧皮肤无血管处刺种途径给30日龄幼鸽接种重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株,利用PCR的方法检测其在鸽体内的分布及其动态并对其毒性进行了研究。结果显示,接种后6 h即在脾脏检测到病毒DNA;接种后1 d,脾、肺PCR检测阳性;3 d,在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、皮肤均检测到病毒DNA;7 d,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑PCR检测均呈阳性;10 d,除脑外所有内脏器官中均未检测到病毒DNA,15 d后所有内脏器官PCR检测结果均为阴性。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测结果均为阴性。毒性试验表明,重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株使用安全。     

鸡痘病毒分离株及疫苗株整合网状内皮组织增生病病毒的基因分析

为了解山东地区鸡痘病毒(FPV)野毒流行株整合禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)前病毒的情况,同时比较FPV分离株和弱毒疫苗株整合REV前病毒序列的差异,本研究对山东不同地区的14个FPV分离株和国内外不同厂家的5个FPV疫苗株进行了REV前病毒整合区基因PCR扩增、核苷酸序列测定及基因分析.结果表明14个FPV分离株均整合了几乎全长的REV前病毒序列,这些序列与美国分离的FPV整合株AF246698的整合序列同源性最高,与REV标准株同源性较低;疫苗株均仅整合部分或完整的REV-LTR序列,但国产与进口疫苗株的整合序列不同,国产疫苗整合的LTR片段相对较小.研究表明所分离的山东FPV分离株均整合全长REV序列,疫苗株仅整合REV-LTR序列.然而FPV整合病毒株的致病特性、整合疫苗的安全性及对整合FPV野毒的免疫保护作用有待于进一步研究.     

重组禽痘病毒活疫苗研究进展

近年来已有至少8种用于家禽和哺乳动物的重组禽痘病毒疫苗获得注册。本文对禽痘病毒疫苗株的分子生物学特点,表达不同外源基因的重组禽痘病毒,重组禽痘病毒的安全性,重组禽痘病毒疫苗的免疫等方面进行综述。     

毛囊接种鸡痘病毒疫苗鸡的免疫应答

本文研究了5种不同的鸡痘病毒疫苗接种鸡的免疫应答。在这些鸡痘疫苗中,Srini,BM和IVRI为印度市售株,另2株疫苗为西德的HP_1鸡痘病毒株和在Punjab的一次鸡痘爆发时分离的地方株。所有疫苗毒株的滴度测定均在12日龄鸡胚的绒尿膜(CAM)上进行。IVRI,BM和Srini冻干     

猪小汤结肠炎耶氏菌变异株的分离及毒力特特性的测定

１９９２年月至１９９３年４月从个猪场收集２８６份腹泻猪和健康猪粪便，分离到３５株小肠结肠炎耶氏菌变异株。其特点是：ＶＰ，山梨糖，肌醇和岩藻糖均阴性，血清型０３，生物型３，５项毒力测定均阳性。这是我国首次报告从猪中分离 到这种变异株。     

国外禽痘病毒疫苗自然重组株整合序列的研究

本文根据禽痘病毒（FPV）基因组中禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒（REV）常见整合区域的序列设计合成一对引物，对国外一株FPV疫苗进行了PCR扩增，结果扩增出一条1478bp的片段，经过测序和序列分析表明该片段为REV和FPV的整合序列，FPV序列中整合了大小为193bp的REV长末端重复序列，进一步比较显示该序列与国外REV毒株APC566、713和SNV的同源性分别为：99．6％、98.0％和87．3％，与我国REV分离株HA9901的同源性只有83．6％。同时该REV整合序列与国外已经测定的FPV毒株AJ581527、AY255633、AF198100、AF006064和AF246698比较时发现，这些毒株中含有的REV序列不仅完全一致，而且REV序列的插入位点也完全相同。这说明国外FPV疫苗中不仅含有REV整合序列，而且已经存在多年了。     

麻鸭源禽痘病毒的形态观察、分离鉴定及动物试验

旨在对麻鸭源禽痘病毒进行分离鉴定,并对其组织嗜性和易感动物进行初步探索。用荧光定量PCR方法检测广西邕宁发病麻鸭皮肤痘疹样本,结果显示,呈鸭源禽痘病毒阳性;电镜观察负染标本和超薄切片,病毒粒子符合典型的痘病毒形态特征;HE染色镜检组织切片,符合痘病毒感染的病理学特征;利用SPF鸭胚和鸭胚成纤维细胞进行病毒分离,经IFA和PCR方法检测证实成功分离到1株麻鸭源禽痘病毒;对麻鸭15种组织597份样本进行检测,发现痘疹中病毒含量最高,其次为食管、喉头、气管,而在肠道和法氏囊中未检测到病毒;同居感染试验发现麻鸭、阳江鹅和樱桃谷鸭均可感染该病毒,而鸡和番鸭未见感染。结果为鸭源禽痘病毒的生物学特性、组织嗜性和宿主范围研究,以及其诊断和防控提供理论依据。     

绵羊痘病毒HB株的分离鉴定

从华东感染的绵羊中分离到一株病毒,命名为HB株。根据已发表的绵羊痘病毒的基因序列设计了一对引物,采用PCR方法从病毒HB株总DNA中扩增出与预期大小相符的特异性条带。将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pMD-18T载体中,经Amp和蓝白斑筛选和PCR鉴定后,对阳性克隆株进行了序列测定和序列分析。扩增所得的HB株的基因片段与已发表的绵羊痘病毒毒株的相应基因片段具有高度同源性,同源性在99.5%~100%。研究结果证实分离毒株为绵羊痘病毒。     

Molecular characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus insertions in the genome of field and vaccine strains of fowl poxvirus

Evidence of the widespread occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) sequence insertions in fowl poxvirus (FPV) genome of field isolates and vaccine strains has increased in recent years. However, only those strains carrying a near intact REV provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. Detection of the intact provirus or REV protein expression from FPV stocks has proven to be technically difficult. The objective of the present study was to evaluate current and newly developed REV and FPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the presence of REV provirus in FPV samples. The second objective was to characterize REV insertions among recent "variant" FPV field isolates and vaccine strains. With REV, FPV, and heterologous REV-FPV primers, five FPV field isolates and four commercial vaccines were analyzed by PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. Intact and truncated REV 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences were detected in all FPV field isolates and vaccine strains, indicating heterogeneous REV genome populations. However only truncated 3' LTR and envelope sequences were detected among field isolates and in one vaccine strain. Amplifications of the REV envelope and 3' LTR provided strong evidence to indicate that these isolates carry a near intact REV genome. Three of the four FPV vaccine strains analyzed carried a solo complete or truncated 5' LTR sequence, indicating that intact REV provirus was not present. Comparison of PCR assays indicated that assays amplifying REV envelope and REV 3' LTR sequences provided a more accurate assessment of REV provirus than PCR assays that amplify the REV 5' LTR region. Therefore, to differentiate FPV strains that carry intact REV provirus from those that carry solo 5' LTR sequences, positive PCR results with primers that amplify the 5' LTR should be confirmed with more specific PCR assays, such as the envelope, or the REV 3' LTR PCR.     

Evaluation of immune effects of fowlpox vaccine strains and field isolates

The immune effects of fowlpox virus (FPV) field isolates and vaccine strains were evaluated in chickens infected at the age of 1 day and 6 weeks. The field isolates and the obsolete vaccine strain (FPV S) contained integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) provirus, while the current vaccine strain (FPVST) carries only REV LTR sequences. An indirect antibody ELISA was used to measure the FPV-specific antibody response. The non-specific humoral response was evaluated by injection of two T-cell-dependent antigens, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). There was no significant difference in the antibody response to FPV between chickens infected with FPV various isolates and strains at either age. In contrast, antibody responses to both SRBC and BSA were significantly lower in 1-day-old chickens inoculated with field isolates and FPV S at 2-3 weeks post-inoculation. Furthermore, cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses measured by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay and in vivo using a PHA-P skin test were significantly depressed in chickens inoculated with field isolates and FPV S at the same periods. In addition, thymus and bursal weights were lower in infected chickens. These immunosuppressive effects were not observed in chickens inoculated with the current vaccine strain, FPVST, at any time. The results of this study suggest that virulent field isolates and FPV S have immunosuppressive effects when inoculated into young chickens, which appeared in the first 3 weeks post infection. REV integrated in the FPV field isolates and FPV S may have played a central role in the development of immunosuppression.     

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeats incorporated in the genomes of commercial fowl poxvirus vaccines and pigeon poxviruses without indication of the presence of infectious REV

Because of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) contamination in commercial poultry vaccines, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been described to increase the sensitivity of biological assays used to detect REV in vaccines. The PCR assay designed to amplify the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of REV identified REV LTRs in many of the commercial fowl poxvirus (FPV) vaccines evaluated. These commercial vaccines were not thought to be contaminated with replicating REV because of the lack of REV outbreaks, the lack of in vitro amplification, and lack of a serologic response to REV. As previously described, the FPV S vaccine strain is known to carry infectious integrated proviral REV, whereas FPV M vaccine strain and its derivatives carry integrated LTRs or remnants of REV proviral DNA inserted into the FPV genome. Another PCR assay designed to amplify the envelope gene of REV was used to verify that the envelope proviral gene was not present in REV LTR PCR-positive samples. Southern blot analysis with REV LTR probes hybridized to the 9-kb EcoRI genomic fragment of all FPV and pigeon poxviruses evaluated, whereas the envelope probe did not hybridize to any poxvirus genome. Sequence analysis of the 9-kb EcoRI fragment indicated that an integrated REV LTR exists in the 9-kb EcoRI of some poxvirus genomes. A new PCR assay designed to amplify integrated REV LTRs in the 9-kb EcoRI fragment identified complete and incomplete integrated REV LTRs in all FPV and pigeon poxvirus genomes evaluated.     

Reticuloendotheliosis virus integration in the fowl poxvirus genome: not a recent event

Integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) into the genome of fowl poxvirus (FPV) has been reported recently. With a view to determine whether this event had occurred in the past, we screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of REV provirus in the DNAs of nine avian poxviruses, some of which had been lyophilized 50 yr ago. For REV, 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and REV envelope sequences were amplified, whereas for FPV, the major envelope antigen gene and the region flanking REV sequences were amplified. In six of seven FPV strains examined, the specific PCR amplicons were obtained for both REV provirus and FPV sequences. One isolate in which presence of REV 5' LTR and envelope was not detected by PCR, a LTR remnant was detected by Southern hybridization. Interestingly, no REV sequence was detected in either canary poxvirus or pigeon poxvirus genome. These observations indicate that REV integration in the FPV genome is not a recent phenomenon but probably occurred prior to 1949.     

Existence of variant strains Fowlpox virus integrated with Reticuloendotheliosis virus in its genome in field isolates in Tanzania

Fowlpox virus (FPV) is one example of poultry viruses which undergoes recombination with Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Trepidation had been raised, and it was well established on augmented pathogenicity of the FPV upon integration of the full intact REV. In this study, we therefore intended at assessing the integration of REV into FPV genome of the field isolates obtained in samples collected from different regions of Tanzania. DNA extraction of 85 samples (scabs) was performed, and FPV-specific PCR was done by the amplification of the highly conserved P4b gene. Evaluation of FPV–REV recombination was done to FPV-specific PCR positively identified samples by amplifying the env gene and REV long terminal repeats (5′ LTR). A 578-bp PCR product was amplified from 43 samples. We are reporting for the first time in Tanzania the existence of variant stains of FPV integrated with REV in its genome as 65 % of FPV identified isolates were having full intact REV integration, 21 % had partial FPV–REV env gene integration and 5 % had partial 5′ LTR integration. Despite of the fact that FPV–REV integrated stains prevailed, FPV–REV-free isolates (9 %) also existed. In view of the fact that full intact REV integration is connected with increased pathogenicity of FPV, its existence in the FPV genome of most field isolates could have played a role in increased endemic, sporadic and recurring outbreaks in selected areas in Tanzania.     

鸡肿瘤病料中马立克氏病病毒和禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒共感染的研究

采用细胞培养、间接荧光抗体试验(IFA)、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和斑点杂交(Dotblot)的方法从我国不同地区发生肿瘤的病料中同时进行MDV和REV的分离和鉴定。在分离到的13株MDV野毒株中，有4株培养物既能在IFA中与REV的单抗反应，又可以用PCR扩增出REV的LTR；另有4株培养物能扩增出REV的LTR，但在IFA中却不与REV的单抗反应。结果表明我国MD肿瘤中存在着REV的共感染，且我国MDV某些野毒株的基因组中有可能已经整合进了REV的LTR序列。     

马传染性贫血病毒第19、26代驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒前病毒DNA全基因序列分析

不同代次马传染性贫血驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒(Fetal donkey dermal virus,FDDV)的免疫保护效果各不相同,只有第10～15代驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒具有良好的免疫保护效果,可作为疫苗使用,继续传代则疫苗的保护率下降。为确定有、无免疫保护效果的FDDV在基因水平上的差异,本实验对无免疫保护效果的第19、26代驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒前病毒DNA进行了全基因序列测定,并与已测序的疫苗毒株进行序列比较。第19代和第26代FDDV全基因核苷酸序列同源性高达99.5%,与疫苗毒株全基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为96.9%、96.7%。LTR是EIAV在细胞传代中变异最显著的区域,第19、26代FDDV的LTR与疫苗毒的LTR同源性仅为89.6%、89.3%。马传贫病毒的gag基因高度保守,第19、26代FDDV与疫苗毒株的gag基因推导氨基酸序列仅有2个氨基酸不同。第19、26代FDDV与疫苗毒株的pol基因、env基因的推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为98.9%、98.8%、93.7%、93.6%。由序列比较结果可以推断,第19代、第26代FDDV不具有免疫保护效果的主要原因可能是由于LTR和env基因的变异,导致病毒复制能力下降或免疫原性丧失,不能诱导机体产生良好的免疫反应。     

鸡痘母源抗体对重组鸡痘疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了检测抗鸡痘病毒母源抗体对喉气管炎重组鸡痘疫苗的影响,孵化一批来自禽痘病毒高免母鸡的雏鸡,采用ELISA方法检测鸡痘疫苗免疫鸡后代的血清抗体。检测结果表明,雏鸡自孵出2d开始,血清鸡痘病毒抗体水平就开始缓慢下降,到15日龄时下降至临界值,已有部分鸡开始出现抗体阴性反应;到21日龄时,全部被检血清抗体水平均转为阴性。分别于不同日龄对试验雏鸡免疫接种重组鸡痘疫苗,结果只有当鸡体内的鸡痘病毒母源抗体全部为阴性(21日龄)后免疫时才能产生可靠的保护作用,保护率达到80％以上。这说明鸡痘病毒母源抗体对重组鸡痘疫苗的效果有一定的影响,因此重组疫苗合理的首免时间应选择在3周龄以后。     

整合进禽反转录病毒长末端重复序列的马立克氏病病毒的分离鉴定

应用鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)从曾免疫过CVI988/Rispens株疫苗的患马立克氏病(MD)肿瘤的三黄鸡中分离到一株马立克氏病病毒(MDV,命名为GXY2株。用禽肿瘤病聚合酶链式反应(PCR)鉴别诊断技术对患鸡的肿瘤组织病料及克隆纯化毒株的DEF培养物进行检测,结果均扩增到MDV-1强毒株的132-bpr特异性带和网状内皮组织增殖病病毒(REV)的长末端重复序列(LTR)。用基于抗MDV-1的gB蛋白单克隆抗体BA4、MEQ蛋白单克隆抗体3G12E6和抗REV的单克隆抗体11B118分别对毒株的培养物进行间接免疫荧光试验(IFA),结果样品只与抗MDV-1的单克隆抗体呈现阳性反应,而与抗REV的单克隆抗体呈现阴性反应。应用PCR技术扩增并测定了毒株的致瘤相关基因meq的核苷酸序列,并与其他MDV-1参考毒株的序列进行比较分析,结果发现其序列与我们之前分离鉴定的MDV-1野强毒株G2和YL040920高度同源。研究的结果表明,分离株GXY2为整合有REVLTR片段的重组MDV强毒株。     

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒的分离与鉴定

从临床表现有体温升高、呕吐、血样腹泻、脱水等症状的疑似猫泛白细胞减少症感染的病例采取粪样28份。从粪便样品中成功分离获得了7株猫泛白细胞减少症病毒（FPV）：JX-1、JX-2、JX-3、JX-4、JX-5、JX-6和JX-7;应用F81细胞增毒,盲传至3代时在F81细胞上产生细胞病变(脱落、变形、游离等);核酸型鉴定证明,FPV毒株的代谢可被5-IUDR所抑制,其核酸属于DNA型;所分离的病毒培养物能凝集猪的红细胞（凝集效价达2⁶～2⁸）,并能被标准FPV阳性血清所抑制;电镜观察病毒粒子外观呈圆形或六边形,直径20～30 nm;该病毒耐酸、耐热、耐乙醚;动物致病性试验,经口感染分离细胞培养毒1 ml,试验组幼猫第7 d发病,采集病猫粪样做HA试验为阳性反应,做HI试验,其凝集猪红细胞的能力被抑制。