传染性支气管炎病毒受体研究进展

传染性支气管炎(IB)是由冠状病毒科传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)引起的高度接触性传染病。该病在世界各地均有发生,给全球养禽业造成巨大的经济损失。IBV感染宿主细胞的第一步是病毒与细胞表面的受体结合,介导病毒颗粒进入细胞内。IBV病毒受体的研究对于揭示IBV的致病和免疫机理具有重要价值。文中就近年来发现的氨基肽酶N、硫酸乙酰肝素和唾液酸受体作综述。     

新型冠状病毒与“畜禽”不能交互感染

正从不同冠状病毒感染机制来说,病毒需要寄生在活细胞中才能繁殖,所以病毒侵入机体第一步就需要吸附到宿主细胞特异性受体上。新型冠状病毒的关键蛋白有两个功能单位S1和S2。S1起关键作用,含有一个重要的C端RBD(受体结合结构域)是负责决定与宿主细胞上受体结合与否。目前研究发现2019-nCoV结合的受体是ACE2(血管紧张素转化酶2)。禽类与哺乳动物在     

猪氨基肽酶N不是猪德尔塔冠状病毒入侵宿主细胞的受体

猪德尔塔冠状病毒(PDCoV)是一种新出现的冠状病毒,能够引起猪只发生呕吐和水样腹泻,临床症状与猪流行性腹泻(PED)和猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)相似。相关研究表明猪氨基肽酶N(pAPN)是PED病毒(PEDV)和TGE病毒(TGEV)入侵宿主细胞的功能性受体。为研究pAPN是否是PDCoV入侵宿主细胞的受体,本研究以TGEV为指示病毒,通过BHK-pAPN细胞感染试验、pAPNRNA干扰试验、ST细胞过表达pAPN试验、可溶性pAPN阻断试验,发现BHK-pAPN细胞是PDCoV非易感细胞,在易感细胞ST上沉默和过表达pAPN对PDCoV的增殖并无影响,可溶性pAPN不能阻止PDCoV感染ST细胞。这些研究结果表明pAPN不是PDCoV入侵宿主细胞的受体,而且对PDCoV的增殖无影响。     

关于兽医冠状病毒临床和分子方面的研究进展

冠状病毒是感染大量动物物种的一大类RNA病毒。冠状病毒的复制策略涉及重组和突变事件,导致跨物种传播的可能性。由于宿主物种栖息地的不断变化而引起的病毒受体的高可塑性可能是跨物种传播的原因,这种传播可能对包括人类在内的其他物种构成威胁。高致病性冠状病毒的继发,例如2003年的严重急性呼吸系统综合症(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,SARS),2012年的中东呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒(Middle Eastrespiratory syndrome virus,MERS-CoV),以及最近新型冠状病毒(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus,SARS-CoV-2)激发了许多有关冠状病毒发病机制及其分子学基础的研究。人与野生动物和家畜之间的高度关联以及人类城市化对动物栖息地的改变,有利于新的病毒传播。因此,了解不同宿主中冠状病毒感染的主要临床体征以及每种冠状病毒的独特分子特征,对于预防新的冠状病毒疾病的出现至关重要。正确识别和诊断在兽医学中常规研究的冠状病毒感染,不仅可以预防动物疾病,而且有利于公共卫生。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒受体研究进展

鸡传染性支气管炎是一种世界性分布的严重影响养鸡业的高度接触性传染病,其病原是一种最早发现的冠状病毒鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)。IBV入侵细胞的受体是目前IBV研究中的热点之一。已知IBV囊膜上的纤突蛋白(S)是宿主组织和细胞嗜性及致病性的主要决定因素,S蛋白通常断裂为S1和S2两部分,S1与宿主细胞膜上的细胞受体相结合,在S2的作用下病毒囊膜与宿主细胞膜融合,IBV与受体结合之后于中性或微碱性pH时发生构象改变,从而获得病毒进入宿主细胞的能力。对于IBV的受体研究主要集中于IBV可能使用的几种功能性受体,包括氨肽酶N、唾液酸、硫酸乙酰肝素等。     

PEDV编码蛋白拮抗宿主天然免疫的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)属于冠状病毒家族成员,是近年来引起新生仔猪水样腹泻致死的主要病原之一,给养殖业带来了巨大威胁。病毒感染后,宿主细胞通过模式识别受体(PRRs)识别病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),促进I型干扰素等细胞因子的产生,进而抑制病毒的增殖。近年来的研究表明,PEDV能够通过其编码蛋白对宿主的抗病毒天然免疫反应进行调节,成功逃避免疫识别或拮抗宿主的天然免疫反应,为自身的快速复制和增殖创造条件。本文结合目前关于PEDV与宿主细胞相互作用的研究进展,综合分析了PEDV编码的各种蛋白在感染过程中拮抗宿主天然免疫系统的分子机制,旨在为进一步认识PEDV乃至其他冠状病毒的致病机制,也为探索新的抗病毒药物靶标提供思路。     

猪新发及人畜共患病病毒研究:以猪戊型肝炎病毒为例

正在人类的疾病中,有58%(8161407)来源于动物,从1940年以来超过335种新型人类传染病的出现,其中超过202(60%)种是动物源性传染病。如埃博拉病毒,MERS H1N1等均为人畜共患病。有3种类型猪的传染病,第一种是只以猪为宿主的传染病,只感染猪,如PRRSV,PCV2,PEDV,德尔塔病毒,冠状病毒,第二种以人和猪为宿主的传染病,如猪戊型肝炎病毒(swine HEV),Niv病毒,H1N1流     

禽源冠状病毒监测简报

冠状病毒(Coronaviruses)在分类地位上属于套式病毒目(Nidovirales)冠状病毒科(Coronaviridae)正冠状病毒亚科(Orthocoronavirinae),包括α、β、γ和δ等4个属,可感染包括人类在内的多种动物。其中,α冠状病毒属主要感染人和猪、犬、猫、蝙蝠等,β冠状病毒属主要感染人和牛、马、猪、鼠、蝙蝠等哺乳动物,γ冠状病毒属主要感染鸡、火鸡、鸭、鹅等禽类,δ冠状病毒属主要感染野禽和猪。引起此次新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的病毒(2019-nCoV)属于冠状病毒科β冠状病毒属。可感染禽类的冠状病毒主要来自γ冠状病毒属和δ冠状病毒属。鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)等家禽中分离到的冠状病毒均为γ冠状病毒属。家禽冠状病毒感染危害较大的是IBV。此外,鸭冠状病毒、鹅冠状病毒和鸽冠状病毒等在家禽中也有检出。一些野禽可感染δ属冠状病毒(如鹅口疮冠状病毒HKU12等)。2013年以来,中国动物卫生与流行病学中心对全国17省份共计5 249份家禽样品进行了禽源冠状病毒检测,共检测到IBV 446株,新型鸭冠状病毒和新型鸽冠状病毒等新型禽冠状病毒共277株,IBV、新型鸭冠状病毒、新型鸽冠状病毒的检出率分别为8.50%、2.04%、3.24%。对2019-nCoV与禽源冠状病毒的亲缘关系进行分析发现,2019-nCoV与已知的禽源冠状病毒核苷酸同源性较低;基于冠状病毒1ab基因保守区域的进化分析表明,2019-nCoV与禽源冠状病毒亲缘关系较远。基于上述分析,初步排除2019-nCoV来源于已知家禽冠状病毒的可能性。     

鸡源株与人源株H9N2流感病毒血凝素受体结合位点氨基酸比较与分析

H19N2病毒可以感染多种禽类和哺乳动物，包括人类。流感病毒血凝素受体结合位点的氨基酸可以影响受体结合特性。为了解鸡源株与人源株H19N2病毒受体结合部氨基酸的差异，作者对二者进行了比较与分析，结果表明，鸡源株与人源株血凝素受体结合部位氨基酸的第137、183、190、226位点存在差异，鸡源株在这些位点分别为K、N、AorVorT、LorQ而人源株则分别为R、H、E、L。虽然尚不清楚这些位点的改变对病毒与细胞亲和力及宿主范围的影响，但由于H9N2在我国养鸡业的普遍存在，加强H9N2病毒的分子流行病学监测有重要意义。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒细胞受体研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒主要引起仔猪腹泻,发病率及病死率极高,严重影响养猪业的发展。而猪流行性腹泻病毒要感染仔猪,必须与宿主细胞表面的受体结合。目前已有研究证实,猪流行性腹泻病毒的细胞表面受体为猪氨基肽酶N(pAPN)。为了能更好的揭示pAPN在病毒感染过程中的机制,学者针对pAPN的结构、功能以及与病毒的感染结合区域进行了系统的研究,并开展了筛选pAPN结合短肽的工作,以此来探索病毒受体的阻断剂。为进一步研究猪流行性腹泻病毒感染机制及其细胞受体的作用提供参考,论文就目前pAPN最新研究进展进行了综述。     

SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks,associated zoonotic concerns,and importance of the One Health approach during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has now affected over 72.5 million people worldwide, with nearly 1.6 million deaths reported globally as of December 17, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 has been implicated to have originated from bats and pangolins, and its intermediate animal hosts are being investigated. Crossing of the species barrier and exhibition of zoonosis have been reported in SARS-CoV-2 in farm (minks), domesticated (cats and dogs), and wild animals (tigers, puma, and lions). Recently, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in mink farms, which led to the death of a myriad minks. The clinical and pathological findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the rapid animal-to-animal transmission in minks are almost similar to the findings observed in patients with COVID-19. Additionally, the rapid virus transmission among minks and the associated mutations resulted in a new mink-associated variant that was identified in both minks and humans, thereby providing evidence of mink-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant with a possible reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies poses serious risks and is expected to have a direct effect on the diagnostic techniques, therapeutics, and vaccines that are currently under development. This article highlights the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, and provides an understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in minks and the associated zoonotic concerns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from minks to humans with an emphasis on appropriate mitigation measures and on the necessity of adopting the One Health approach during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Research Advances on Porcine Emerging Coronaviruses

Currently, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still raging worldwide, which attracts great concern about coronavirus originated from animal. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are newly discovered porcine coronaviruses in recent years, they not only damage pig industry severely but also pose potential threats to public health. This article reviews the literature concerning the etiology, origin and evolution, pathogenicity, and diagnostics of PDCoV and SADS-CoV, presenting the prospect of research work. We aim to expand understanding on SARS-CoV-2 and provide references for subsequent research on PDCoV and SADS-CoV.     

猪新发冠状病毒研究进展

当前，由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）导致的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情正在全球暴发大流行，这也引发业界对于动物源性冠状病毒的高度关注。猪德尔塔冠状病毒（PDCoV）和猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒（SADS-CoV）是近年来新发现的猪冠状病毒，不但严重危害到养猪业，对公共卫生安全也具有潜在威胁风险。本文结合国内外现有文献，从PDCoV和SADS-CoV的病原学、病毒起源与进化、致病性以及检测诊断技术等方面进行综述，并提出展望，以拓展对SARS-CoV-2的认识，并为PDCoV和SADS-CoV的后续研究提供参考借鉴。     

动物新型冠状病毒流行现状

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染导致的新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情自2019年12月以来,已在全球221个国家和地区传播,导致1亿多人感染,230多万人死亡。SARS-CoV-2除了对公共卫生产生极大影响之外,全球已有24个国家和地区报告470余起动物感染疫情,涉及犬、猫、水貂、狮子、老虎等多种动物。因此,在同一健康框架下,应高度关注动物感染SARS-CoV-2的早期预警。本文描述了动物感染SARS-CoV-2的国际流行特点,对其流行现状和感染动物种类进行了综合分析,评估了当前国内防控动物SARS-CoV-2感染面临的形势,并提出了针对性的防控建议,为国内COVID-19联防联控和养殖业健康安全提供了借鉴。     

SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and feral cats: current evidence and implications

Current evidence indicates that cats play a limited role in COVID-19 epidemiology, and pets are probably dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV-2 and pose negligible risks of transmission to humans. Still, one health concept is to be adopted widely as a component of mitigation strategies to tackle the ongoing pandemic. Therefore, in terms of the magnitude of infection and potential to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans, our surveillance efforts should mainly focus on mustelids (especially minks, ferrets, and others) for early detection and control of infection. This will ensure that SARS-CoV-2 will not get established in the wild animal population of these susceptible species. We agree with Dr. Passarella Teixeira on the possibility of domestic and feral cats acting as an urban reservoir, subsequently transmitting the virus to human beings. However, it is less likely that such a phenomenon will be reported even if it has occurred due to the efficient and extensive human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2.     

SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) is suspected of having originated in 2019 in China from a coronavirus infected bat of the genus Rhinolophus. Following the initial emergence, possibly facilitated by a mammalian bridge host, SARS-CoV-2 is currently transmitted across the globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. Results obtained from experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, white-tailed deer, rabbits, Egyptian fruit bats, and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that cat-to-cat and ferret-to-ferret transmission can take place via contact and air. However, natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported only in pet dogs and cats, tigers, lions, snow leopards, pumas, and gorillas at zoos, and farmed mink and ferrets. Even though human-to-animal spillover has been reported at several instances, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals-to-humans has only been reported from mink-to-humans in mink farms. Following the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the mink population, a new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant emerged that was identified in both humans and mink. The increasing reports of SARS-CoV-2 in carnivores indicate the higher susceptibility of animal species belonging to this order. The sporadic reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animal species require further investigation to determine if SARS-CoV-2 or related Betacoronaviruses can get established in kept, feral or wild animal populations, which may eventually act as viral reservoirs. This review analyzes the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in domestic and wild animal species and their possible implications on public health.     

SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals: a systematic review of studies and case reports and series

COVID-19 pandemic is essentially a zoonotic disease. In this context, early in 2020, transmission from humans to certain animals began reporting; the number of studies has grown since. To estimate the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals and to determine differences in prevalence between countries, years, animal types and diagnostic methods (RT-PCR or serological tests). A systematic literature review with meta-analysis using eight databases. Observational studies were included but analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for prevalence studies and case series. After the screening, 65 reports were selected for full-text assessment and included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. A total of 24 reports assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, combining a total of 321,785 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 12.3% (95% CI 11.6%–13.0%). Also, a total of 17 studies additionally assessed serological response against SARS-CoV-2, including nine by ELISA, four by PRTN, one by MIA, one by immunochromatography (rest, two studies, the method was not specified), combining a total of 5319 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 29.4% (95% CI 22.9%–35.9%). A considerable proportion of animals resulted infected by SARS-CoV-2, ranking minks among the highest value, followed by dogs and cats. Further studies in other animals are required to define the extent and importance of natural infection due to SARS-CoV-2. These findings have multiple implications for public human and animal health. One Health approach in this context is critical for prevention and control.     

不同消毒剂对冠状病毒消毒效果比较研究

研究以冠状病毒科猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)作为指示病毒,以VERO-E6细胞为宿主,通过测定病毒液与消毒剂作用前后病毒滴度的变化,建立了一种新的敏感可量化的消毒剂评估模型。评估消毒剂针对冠状病毒的最低有效浓度和最短的作用时间。结果表明,冠状病毒与消毒剂作用30 min后,过硫酸氢钾复合粉是84消毒剂消毒效果的16倍;且过硫酸氢钾复合粉可在1 min内迅速杀灭病毒,是一种对冠状病毒安全可靠的消毒剂,可在新冠肺炎疫情期间猪场消毒使用。     

兔出血症病毒遗传与变异的分子基础

兔病毒性出血症是由兔出血症病毒（Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus，RHDV）引起的一种急性、高度致死性传染病，病死率高达100％。近年来，由于该病毒血凝性、抗原性的变异，病毒感染宿主增多，不仅对该病的防控造成了一定的威胁，更造成了严重的经济损失。国内外研究学者对该病毒的基因组结构、基因组编码的产物和功能，病毒的宿主和受体以及病毒变异等相关进行了大量深入的研究和分析，为该病毒的防控和治疗提供了技术基础。本文就RHDV遗传与变异的分子基础作一综述，希望能为深入了解该病毒，以及日后的防控提供一定的理论支持。