L-硝基精氨酸对阿尔茨海默症小鼠脑海马nNOS阳性神经元分布、NOS活性及NO含量变化的影响

为了研究D-半乳糖联合铝诱导的小鼠阿尔茨海默症(AD)脑海马一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和一氧化氮(NO)含量的变化及L-NNA和盐酸多奈哌齐对其变化的影响,探讨NO在阿尔茨海默症中的作用机制及2种药物对脑神经元的保护作用。选取2月龄健康昆明小鼠160只,体质量(20±2)g,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组及L-NNA治疗组,利用D-半乳糖联合三氯化铝建立小鼠AD模型,应用生化检测技术测定各组脑海马在造模后每周NOS活性及NO含量。结果表明,模型组海马内NOS活性开始呈缓慢升高,从第4周开始呈显著升高,保持较高含量至12w造模结束;两治疗组脑海马NOS活性在各时间点极显著或显著低于模型组(P0.01或P0.05),并且L-NNA在4~8周时降低脑海马NOS活性的程度好于盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组(P0.05);NO含量的变化随着NOS活性的变化而变化;利用SABC免疫组织化学方法检测各组脑海马神经型NOS(nNOS)阳性神经元,发现模型组脑海马nNOS阳性神经元密度降低,细胞着色变淡,胞体截面积和最长突起长度变小,经过治疗后神经元密度增加,胞体截面积和最长突起长度显著改善(P0.05)。结果提示NO参与了AD形成过程,高浓度的NO能发挥神经毒性作用损害脑组织;L-NNA通过抑制NOS的活性,降低了脑海马NO的含量,对阿尔茨海默症中海马神经元具有明显的保护作用。     

血塞通及L-硝基精氨酸对脑纹状体出血家兔一氧化氮合酶活性、一氧化氮含量的影响

为了研究家兔脑纹状体出血后一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和一氧化氮(NO)含量的变化及L-NNA和血塞通对其变化的影响,探讨NO在脑出血损伤中的作用机制及2种药物对脑神经元的保护作用.选取4月龄健康哈白兔56只,随机分为假手术对照组、模型组,脑纹状体出血血塞通治疗组及脑纹状体出血L-NNA治疗组,手术建立家兔脑出血模型,应用生化检测技术测定各组脑纹状体出血后不同时间出血侧纹状体NOS活性及NO含量.结果表明,模型组脑纹状体内NOS活性6h开始升高,3d达到高峰,随后逐渐下降,9d时基本恢复至正常水平；2治疗组纹状体NOS活性在各时间点极显著或显著低于模型组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),并且L-NNA在6h～1d时降低脑纹状体NOS活性的程度好于血塞通治疗组(P＜0.05)；NO含量的变化与NOS活性的变化基本一致,二者成正相关；利用SABC免疫组织化学法方法检测各组脑纹状体神经型NOS(nNOS)阳性神经元,发现模型组纹状体nNOS阳性神经元密度增加,细胞着色加深,胞体截面积和最长突起长度变小,经过治疗后神经元密度降低,胞体截面积和最长突起长度显著改善(P＜0.05).结果提示:NO参与了脑出血损伤过程,高浓度的NO能发挥神经毒性作用损害脑组织；血塞通和L-NNA通过抑制NOS的活性,降低了脑纹状体NO的含量,对脑出血家兔的脑神经元具有明显的保护作用.     

nNOS阳性神经元在兔脑干中的分布及衰老变化

利用SABC免疫组织化学方法,研究神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)阳性神经元在家兔脑干中的分布和衰老变化。结果表明,家兔脑干内分布有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元;阳性神经元主要分布于动眼神经核、红核、脑桥核、三叉神经感觉主核以及脑干的网状结构等;在中央灰质周围、上丘(前丘)浅灰质层、臂旁核、中央上核、舌下神经核、下橄榄核、楔束核等核团也发现一些阳性神经元。对动眼神经核、红核、脑桥核、三叉神经感觉主核和延髓的外侧网状核这5个核团内阳性神经元的数量、胞体平均截面积和最长突起长度在5个年龄组的变化进行了比较。与成年兔相比,仔兔、青年兔阳性神经元的数量、胞体平均截面积和最长突起长度均没有显著性变化(P0.05),但老年兔(36月龄)阳性神经元的数量和最长突起长度都显著减少(P0.05),胞体平均截面积在动眼神经核、脑桥核、三叉神经感觉主核和外侧网状核减小,而在红核则增大(P0.05)。结果提示,脑干内丰富的nNOS阳性神经元,可能通过其生成的NO参与内脏活动、感觉和运动的传导以及睡眠和觉醒等脑的高级整合功能的调节;随着年龄的增长,nNOS阳性神经元的衰老变化会影响NO的合成与释放,从而影响它们在脑干中的正常生理功能。     

拉莫三嗪及L-硝基精氨酸对颞叶癫痫一氧化氮合酶活性、一氧化氮含量及nNOS阳性神经元形态结构的影响

通过测得家兔颞叶癫痫模型中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性和一氧化氮(NO)的含量,研究L-NNA和拉莫三嗪对其含量变化的影响,探讨NO在颞叶癫痫中的发作机制及这两种药物对脑部神经元的保护作用。选取2.0~2.5kg健康哈白兔60只,随机分为正常对照组、癫痫模型组、拉莫三嗪治疗组和L-NNA治疗组,应用硝酸还原法测定癫痫发作后不同时间脑组织中海马及颞叶NO的含量及NOS的活性。结果显示:发现模型组脑海马及颞叶内NOS的活性从6h开始迅速升高,1d达到峰值,随后逐渐降低,7d后基本恢复正常水平,但仍高于其他各组(P0.05)。L-NNA治疗组和拉莫三嗪治疗组在各时间点极显著或显著低于模型组(P0.01或P0.05),LNNA在6h~1d时对NOS的降低程度显著好于拉莫三嗪组(P0.05)。NO的变化规律与NOS变化规律基本一致且成正相关;利用SABC免疫组化染色检测脑海马内神经性NOS(nNOS)阳性神经元,发现模型组海马内CA3区nNOS阳性神经元密度增加,胞质着色加深,胞体的截面积和突起变小;拉莫三嗪治疗组和L-NNA治疗组的神经元密度有所降低,胞体的截面积和突起长度显著变大(P0.05)。结果显示:NO参与了颞叶癫痫发作的始动过程,高浓度的NO对神经元有损伤作用;L-NNA和新型治疗药拉莫三嗪能明显抑制癫痫发作后NO的浓度,对脑部神经元有一定的保护作用,从而对癫痫发作有较好的治疗作用。     

黄花碱对小白鼠中枢神经系统中毒机理的研究

测定了小花棘豆主要有毒成分之一黄花碱半数致死量，采用紫外可见分光光度法分别测定了对照组和黄花碱组小白鼠血浆、肝脏和脑组织中兴奋性氨基酸(EAA)谷氨酸(Glu)以及中枢神经系统中一个新的重要信使物质一氧化氮(NO)的含量。结果表明，该黄花碱极显著增加脑中Glu的含量，使中毒动物产生中枢兴奋；NO含量显著增加，与脑中Glu的增加相关联，NO不仅能引起强烈的神经毒性，甚至使神经元损伤，还介导着兴奋性氨基酸Glu的神经毒性，从而导致中枢神经系统损伤。     

博落回提取物对脂多糖诱导猪应激细胞应激参数及免疫球蛋白G和超氧化物歧化酶mRNA表达的影响

本文旨在研究博落回提取物对脂多糖(LPS)诱导猪应激细胞应激参数及免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)mRNA表达的影响。试验选用猪胚胎背部成纤维细胞,分别用正常细胞和以LPS刺激细胞建立的应激模型进行试验,对照组采用基础培养液,土霉素组在基础培养液中添加土霉素50μg/mL(阳性对照),博落回组在基础培养液中分别添加50、100、150 ng/mL的博落回提取物。检测IgG、溶菌酶(LSZ)、一氧化氮(NO)含量,一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性以及IgG和SOD mRNA表达量。结果表明:1)博落回组IgG、NO和LSZ含量及NOS活性均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),土霉素组IgG和LSZ含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。2)对应激细胞和正常细胞而言,博落回组IgG mRNA表达量均极显著高于对照组和土霉素组(P<0.01),50和100 ng/mL博落回组均极显著高于150 ng/mL博落回组(P<0.01)。土霉素组IgG mRNA表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。100 ng/mL博落回组应激细胞IgG mRNA表达量极显著高于正常细胞(P<0.01)。3)对应激细胞和正常细胞而言,与对照组相比,添加博落回提取物50、100、150 ng/mL均极显著提高SOD mRNA表达量(P<0.01)。土霉素组SOD mRNA表达量极显著高于对照组和博落回组(P<0.01)。各组应激细胞SOD mRNA表达量均显著或极显著高于正常细胞(P<0.01)。综合各项指标,博落回提取物可提高LPS应激细胞IgG、NO和LSZ的含量及NOS活性,提高应激细胞和正常细胞IgG和SOD mRNA的表达量,总体效果优于土霉素,较好的添加浓度为50～100 ng/mL。     

镉对胎鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡与一氧化氮合酶基因mRNA转录的影响

为研究镉对胎鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡与一氧化氮合酶基因mRNA转录的影响,用不同浓度醋酸镉(0、5、10、20 μmol/L)染毒胎鼠大脑皮质神经细胞12 h,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,荧光显微镜观察镉对神经细胞凋亡的形态学影响,实时荧光定量PCR检测神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA的转录水平.结果显示,与对照组相比,各染毒组细胞凋亡率呈现升高趋势;染镉组细胞核皱缩,染色质致密浓染,甚至核碎裂;5、10 μmol/L组nNOS mRNA转录水平显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),20 μmol/L组nNOS转录水平降低至对照组水平;20 μmol/L组iNOSmRNA转录水平极显著升高(P＜0.01).结果表明,镉可诱导大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡,并可调节nNOS和iNOS mRNA的转录.     

猪附红细胞体病的诊治

正秋季昼夜温差大,应激因素多,气温仍适合病原微生物的生长繁殖,猪易感链球菌病、副猪嗜血杆菌病、附红细胞体病等。要注意加强防控和中西医结合治疗。猪附红细胞体病是由附红细胞体寄生于猪的红细胞表面或游离于血浆、组织液及脑脊液中引起的一种人畜共患病,会造成病畜黄疸、贫血等症状。(一)诊断要点1.流行特点。猪附红细胞体只     

穴位埋线对急性高原缺氧大鼠血管应激损伤的干预机制研究

目的:初步探讨穴位埋线对急性缺氧大鼠血管应激损伤的干预机制。方法:健康成年Wistar大鼠48只随机分为正常组、模型组、药物组、穴位埋线1组、穴位埋线2组和穴位埋线3组,每组8只,其中,正常组不做任何处理,其余各组采用低压氧舱间断缺氧的方式复制急性高原缺氧大鼠模型后,模型组不予任何治疗,药物组于造模前后均给予红景天水煎剂灌胃治疗;穴位埋线1、2、3组分别于造模后、造模前及造模前后进行穴位埋线治疗,治疗结束后采集各组大鼠动脉血,检测血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆内皮素(ET)的含量。结果:与正常组相比,模型组大鼠血清NO和血浆ET含量显著升高(P0.01);与模型组相比,药物组和穴位埋线1、2、3组大鼠血清NO和血浆ET的含量均不同程度降低(P0.01),其中穴位埋线3组降低最显著(P0.05)。结论:穴位埋线能显著降低急性高原缺氧大鼠血清NO和血浆ET含量,这可能是其干预急性高原缺氧血管应激损伤的重要机制,且治疗效果与埋线时机及频次有关。     

中药添加剂对猪血清一氧化氮和内皮素-1含量的影响

研究了藿香、苍术提取物复合制剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ对高温血管活性因子NO、ET-1含量的影响。选用中国试验用小型猪32头,分为对照组和应激组。各组分别在热应激的第1、3、6、10天前腔静脉采血,测定血清中一氧化氮和内皮素-1含量的变化。结果显示:应激组一氧化氮含量呈逐渐逐渐下降趋势,在第10天显著低于对照组(P<0.05);内皮素-1含量第10天显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。提取物Ⅰ组可显著降低ET-1含量(P<0.05),但对NO含量无显著影响(P>0.05),提取物Ⅱ组可显著提高NO含量(P<0.05),但对ET-1含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。说明热应激条件下,一氧化氮和内皮素-1释放失衡,血管舒张作用减弱,收缩加强,不利于机体散热。提取物复合制剂Ⅰ对ET-1具有调控作用,提取物复合制剂Ⅱ对NO具有调控作用,添加中草药复合提取制剂对热应激造成的生理损伤有缓解作用。     

Phenotypical characterization of T and B cell areas in lymphoid tissues of dogs with spontaneous distemper

CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD8 antigen expression of T cells and IgG expression of B cells and canine distemper virus (CDV) antigen distribution were immunohistochemically examined in lymphoid tissues (lymph node, spleen, thymus, and tonsil) of control dogs and animals with spontaneous canine distemper. In addition, CNS tissue of all animals was studied for neuropathological changes and CDV antigen distribution. Based on the degree of depletion distemper dogs were classified into two groups. Group I represented animals with moderate to marked lymphoid depletion, while group II dogs displayed mild or no depletion. CDV antigen was mainly found in lymphocytes and macrophages of group I dogs, whereas CDV expression was most prominent in dendritic cells of group II animals. In group I dogs, a marked loss of CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, and IgG expression was noticed, hereby loss of CD4+ cells was more prominent than depletion of CD8+ cells. In the lymphoid tissues of group II animals, a significant increase in the number of T and B cells was observed compared to group I dogs. The number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in group II dogs was similar to the findings in controls, however, CD5 and IgG expression was mildly reduced in T and B cell areas, respectively. Additionally, in groups I and II dogs, CD3+ and CD5- T cells were detected in T cell areas. Whether this cell population represents a cell type with autoimmune reactive potential remains to be determined. Surprisingly in group II animals, viral antigen was found predominantly in dendritic cells indicating a change in the cell tropism of CDV during chronic infection and a possible mechanism of viral persistence. The two patterns of lymphoid depletions correlated to two different types of canine distemper encephalitis (CDE). Group I dogs displayed acute non-inflammatory CDE, whereas group II dogs suffered from chronic inflammatory demyelinating CDE, indicating a pathogenic relationship between lymphocytic depletion and inflammatory brain lesions in distemper.     

Electrophoretic determination of albumin and gamma globulin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with encephalomyelitis attributable to canine distemper virus infection: 13 cases (1980-1987)

Thirteen dogs with encephalomyelitis attributable to canine distemper virus infection were classified into 3 groups on the basis of histopathologic evidence of virus-induced lesions in CNS tissue. Analysis of data indicated a similarity within groups when arranged by age, clinical neurologic signs, and alterations in the CSF electrophoretic protein values. Comparison with results in dogs with experimentally induced canine distemper encephalomyelitis suggested that when grouped by age, CSF electrophoretic values are helpful in predicting the CNS histopathologic changes in dogs with naturally acquired canine distemper encephalomyelitis.     

Proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in healthy beagles and canine encephalitis

We performed proteomics analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy dogs and dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE). By comparing two-dimensional electrophoreses (2DE), an upregulated spot was found in MUE dogs. This protein was identified as a neuron-specific enolase (NSE) by analysis with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In comparing dot blots using an antibody against NSE, the NSE levels in the CSF of MUE dogs was significantly higher than that of the controls. NSE is a diagnostic marker of neuroendocrine tumors, brain injury and spinal cord trauma in humans. It seems that the NSE concentration in the CSF is increased by cellular destruction in canine encephalitis. Though elevation of NSE may not be specific in canine encephalitis because the NSE level was increased in other CNS diseases, further study including measurement with serum is necessary.     

Agarose gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins of dogs after sample concentration using a membrane microconcentrator technique

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the cerebral ventricles through ultrafiltration of plasma and active transport mechanisms. Evaluation of proteins in CSF may provide important information about the production of immunoglobulins within the central nervous system as well as possible disturbances in the blood-brain barrier. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the concentration and fractions of protein in CSF samples using a membrane microconcentrator technique followed by electrophoresis, and to compare the protein fractions obtained with those in serum. METHODS: CSF samples from 3 healthy dogs and 3 dogs with canine distemper virus infection were concentrated using a membrane microconcentrator having a 0.5 to 30,000 d nominal molecular weight limit (Ultrafree, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Protein concentration was determined before and after concentration. Agarose gel electrophoresis was done on concentrated CSF samples, serum, and serial dilutions of one of the CSF samples. RESULTS: Electrophoretic bands were clearly identified in densitometer tracings in CSF samples with protein concentrations as low as 1.3 g/dL. The higher CSF protein concentration in dogs with distemper was mainly the result of increased albumin concentration. CONCLUSION: The microconcentrating method used in this study enables characterization of the main protein fractions in CSF by routine electrophoresis and may be useful for interpreting the underlying cause of changes in CSF protein concentrations.     

犬瘟热病毒自然感染犬淋巴组织中T、B细胞变化的研究

为了调查患犬瘟热病犬淋巴组织中T、B细胞变化的特点及淋巴细胞减少的发病机制,试验通过免疫组织化学的方法观察了T细胞(用CD3和CD45RO检测T细胞)、B细胞(用IgG、IgM抗血清检测B细胞)和犬瘟热病毒(抗犬瘟热病毒抗体)在病犬淋巴组织中的分布。结果表明:在淋巴组织中的淋巴细胞、淋巴小结中树突状细胞和巨噬细胞中均检出了抗病毒阳性反应细胞。在骨髓组织的前髓细胞中也发现抗病毒阳性反应细胞和嗜酸性胞浆内及核内包涵体的存在。与对照组相比,CD3和CD45RO阳性细胞主要存在于T细胞的分布域;但CD3和CD45RO阳性T细胞的数量较少。位于淋巴组织中的巨噬细胞有的被CD45RO染成阳性。在B细胞分布的区域中,IgG、IgM阳性细胞的数量明显减少;一些位于淋巴组织的浆细胞也被IgG或IgM染成阳性。在淋巴组织中淋巴细胞减少的顺序为:IgG阳性细胞减少最明显,其次为IgM和CD45RO阳性细胞,再次为CD3阳性细胞。依据试验结果,作者认为病犬淋巴组织中淋巴细胞减少主要是由B细胞缺乏所引起的;淋巴细胞的增殖能力减弱是引起淋巴组织中淋巴细胞减少的重要原因。     

犬瘟热病毒研究概况

犬瘟热(CD)是由犬瘟热病毒(CDV)引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病,流行范围广,发病率、致死率高,临床症状多样。CDV感染宿主广泛,所有日龄的犬都有可能感染。CDV属于副黏病毒科麻疹病毒属,有囊膜包裹的单股负链线性RNA病毒。CDV基因组编码6种蛋白:核衣壳(N)蛋白、磷(P)蛋白、基质膜(M)蛋白、融合(F)蛋白、血凝素(H)蛋白和大(L)蛋白。N、P和L蛋白与病毒复制有关;M蛋白与病毒的装配和出芽有关;F、H蛋白在病毒的侵染过程中起到关键作用。近年来,随着我国宠物业、毛皮经济养殖业的迅速发展,CD在我国的发病率有升高的趋势。论文对CDV分子生物学研究进展进行归纳总结。     

犬瘟热新型疫苗研究进展

犬疸热(CD)是由犬瘟热病毒(CDV)感染引起的犬及其他肉食动物的一种急性或亚急性、高度接触性传染病.近年来虽广泛应用弱毒疫苗预防CD,但世界各地仍有犬及野生动物感染CDV并造成CD流行的报道.随着分子生物学技术的深入发展,国内外学者应用基因工程技术对犬瘟热预防进行了深入研究,并取得了丰富的研究成果.笔者对近几年来犬瘟...     

Measles vaccine in dogs: efficacy against aerosol challenge with virulent canine distemper virus.

Fifty young Beagle pups were used in studies on the efficacy of measles virus vaccine in providing protection against virulent canine distemper (CD) virus given intranasally. Among 29 dogs vaccinated with measles virus vaccine and subsequently exposed to virulent CD virus, 1 died, 7 developed relatively severe signs of CD, 15 had mild signs of distemper, and 6 remained clinically normal. Of 15 unvaccinated dogs similarly exposed to virulent CD virus, 11 succumbed to distemper. Six pups vaccinated with modified live-virus (MLV) CD virus vaccine remained clinically normal following immunity challenge.     

Canine distemper virus infection of canine footpad epidermis

Infection of the footpad epidermis can occur in natural canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of dogs. Footpads from 19 dogs experimentally inoculated with virulent distemper strain A75/17 and from two nonexposed dogs were examined histopathologically and assessed for the presence of viral antigen and nucleoprotein mRNA, as well as number of inflammatory and apoptotic cells. Dogs were divided into four groups based on inoculation status and postmortem examination: inoculated dogs with severe distemper (group 1, n = 7); inoculated dogs with mild distemper (group 2, n = 4); inoculated dogs without distemper (group 3, n = 8); and noninoculated dogs (group 4, n = 2). Footpads from dogs of all groups had a comparably thick epidermis. Eosinophilic viral inclusions and syncytial cells were present in footpad epidermis of one dog of group 1. Footpads of group 1 dogs contained viral antigen and mRNA in the epidermis with strongest staining in a subcorneal location. Additionally, in these dogs footpad dermal structures including eccrine glands and vascular walls were positive for virus particles. No CDV antigen or mRNA was present in the footpad epidermis and dermis of any other dog. Group 1 dogs had more CD3-positive cells and apoptotic cells within the basal layer of the epidermis when compared to the other groups. These findings demonstrate that in experimental infection CDV antigen and mRNA were colocalized in all layers of the infected canine footpad epidermis. The scarcity of overt pathological reactions with absence of keratinocyte degeneration indicates a noncytocidal persisting infection of footpad keratinocytes by CDV.