达氟沙星对猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的体外药效研究

为了解猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌对达氟沙星的敏感性和达氟沙星的杀菌效果,收集和分离48株猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法和菌落计数法对体外药物敏感性试验和生长曲线、杀菌曲线进行了研究。猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌对氨苄西林、磺胺异恶唑、头孢噻呋、大观霉素、黏菌素耐药率高,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、复方新诺明、氟苯尼考、多西环素、庆大霉素、四环素、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、达氟沙星敏感。达氟沙星最小抑菌浓度(MIC)集中在0.0078μg/m L。达氟沙星浓度在MIC及以上时,随浓度升高,杀菌时间缩短,为典型的浓度依赖型抗生素。该试验结果可用于指导猪传染性胸膜肺炎的临床预防和治疗。     

青海部分牧区牦牛酸奶中乳酸球菌的药敏试验

用药敏法对分自青海部分牧区牦牛酸奶中的7株乳酸球菌进行了药敏试验。结果表明,分离菌株对青霉素、复方新诺明、四环素、先锋霉素和左氟沙星高度敏感;对氯霉素、氟哌酸、红霉素、庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、阿莫西林中度敏感:对万古霉素、环丙沙星具有耐药性。     

鹿肠毒血症的病原学诊断

本研究采用对送检脏器触片观察、细菌分离培养、形态学观察和药敏试验等方法,对赤峰市某鹿场病死鹿的小肠、肝脏、肺脏等组织进行了细菌分离鉴定。结果表明所分离细菌为魏氏梭菌,该菌对氧氟沙星、左氟沙星、菌必治、舒普深、阿莫西林高度敏感,对氯霉素、妥布霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素、氟苯尼考、强力霉素中度敏感,对阿米卡星、新霉素、庆大霉素有耐药性[1]。     

大鲵致病性嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了研究从发病大鲵体内分离到的致病菌的生物特性与耐药性,试验采用细菌分离培养技术分离到1株致病菌,并对其进行了细菌分离鉴定、生化鉴定、药敏试验、动物致病试验。结果表明:该分离菌为嗜水气单胞菌,分离菌对小白鼠具有致病性;对头孢噻吩、庆大霉素、美福仙、左氟沙星、恩诺沙星高度敏感,对阿莫西林、链霉素、先锋霉素Ⅳ、卡那霉素、新霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、氯霉素、阿奇霉素中度敏感,对青霉素、四环素、洁霉素、红霉素不敏感。     

辽宁地区貂源铜绿假单胞菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了解辽宁地区水貂铜绿假单胞菌的流行状况及耐药情况,对从辽宁地区暴发出血性肺炎养貂场分离的16株分离菌进行了分离纯化、生化鉴定、基因鉴定、血清学分型和药敏试验。结果显示,分离株包括G型和B型两种血清型,其中G型是主要流行血清型,占分离株的75%,其余是B型。分离株对阿米卡星、头孢呋肟、阿莫西林和亚胺培南的敏感率较高,对氨苄青霉素的敏感率中等,对氯霉素、氨曲南和左氟沙星具有一定的耐药性。     

黄金蟒口腔炎绿脓假单胞菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为找寻黄金蟒口腔炎的致病原因,对本园饲养患口腔炎黄金蟒的口腔脓性分泌物进行病原菌分离、鉴定和耐药性分析。通过对分离菌的形态学观察、涂片染色镜检、16SrRNA基因序列分析鉴定,表明该病原菌为绿脓假单胞菌。药敏结果显示该分离菌对诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、哌拉西林高度敏感;对阿奇霉素、头孢哌酮、氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、环丙沙星中度敏感;对头孢他啶、头孢克洛、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、阿莫西林、头孢噻肟耐药。根据本次试验结果,选用高敏药很快治愈该患蛇的口腔炎,也可为今后治疗此类疫病提供参考。     

河南省副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

从河南省内不同县市的部分猪场送检疑似感染副猪嗜血杆菌病病料中分离鉴定到9株致病菌。为防治疾病传播,控制疫情蔓延,对分离菌株进行病理剖检、细菌分离培养、生化鉴定以及PCR鉴定和药敏试验。结果表明,分离到的致病菌为副猪嗜血杆菌。药敏试验显示9株分离菌株对氨苄西林、头孢噻呋、头孢他啶、氟苯尼考、阿奇霉素、阿莫西林高敏;对壮观霉素、左氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星敏感;对克林霉素、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、恩诺沙星不敏感或耐药;对红霉素、罗红霉素、新霉素、四环素、强力霉素敏感性不稳定,表现不一。     

双氟沙星对小鼠的显性致死试验

本试验研究了双氟沙星对昆明系小鼠的显性致死性。剂量分别为５００ｍｇ／ｋｇｂ．ｗ．、５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ ｂ．ｗ．和５ｍｇ／ｋｇｂ．ｗ．，雄鼠连续给药５ｄ后，与雌鼠按１：２的比例同笼交配，连续交配７批，对检测双氟沙星对遗传物质的损伤。试验各剂量组指标与阴性对照组无显著性差异，表明双氟沙星对昆明系小鼠的显性致死性为阴性。     

中国兽医药品监察所完成猪链球菌2型药敏试验

2005年7月，四川资阳、内江等几十个乡镇爆发猪链球菌病，发生大范围的散养猪点状发病和死亡。由于饲养卫生条件落后，农民缺少卫生防疫概念，病原菌通过伤口等途径感染人，造成204人发病、38人死亡的严重局面。中国兽医药品监察所接受农业部下达的任务，对猪链球菌进行了药敏试验。采用纸片扩散法和最小抑菌浓度测定法，选择10个类别共32种抗菌药物，对从四川不同地区病、死猪体内分离得到并经鉴定为猪链球菌2型的7个菌株进行了药敏试验。7个菌株对药物的敏感谱基本相同：对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、奥格门丁（阿莫西林一克拉维酸）、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢他定、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、红霉素、卡那霉素、大观霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、达氟沙星、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶、万古霉素、亚胺培南等25种药物均敏感；对阿米卡星、新霉素、庆大霉素等3种药物中度敏感；对四环素、土霉素、多西环素、链霉素等4种药物低度敏感。     

奶牛临床型乳腺炎治疗药物筛选及疗效

以2个不同地点奶牛场临床分离鉴定出奶牛临床型乳腺炎的病原菌，其中链球菌、葡萄球菌为主要病原菌。以试验二倍稀释法测定14种抗菌药物对临床分离病原菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），以恩诺沙星（≤0.06-1mg/L)、环丙沙星（≤0.06-2mg/L)及阿莫西林的MIC较低。以青霉素＋链霉素为对照，选择恩诺沙星、阿莫西林、克拉维酸合剂（4：1）、阿莫西林作临床疗效试验。结果证明：0．5％阿莫西林（200mg) 克拉维酸（50mg)合剂（4：1）溶液50mL乳房灌注，每天2次，平均疗程3．6d，对临床型乳腺炎有较好疗效。     

2013－2019年贵州省副猪嗜血杆菌分离株耐药性及其演变

试验旨在揭示贵州省副猪嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus parasuis，Hps）的耐药性及其变化趋势，指导Glasser's病临床防控用药，减缓Hps耐药菌株出现。通过K-B纸片琼脂法，检测2013－2019年分离自贵州省9个地区517株Hps对15种常用抗菌药的耐药性，分析不同分离时期和分离地区的菌株的耐药性差异。结果显示，针对15种抗生素分别有14.36%~70.58%的分离菌株表现耐药，其中耐头孢噻呋菌株的比例最低，耐复方新诺明菌株的比例最高；与2013年相比，2019年分离的Hps菌株对13种抗生素的耐药率分别升高了4.52%~324.68%，其中耐头孢噻呋菌株比例上升速度最快，达324.68%，耐链霉素菌株比例上升最慢，仅4.52%，耐土霉素和四环素菌株的比例分别下降2.21%和8.63%，出现负增长。相对于凯里、毕节和兴义地区，安顺、遵义、贵阳地区流行的菌株对头孢噻呋、替米考星、多西环素等在全省范围内耐药菌株比例较低的药物耐药率相对较高，而对复方新诺明、阿莫西林、链霉素等在全省范围内耐药菌株比例较高的药物耐药率相对较低。这一结果说明，贵州省Hps菌株对15种常用药物的耐药性较为严重，且总体呈现上升趋势，不同地区分离株对部分抗菌药的耐药率呈现明显的地区差异性。     

Drug Resistance and Evolution of Haemophilus parasuis Isolates from Guizhou Province During 2013 to 2019

This study was aimed to reveal the trend of drug resistance about Haemophilus parasuis (Hps) in Guizhou province and guide clinical use of Glasser's disease then slow the emergence of drug-resistant Hps strains.K-B slip-agar diffusion method was used to test the 15 common antibiotics resistance of 517 Hps strains isolated from 9 districts in Guizhou province from 2013 to 2019.The drug resistance differences of strains isolated from different time and districts were analyzed.The results showed that 14.36% to 70.58% isolates indicated drug resistance to 15 antibiotics,the proportion of EFT resistant strains was the lowest and SXT resistant strains was the highest.Compared with 2013,the resistance rate of Hps strains isolated in 2019 to 13 antibiotics increased by 4.52% to 324.68%.Among them,the proportion of drug-resistant strains of 13 drugs increased which EFT resistant strains increased at the fastest rate to 324.68% while STR resistant strains slowest rate to only 4.52%.The rate of TET resistant strains showed negative growth which decreased by 2.21% and 8.63%,respectively.Compared with Kaili,Bijie and Xingyi of Guizhou,the strains isolated from Anshun,Zunyi and Guiyang districts showed higher drug resistance rate of EFT,MC and DO which with low resistance in Guizhou province,but lower of SXT,AML and STR which with high resistance in Guizhou province.The results indicated that the resistance of Hps strains to 15 commonly antibiotics in Guizhou province was serious with rising tendency and the resistance rate of certain strains showed obvious differences between different districts.     

致病性嗜水气单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物菌株的分离鉴定

对吉林省内12个水域采集和送检的66尾病鱼进行了细菌分离鉴定，共检出46株嗜水气单胞菌疑似菌，通过生化试验结合PCR扩增气溶素基因Aer，确定其中22株为致病性嗜水气单胞菌。进一步采用纸片扩散法和双倍稀释法测定嗜水气单胞菌分离株对多种抗生素的耐药性，其中有4株对喹诺酮类药物耐药，并且为交叉耐药，耐药菌检出率为18．2％，纸片扩散法检测其对喹诺酮类药物的抑菌圈均小于19mm。将病料中分离的8株嗜水气单胞菌负染后电镜观察，耐药菌表面有许多大小不同的球形结构，而敏感菌表面则为细丝状菌毛结构。     

山东省部分地区禽源致病性大肠杆菌的血清流行病学调查与耐药性检测

为调查山东省禽源致病性大肠杆菌流行的血清型及耐药性,从山东部分地区的45家养禽场分离到致病性大肠杆菌96株,应用微量平板凝集试验进行了血清型鉴定,共鉴定出18种血清型,其中优势血清型6种,分别为O78、O2、O15、O18、O143、O88,占定型致病性菌株的64％。抗菌药物敏感性试验发现,96株大肠杆菌对20种药物有不同程度的耐药性。75％以上的菌株对氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、土霉素等5种抗菌药耐药,50％以上的菌株对卡那霉素、多西环素、环丙沙星等7种抗菌药表现为耐药;所有分离株存在多重耐药现象,75％的受检菌对9种或9种以上的被测药物耐药。结果表明,O78、O2、O15、O18、O143、O886种血清型是山东省部分地区近年来禽源致病性大肠杆菌的优势血清型,且禽源致病性大肠杆菌的耐药现象严重,有必要加强耐药性检测,以指导兽医临床合理使用抗菌药物。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫野外抗药性虫株的RAPD分析

用RAPD方法对柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）的8个分别来源于黑龙江、北京、四川、甘肃和广东的中山、新会、东莞以及广州近郊的江村镇的野外分离虫株和2个药物敏感性虫株进行了遗传多态性分析。同时用9种抗球虫药物即马杜霉素（5mg/kg）、盐霉素（60mg/kg）、莫能霉素（120mg/kg）、拉沙菌素（90mg/kg）、克球多（150mg/kg）、常山酮（3mg/kg）、氯氢苯乙氰（1mg/kg）、尼卡巴嗪（125mg/kg）和球痢灵（125mg/kg）分别对8个野不进行抗药性试验，8个虫株对上述药物均有不同程度的抗药性。RAPD分析表明：10个样品都有相似而清晰的主带，每个泳道有5－13条带不等，大小为0.18-2.10kb。它们之间的相似率（SI）大于40.58%，最大的为90.72%，这种相似率属种内变异水平。根据SI值可把10个样品划分为3个类群：广东虫株类群，群内比较，平均SI值为76.60%；广东省外虫株类群，群内比较的平均SI值72.14%；敏感株类群，其间的SI值为89.27%。在另一方面，广东株与广东省外株、敏感株之间比较，其SI的平均值分别仅为63.03%和47.25%，说明柔嫩艾美耳球虫抗药性虫株之间有遗传差异法。     

不同省区鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性调查与系统进化群分析

为有效控制鸡大肠杆菌病,对不同省区鸡源大肠杆菌致病菌株的分布情况及耐药特征进行了调查分析,分别采用PCR法和MIC法进行了系统进化群分群检测和药敏试验,采用皮下注射进行了动物致病性试验,并采用SPSS17．0软件进行差异显著性分析。结果显示：低致病群B1（38．13％）和非致病群A（34．02％）菌株分布相对较多,其次是高致病群D（21．23％）和B2（6．16％）;鸡源大肠杆菌耐药严重,12种药物的耐药率在50％以上,多重耐药问题突出,多重耐药率高达98．86％;不同省区鸡源大肠杆菌菌株的耐药程度存在差异,个别药物（如奥格门丁、头孢噻呋等）差异显著;高致病群B2和D群菌株的耐药程度较B1和A群菌株严重,其中氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、大观霉素、头孢噻呋、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明、奥格门丁等7种药物差异显著（ P＜0．05）。试验表明,我国鸡源大肠杆菌高致病菌株检出率高,且耐药程度相对严重,在适宜条件下更易导致鸡群发病且较难控制。     

Serotypes,Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance of Duck Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Jiangsu Province and Its Surrounding Areas

In this study,191 strains of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were isolated from duck farms in and around Jiangsu province.The serotype,virulence gene distribution and drug resistance of 21 strains (one from each farm) were detected,and the correlation between serotype,virulence gene distribution and drug resistance was analyzed,in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of APEC.The serotypes of 21 APEC strains showed that there were 12 strains of O65,accounting for 57.14% of all strains.The results of virulence gene detection showed that 5 virulence genes had a high distribution rate,among which the positive rate of fimA gene was 100%,and the positive rates of ECs3737,ECs3703,tsh and irp2 genes were 90.5%,85.7%,57.1% and 42.9%,respectively.There were 6 strains (28.57%) with five virulence genes.The results of drug sensitivity test showed that 21 APEC strains had multiple drug resistance,and 100% strains were resistant to enrofloxacin,doxycycline,vancomycin and erythromycin.Among all the strains,85.71% and 14.29% were resistant to more than 10 and 21 kinds of drugs,respectively.The relationship among serotypes,virulence gene distribution and drug resistance showed that there were 13 strains with more than 4 virulence genes,9 of which were O65 serotypes.Among the 13 strains with more than 4 virulence genes,9 strains (69.23%) were resistant to more than 15 drugs,and 3 strains (23.08%) were resistant to more than 20 drugs.The results showed that the serotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from ducks in Jiangsu province and its surrounding areas were complex,carrying a variety of virulence genes,and the drug resistance was serious.     

江苏及周边地区鸭致病性大肠杆菌血清型、毒力因子及耐药研究

本研究旨在明确江苏及周边地区鸭禽致病性大肠杆菌（avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC）的血清型、毒力基因分布和耐药性之间的相关性,以期为APEC的防控提供依据。从江苏省及周边养鸭场分离了191株APEC,并对其中21株（每个养殖场选取1株）的O抗原血清型、毒力基因分布和耐药性进行检测。对21株APEC的血清型检测结果表明,O65血清型12株,占全部菌株的57.14%,O5、O28、O42、O87、O93、O138、O147血清型均为1株,其他血清型2株;毒力基因检测结果表明,5个毒力基因有较高的分布率,其中fimA基因的阳性率为100%,ECs3737、ECs3703、tsh和irp2基因的阳性率分别为90.5%、85.7%、57.1%和42.9%,含有5个毒力基因的菌株共有6株（28.57%）;药敏试验结果表明,21株APEC均存在多重耐药性,100%的分离菌株对恩诺沙星、强力霉素、万古霉素和红霉素耐药,85.71%的分离株对10种以上抗生素耐药,14.29%的菌株对21种药物都耐药;对血清型、毒力基因分布和耐药性之间的关系分析表明,含有4种以上毒力基因的菌株有13株,其中9株是O65血清型。在13株含有4种以上毒力基因的菌株中,耐15种药物以上的有9株（69.23%）,耐20种以上药物的有3株（23.08%）,表明含有4种以上毒力基因的菌株多重耐药现象严重。研究表明,江苏及周边地区鸭源大肠杆菌血清型复杂,携带多种毒力基因,耐药性严重。     

鸡源印第安纳沙门菌多重耐药性分析

采集山东不同地区鸡源沙门菌,根据Kauffmann-White方法测定分离株血清型,采用肉汤微量稀释法测试分离株对16种抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR方法检测10种耐药基因,分析耐药表型和耐药基因之间的关系。结果显示：共鉴定出沙门菌80株,其中印第安纳沙门菌60株。药敏试验证实：60株印第安纳沙门菌对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢唑啉、多黏菌素、氨苄西林、多西环素和甲氧苄啶等16种抗菌药物普遍耐药。88.33%菌株多重耐药分布在12~15耐,未发现3耐以下的菌株。PCR扩增出int1,blaTEM,aac（6’）-Ib-cr,floR,catA1,tetA,strA,cmlA 8种耐药基因。超过90%的菌株携带int1,blaTEM,floR和aac（6’）-Ib-cr耐药基因。上述结果表明,耐药表型及耐药基因的符合呈现相关性。     

Identification，Virulence and Drug Resistance Analysis of Escherichia coli from Diarrhea Piglets

In order to clarify the pathogenic characteristics and drug-resistant spectrum of a newborn piglet diarrhea outbroke recently in a large-scale pig farm of Henan province, the study was carried out by the isolation of intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli and system identification. Escherichia coli strains were isolated from the faeces of diarrhea piglets. 13 virulent genes were tested by PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was determined. The results showed that the positive rate came up with 34.8% for EAST1 gene. All of the strains were multiple-drug resistance and resistant to at least 5 types of antibiotics. 75.3% strains were resistant to more than 9 types of antibiotics. All of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. The result of the phylogenetic background showed that 21.7% E.coli isolates belonged to group B2 and D which were pathogenic. According to the synthesis analysis of virulence factors, resistance and phylogenetic background of the strains isolated from the diarrhea piglets, proper clinical treatment and prevention and control measure could be provided.