毛皮动物源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

为获得毛皮动物源粪肠球菌,并评价其益生特性,本研究从健康成年毛皮动物（水貂、狐狸、貉）粪便中分离粪肠球菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析等方法进行种属鉴定。测定分离菌株生长曲线、产酸能力、抗菌药敏感性,并挑取部分菌株测定其对于温度、人工胃液、人工胆盐的耐受能力。结果表明,分离菌株中共5株为革兰氏阳性菌,生化特性与粪肠球菌标准株基本相符,且经16S rRNA序列分析鉴定为粪肠球菌。5株菌均于培养后2 h进入对数期,8~10 h进入稳定期,且具有弱产酸能力。分离菌株对四环素、左氟沙星耐药性强,耐药率为100%,其次为青霉素（80%）、红霉素（80%）、庆大霉素（80%）、氯霉素（40%）,对氨苄西林和万古霉素敏感。水貂、狐狸和貉源的粪肠球菌对于60 ℃以下温度处理、pH>3.0的人工胃液、0.3%~0.5%浓度的胆盐耐受能力较强,对70 ℃以上高温和pH<3.0的人工胃液耐受性差。综上所述,本研究共获得5株毛皮动物源（水貂、狐狸、貉）粪肠球菌,分离菌株繁殖较快,适合在毛皮动物肠道中定植并发挥益生作用,且具有较好的益生特性和抗逆性,可作为动物用微生态制剂的候选菌种进一步研究。     

Distemper vaccination of farmed fur animals in Finland

The most important farmed fur animal species in Finland are the American mink (Mustela vison), blue fox (Alopex lagopus), silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides); all are susceptible to canine distemper. The only distemper vaccines currently available are for mink, although they also have been used for fox and raccoon dogs in emergency situations. The efficacy in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and the safety of three mink-distemper vaccines were studied under field conditions with mink and silver fox. Two of the vaccines were also studied with raccoon dogs and blue fox. All three vaccines elicited a satisfactory antibody response in mink, whereas the response varied in the other species. No side effects were observed in any species tested. One of the vaccines was safe and immunogenic in all four species.     

我国毛皮市场周期、价格分析及预测

对1995-2010年我国的水貂、狐和貉原料皮均价的年度周期和季度周期的变化进行分析,用龚伯兹(Comperz)曲线法对水貂皮进行生命周期分析,用ARIMA模型进行水貂皮月份价格模型的构建,在此基础上,分析影响我国毛皮原料皮价格的因素,为毛皮及制品企业规避市场风险提供了理论基础,同时为促进我国毛皮产业稳定循序的发展提出...     

褪黑激素在毛皮动物生产上的应用

本文论述了褪黑激素（MT）植入物在水豹、狐猩、貉等毛皮运动生产上的应用，MT能促进其冬皮不同程度的早熟；也能让绒山羊、牦牛在非生绒期长绒、让安哥拉兔夏毛产量增加。     

Characterization of biological and antigenic properties of raccoon dog and blue fox parvoviruses: a monoclonal antibody study

Parvovirus isolates from blue foxes and raccoon dogs were characterized by studying their haemagglutination properties, host range in vitro and antigenic structure. In all 3 characters, raccoon dog parvovirus resembled canine parvovirus (CPV), while blue fox parvovirus was similar to mink enteritis virus (MEV). Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against both viruses. Raccoon dog parvovirus, while resembling CPV, had a unique antigenic site which could be specified by MAbs. The pattern of MAbs prepared against blue fox parvovirus indicated that it is a member of Type 2 MEV.     

体外血脑屏障模型的构建及致脑膜炎粪肠球菌对其的影响

试验旨在探索致脑膜炎粪肠球菌对体外血脑屏障功能的影响，寻求稳定的构建体外血脑屏障损伤模型的方法。选用1周龄ICR小鼠进行原代脑微血管内皮细胞（BMEC）分离并通过BMEC特有的凝血因子Ⅷ（coagulation factor Ⅷ，Factor Ⅷ）进行荧光标记，鉴定分离的细胞并判定分离率。选用1~3日龄ICR小鼠分离星形胶质细胞并通过其特有的胶质纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein，GFAP）对进行荧光标记，鉴定分离的细胞并判定分离率。将原代细胞传至3代，用Transwell二维小孔分别构建单层BMEC和BMEC与星形胶质细胞共培养的血脑屏障模型。选用致脑膜炎粪肠球菌、非致脑膜炎粪肠球菌和大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞分别与构建的体外血脑屏障模型共培养，评估致脑膜炎粪肠球菌对体外血脑屏障模型的穿透性。通过4 h渗透试验、荧光素钠通透性试验和血脑屏障损伤相关标志基因基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）表达量的检测，评估致脑膜炎粪肠球菌对体外血脑屏障模型的影响。结果显示，试验成功分离到BMEC和星形胶质细胞，纯度分别达90%和95%以上。细菌穿透试验结果显示，所选的3株细菌只有致脑膜炎粪肠球菌可穿越体外血脑屏障模型。4 h渗透试验和荧光素钠通透性试验结果显示，共培养模型优于单层BMEC模型。与其他组相比，构建的体外血脑屏障与致脑膜炎粪肠球菌共培养组荧光素钠的穿透力更高，MMP-2基因的表达量明显上升。综上，BMEC与星形胶质细胞共培养的模型优于单层BMEC模型，致脑膜炎粪肠球菌可穿越体外血脑屏障模型，并介导体外血脑屏障损伤，本试验结果为揭示致脑膜炎粪肠球菌对体外血脑屏障损伤机制提供了理论依据。     

Effect of dietary glycine and benzoate level on benzoate metabolism in mink (Mustela vision), blue fox (Alopex lagopus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Three 2 x 4 factorial experiments were carried out from August to September with 30 juvenile male mink, 24 raccoon dogs, and 24 blue foxes to investigate the effect of dietary glycine supply (low or high) on the efficiency of these species to excrete hippuric acid with incremental benzoate intake (0, 1, 2, or 4 mmol/kg BW). For mink, two additional treatments with 1 or 2 mmol/kg BW of ethyl benzoate were included. A basal low-glycine diet was formulated to meet the minimum protein requirements of fur animals (30% of ME). This diet was supplemented with 0 or 3 g/kg of glycine, or with 0, 1.0, 2.07, or 4.15 g/kg of sodium benzoate for mink and blue foxes, and with 0 or 4.5 g/kg of glycine and 0, 1.58, 3.17, or 6.34 g/kg of sodium benzoate for raccoon dogs, respectively. Two additional diets with .76 or 1.53 g/kg of ethyl benzoate were made for mink. Fecal and urinary benzoic and hippuric acid excretion were measured for 3 d. The 24-h recovery of [14C]benzoic acid injected intraperitoneally was measured from urine, the liver, and the kidneys. All animals appeared healthy and no clinical signs of benzoate overdose were observed. Dietary benzoate level did not affect ADFI or ADG in any species. Glycine supplementation lowered ADFI in mink. The majority of ingested benzoates were absorbed from the gut (over 95%), except in blue foxes, which excreted 6 to 15% of ingested benzoates in feces with incremental increases in benzoate intake. Urinary free benzoic acid excretion accounted for 10% of the ingested benzoates in blue foxes but less than 5% in mink and raccoon dogs. When benzoate intake was 1 mmol/kg BW, mink, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs excreted 71, 77, and 34% of ingested benzoates as hippuric acid in urine, respectively. With higher benzoate intakes, urinary hippuric acid excretion decreased quadratically with mink to 20%, and linearly with blue foxes and raccoon dogs to 45 and 16%, respectively. The hippuric acid pathway appears to be the principal route of benzoate elimination in the mink and blue fox, whereas, in the raccoon dog, other pathways appear to be more important. In mink, the elimination of ethyl benzoate did not differ from that of sodium benzoate. Because glycine conjugation is the primary route of benzoate elimination, it is recommended that benzoate content in fur animal feeds should not exceed 1 g/kg feed on an as-fed basis.     

犬瘟热病毒强毒株HBF-1株的培育及致病性研究

为研究从北极狐病料样品中分离的一株强毒的致病性,本实验采用病例复制、RT-PCR检测、间接免疫荧光检测(IFA)和电镜观察等方法证实分离得到犬瘟热病毒(CDV),并命名为HBF-1。对该分离株H基因的核苷酸序列比对显示,HBF-1与疫苗株的同源性为91.0%～91.5%,与国内外分离株的同源性为93.5%～99.9%。病毒传代培育试验结果显示HBF-1已适应在北极狐、貉、水貂和犬体内繁殖,具有较广的感染范围。但各种动物的临床症状和剖检病理变化存在不同程度的差异,表明HBF-1分离株对北极狐、貉、水貂和犬的致病力不同;毒力测定结果显示其半数感染量分别为102.46 ID50/mL、102.95 ID50/mL、102.46 ID50/mL和102.58 ID50/mL,表明HBF-1为一株CDV强毒株,可以在不同的经济动物间进行水平传播。本研究结果为开发新的CDV疫苗提供了实验基础。     

J亚群禽白血病病毒与粪肠球菌混合感染的诊断及相关基因分析

为了解贵阳市某养殖场J亚群禽白血病病毒(Avian leukosis virus,ALV)gp85基因的变异情况及粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis,EF)毒力基因的携带情况,本研究对该养殖场ALV与粪肠球菌混合感染的病例展开了病原学调查分析,采集病料进行病毒核酸检测、gp85基因克隆测序分析、核苷酸序列相似性分析、细菌分离鉴定、毒力基因检测等。结果显示,成功克隆出ALV gp85基因并分离鉴定出1株粪肠球菌,分别命名为GZM52021株和GZEF2021株。ALV核酸检测仅在约422 bp处出现特异性扩增条带,说明存在ALV-J感染;成功克隆ALV gp85基因,且GZM52021株与J亚群参考毒株gp85基因(GenBank登录号为KM655820、KF796654、JN378888和Z46390)的相似性较高,在97.9%~98.2%之间;gp85基因核苷酸序列遗传进化树构建结果与相似性结果一致。GZEF2021株在LB 固体平板上长出圆形凸起、不透明的乳白色菌落,在鲜血琼脂平板上有明显的溶血现象,革兰氏染色镜检为球形或卵圆形阳性链状球菌;16S rRNA测序结果显示,GZEF2021株与粪肠球菌(GenBank登录号为KJ626240、MT611693、KY399248、MH919370、MN379663和KU937389)的相似性均在99%以上;药敏试验结果显示,GZEF2021株对头孢哌酮、青霉素、哌拉西林和羧苄西林4种药物敏感,对复方新诺明、头孢拉定、头孢唑啉3种药物中度敏感,对新霉素、丁胺卡那、多西环素和米诺环素4种药物耐药;毒力基因检测显示,GZEF2021株携带有ace、gelE、asa1、EF3314和efaA 5个毒力基因,说明从鸡中分离出的粪肠球菌可能具有一定的致病性。该病死鸡存在J亚群ALV与粪肠球菌共同感染的情况,本试验结果可为了解J亚群ALV和粪肠球菌在贵州的流行趋势及其混合感染的诊治提供一定的参考资料。     

浣熊源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为探究从四川某动物园1例病死浣熊肝脏中分离到的1株细菌的特性和耐药程度,本试验采用病原分离、革兰氏染色、生化鉴定、16S rRNA测序、致病性试验、药敏纸片扩散法及耐药基因扩增的方法对该分离株进行了形态学及生化鉴定、致病能力和耐药程度分析。结果显示,分离株在普通LB培养基上呈现表面光滑、圆形凸起、边缘整齐、针尖大小的半透明菌落。经革兰氏染色在油镜下观察到蓝紫色球菌,测序结果与GenBank登录号为KY003107.1粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis）的同源性高达99.5%,形态学与生化鉴定特性与粪肠球菌特性相符。致病性试验表明,该菌可导致肝细胞肿胀、变性,具有一定的致病能力;药敏纸片和耐药基因扩增试验表明,该菌对14种常见的抗生素头孢西丁、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟、氨苄西林、卡那霉素、链霉素、奈替米星、丁胺卡那、阿奇霉素、红霉素、多西环素、四环素耐药,仅对万古霉素和庆大霉素中度敏感。四环素耐药基因tetC检测为阳性;tetM、tetA检测为阴性,氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac （6'）/aph（2″）检测为阳性,aph（3'）-Ⅲ、ant（6）-Ⅰ检测为阴性;大环内酯类耐药基因ermB检测为阳性,ermA、ermC检测为阴性;万古霉素耐药基因vanA、vanB和β-内酰胺类耐药基因TEM检测均为阴性。该试验从浣熊肝脏分离的粪肠球菌表现出多重耐药特性并具有一定的致病能力,结果可为动物园临床肠球菌感染的病例提供一定的药物选择参考,制定合理的感染防治方案。     

鹿、貂、狐、貉养殖业应纳入畜牧业范畴

针对近年来养殖界在鹿、貂、狐、貉等特种经济动物的管理体制和执法上产生的争议,较系统地阐述了野生动物和家畜(禽)的区别,野生动物驯养繁殖与养殖业的关系等有关学术概念,并对生产技术成熟,已形成各自独立产业的鹿、狐、貂等特种经济动物在管理体制上存在的问题,提出了按照《畜牧法》和相关畜牧兽医法律法规进行管理的合理化建议。     

狐、貉肌肉的加工利用技术

根据毛皮动物肌肉特性 ,采取一些特殊的处理方法 ,研究设计出肉干、肉脯、肉肠的加工工艺流程。经小试后 ,在大型肉食品厂进行中试试验 ,生产出狐肉干、貉肉干等系列产品 ,可为毛皮动物副产品的加工利用提供新途径。     

北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌的抗菌药物耐受情况调查

为研究北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐受情况,于2015年5月至2016年1月以北京市某宠物医院门诊就诊犬、猫作为采样对象,采集犬、猫自然排出的粪便作为样品,共得到样本320份。采用选择性培养基进行菌株分离和VITEK-2型全自动微生物分析仪进行肠球菌的鉴定;对分离鉴定的菌株进行8类11种常见抗菌药物敏感性试验;同时进行高水平庆大霉素和高水平链霉素耐受的检测试验,对受试肠球菌的耐药性和多重耐药性进行分析。共得到菌落形态及生化特性不同的非重复的肠球菌318株,其中粪肠球菌（49.06%）和屎肠球菌（29.87%）分离率较高。受试肠球菌对高水平庆大霉素和高水平链霉素的耐药率分别为39.94%和43.40%,对四环素（78.62%）、红霉素（67.30%）和奎诺普丁-达福普汀耐药率（43.71%）较高,对替加环素全部敏感,对万古霉素和呋喃妥因非耐药率也很高（均为98.74%）。受试肠球菌对1类到7类抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药性,多重耐药现象普遍,多重耐药率高达57.23%。耐受4类抗菌药物的数量最多（n=65株）。经分析共得到44种不同的耐药谱,以耐受4类药物的红霉素-奎诺普丁-达福普汀-四环素-高水平氨基糖苷类耐药谱占比最高（45/318,14.15%）。本研究证实受试的北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药程度较高,多重耐药情况普遍存在,应加强对其耐药性的监测工作。     

Research on Antimicrobial Resistance Characteristics of Enterococcus spp. from Companion Animals in Beijing

In order to study the tolerance of Enterococcus spp.from companion animals to common antibiotics in Beijing,320 samples were collected from dogs and cats in a pet hospital in Beijing from May 2015 to January 2016.The strains were isolated by selective culture medium and identified by VITEK-2 Compact 60.The sensitivity test of 11 kinds of common antibiotics in 8 categories was carried out for the isolated and identified strains.At the same time,the high-level gentamicin and high-level streptomycin resistance test were carried out to analyze the drug resistance and multiple drug resistance of Enterococcus.A total of 318 strains of non repetitive enterococci with different colony morphology and biochemical characteristics were obtained.The isolation rates of Enterococcus faecalis (49.06%) and Enterococcus faecium (29.87%) were higher.The resistance rates of Enterococcus to high-level gentamicin and high-level streptomycin were 39.94% and 43.40%,respectively.The resistance rates to tetracycline (78.62%),erythromycin (67.30%) and quinoproptin dapfoptin (43.71%) were very high.All of them were sensitive to tigecycline,and the non-resistant rate to vancomycin and nitrofurantoin was also high (98.74%).Enterococcus tested showed different degrees of resistance to class 1 to class 7 antibiotics,and the multidrug resistance was common,and the multidrug resistance rate was as high as 57.23%.The number of resistant antibiotics was the highest (n=65).A total of 44 different drug resistance profiles were obtained.Among them,erythromycin-quinoptin-daptoptin-tetracycline-high level aminoglycoside resistant spectrum accounted for the highest proportion (45/318,14.15%).This study confirmed that Enterococcus spp.isolated from companion animals in Beijing was highly resistant to common antibiotics,and multidrug resistance was prevalent.Therefore,it was necessary to strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance.     

Detection of canine coronaviruses genotype I and II in raised Canidae animals in China

An RT-nPCR assay was used for testing fecal samples of dogs, foxes, raccoon dogs and minks for the presence of canine coronavirus (CCV). The animals were raised in homes, dog schools or farms. Seventy out of 81 healthy dog feces from three cities and 21 out of 48 diarrhea feces from pet dogs were positive for type II CCV. From a total of 61 healthy fox feces, 43 were positive for type II and 29 for type I CCV, out of which 25 were simultaneously positive for the two different genotypes. Among 24 raccoon dogs samples, 22 were CCV type II-positive, and from those 16 were additionally type I positive. No CCVs was detected from healthy mink feces. Sequence analysis found that ten type II CCVs fragments of M gene shared a high similarity with reference strain CCV 1-71 (96.5-99.5%), and four type I CCVs shared a high similarity (96.7%-98.1%) with a reported FCV-like CCV strain. The sequence of one particular M gene fragment was found to cluster between the type I and type II CCV branches in phylogenetic analysis, suggesting the existence of a novel strain. Our study confirmed that type II CCVs infection is very common in domestic dog, fox, and raccoon dog populations in China. This is also the first report on the co-existence of two CCV genotypes in healthy foxes and raccoon dogs.     

貂、狐、貉的养殖与疾病防治

主要对貂、狐、貉的养殖及一些长期存在的营养代谢病、主要传染病防治(疫苗质量,使用与免疫程序,免疫失败)进行归纳和总结。     

微量间接血凝试验检测特种经济动物嗜肺性军团菌抗体的研究

应用嗜肺性军团菌(Lp)共同抗原建立了微量间接血凝试验(MPHA),并以此方法对马鹿、梅花鹿、紫貂、水貂、貉、獭兔、熊、蓝狐、银狐及雉鸡等10种特种经济动物的830份血清样本进行了Lp抗体水平的检测。结果表明,紫貂和水貂血清的Lp抗体滴度1:32为阻抑试验阳性,而梅花鹿、马鹿、貉等8种特种经济动物血清的Lp抗体滴度1:64为阳性。按此标准,獭兔血清Lp抗体的阳性率为30.0％(9/30),梅花鹿15.3％(19/124),紫貂8.7％(2/23),马鹿8.45％(6/71),貉2.94％(6/204),水貂1.1％(8/273)。熊、蓝狐、银狐及雉鸡等血清样本全部呈阴性反应。     

猪饲料添加剂复合菌种的筛选和特性研究

根据微生态理论,文章选用嗜酸乳杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母作为制备复合微生物饲料添加剂的试验菌株。经一系列实验,结果表明:所选3种试验菌均能耐受0.3%的猪胆盐,对pH值为3.0的酸性环境也有较强的抵抗力,活菌数均在106CFU/ml以上;3种试验菌对人工胃肠液均有理想的耐受能力,能顺利通过胃、十二指肠到达小肠发挥作用,并能抑制猪体常见致病菌,是制备复合微生物饲料添加剂的优良菌种。     

Epizootiological investigations of canine distemper virus in free-ranging carnivores from Germany

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a broad range of carnivores. To assess whether wild carnivores may play a role in the epidemiology of CDV in domestic dogs in Germany, the seroprevalence of CDV was determined. In sera from red foxes (30 of 591 (5%)) and stone martens (2 of 10 (20%)) antiviral antibodies were detected using a neutralization assay, whereas sera of raccoons, two mink, one pine marten and one raccoon dog were negative. In foxes, there was a significantly higher prevalence in urban and suburban compared to rural regions. When testing lung and spleen tissue samples (fox, badger, stone marten, polecat, raccoon dog) 13 of 253 (5.1%) foxes, 2 of 13 (15.4%) stone martens and 2 of 6 (33%) badgers were virus positive using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the F gene revealed a distinct relatedness to canine CDV isolates. Together, the data support the concept of transmission of CDV between domestic dogs and wild carnivores.     

Characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius from pigeons, dogs, foxes, mink, and horses by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Staphylococcus intermedius from pigeons, dogs, foxes, mink, and horses, was characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to evaluate the use of this typing method for discriminating among strains. SmaI cut the chromosomal DNA into 7-13 fragments ranging from approximately 48 kb to 655 kb, with most of the detectable fragments being smaller than 172 kb. S. intermedius from various animals had a high degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism. Pigeon strains have a similar genotype, despite the difference in their isolation area. Phage typing indicated that the dog, fox, and mink strains belong to the canine I or canine II type. The PFGE method further differentiated the mink strains from the dog and fox strains with regard to three fragments between 256 kb and 570 kb. As such, genomic DNA fingerprinting by PFGE appears to be an effective technique for discriminating S. intermedius strains from various animals. A combination of PFGE typing and phage typing would provide more detailed information than the single method for ecological investigations of S. intermedius.