猪的肠道微生物与宿主营养代谢

肠道中栖息着数量庞大复杂多样的微生物菌群,肠道微生物在宿主健康中发挥着重要作用,既影响着饲料消化、营养物质吸收和能量供应,又调控着宿主正常生理功能及疾病的发生与发展.动物胃肠道不仅是消化器官,还是感应器官,肠道对营养物质的感应可以通过脑肠轴调节机体生理活动.肠道微生物还能代谢蛋白质产生宿主细胞不能合成的肽类物质,并通过小肠上皮的肽类转运系统影响机体代谢,因此可能存在微生物-肠道-大脑轴.肠道微生物还可以与机体形成宿主-微生物代谢轴,对动物机体营养物质代谢和免疫稳态起重要作用.饲粮对宿主代谢的改变,常伴随有肠道微生物区系的变化,肠道微生物的代谢可能通过微生物-肠道-大脑轴以及宿主-微生物代谢轴调节宿主很多生理过程,进而影响机体整体代谢.本文概述了猪肠道微生物区系与宿主肠道营养物质代谢的关系,以加深关于肠道微生物对机体代谢贡献的认识.     

动物肠道菌群与营养物质代谢的研究进展

肠道菌群与动物体共同组成一个有机的整体,协同共生。维持正常的肠道菌群平衡对动物健康至关重要。肠道菌群不仅影响动物对摄入营养物质的代谢,并且对消化道紊乱等相关疾病也具有不容忽视的作用。文章从动物肠道菌群组成、肠道菌群对营养物质代谢、肠道菌群对营养代谢性疾病以及维持肠道菌群平衡对动物健康的重要性等方面进行了综述。     

柠檬酸对肉仔鸡肠道pH值及肠道微生物的影响

长期以来的大量研究证实，胃肠道微生物大多都是有益的并与动物存在着共生关系，这种共生关系表现在畜禽消化道为微生物提供适宜生长的环境，反过来微生物提供了动物所需要的某些营养物质。尽管对消化道微生物作用的认识还不全面，但已取得一些共识：消化道微生物参与机体物质代谢、营养转化和合成，影响营养物质的分解吸收（康白，１９８８）。同时饲料是影响消化道微生物区系建立的主要环境因素之一。本试验拟通过对肉仔鸡十二指肠、盲肠３种正常菌群的观察来研究柠檬酸对肠道正常微生物的影响。１材料与方法１．１试验设计和日粮试验采用…     

乳源生物活性肽对动物肠道功能的影响及作用机制

乳源生物活性肽(MDBPs)是指乳汁中存在的参与机体多种代谢途径和生理环节,具有特殊氨基酸排列和空间结构的相对较短的小分子肽段。近年的研究发现MDBPs能影响动物肠道黏膜营养物质吸收、减缓肠道氧化应激、改善肠道微生态环境以及提高肠道免疫力。本文将围绕MDBPs对动物肠道功能的影响及作用机制进行综述。     

水产动物肠道菌群的形成及其生理作用

健康水产动物的肠道内存在着大量的微生物,它们构成了水产动物肠道的微生物区系,这些微生物群落是动物长期进化的结果,对水产动物的生长发育过程有着极其重要的作用.正常生理状态下,正常的肠道菌群对动物体的维生素合成、促进生长发育、物质代谢及免疫防御功能都有重要的作用,是维持动物健康的必要因素,也是反映机体内环境稳定与否的重要方面.以鱼类为例,阐述水产动物肠道菌群的形成及其在营养和免疫中的作用,以期为肠道菌群的调控提供理论依据.     

饲粮纤维的消化特性及纤维素酶在单胃动物中的应用

饲粮纤维是自然界年产量巨大的可再生资源,而来源不同和理化性质相异的饲粮纤维对动物机体营养物质代谢的影响及作用机理并不一致。为了促进不同类型饲粮纤维的合理开发和利用,可通过添加纤维素酶来提高动物机体对饲粮纤维的消化利用率,改善动物肠道健康,提高动物生产性能,以缓解饲料资源危机。文章就饲粮纤维的分类和消化特性、对营养物质消化代谢的调节机制,饲粮纤维对动物肠道菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,以及纤维素酶在单胃动物中的应用研究等方面进行了综述,以促进饲粮纤维在单胃动物中的合理开发和利用,为纤维素酶在单胃动物中的推广与应用奠定理论基础。     

乳酸菌在动物生产中应用的研究进展

乳酸菌作为人和动物肠道的正常菌群,具有诸多的益生功能,广泛应用于食品、医药和饲料等行业,是一类重要的微生物。它能维持动物肠道菌群平衡,促进动物对营养物质的吸收,提高动物机体的免疫力等。作者主要对乳酸菌的分类、培养及其保存、乳酸菌主要生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用等方面进行了综述。     

丁酸介导下肠道菌群与宿主免疫互作机制的研究进展

肠道菌群或其代谢产物在动物机体生长发育与功能完善方面起重要作用,当宿主与肠道菌群间的动态平衡被打破,可诱发局部或全身性炎症反应。丁酸不仅作为能源物质为机体提供能量,还能调控宿主先天性免疫和适应性免疫状态,促进机体免疫应答;并影响宿主分泌抗菌肽（AMPs）等预防肠道病原菌易位,维持肠道菌群的稳态。本文将系统介绍丁酸介导下肠道菌群与宿主免疫系统间互作机制的研究进展,并阐明其在肠道健康稳态中的重要作用。     

病毒感染与肠道菌群关系的研究进展

人和动物的肠道内定植着数量众多的微生物,它们对宿主正常生理功能至关重要。肠道菌群与宿主不断地进行相互作用,形成互利共生的关系,影响机体健康。病毒感染会通过影响肠道菌群进而影响机体的免疫和代谢功能。肠道菌群或益生菌也会影响病毒的感染和疫苗的免疫效果。了解病毒与肠道菌群或益生菌的相互作用及肠道菌群对疫苗免疫效果的影响,有助于揭示疾病的发病机制,通过调控肠道菌群来治疗疾病。现主要从病毒与肠道菌群的相互作用,益生菌对病毒感染的影响和肠道菌群对疫苗免疫效果的影响三方面进行综述。     

母猪肠道微生态与繁殖生理研究进展

动物胃肠道微生物具有很强的代谢活性,对宿主的营养物质利用和生理代谢功能具有重要调控作用,可影响动物的生产性能和机体健康。为了适应胎儿的生长发育,妊娠期间母体的肠道菌群组成和代谢活性发生显著变化。笔者结合自己近年来的研究成果,对国内外母猪肠道微生态与繁殖生理方面取得的研究进展进行综述,以期为研发提高母猪繁殖性能的调控技术提供思路。     

Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization,performance, and health of poultry

Poultry is widely produced and consumed meat global y. Its demand is expected to continue increasing to meet the animal protein requirement for ever-increasing human population. Thus, the chal enge that poultry scientists and industry face are to produce sufficient amount of poultry meat in the most efficient way. In the past, using antibiotics to promote the growth of poultry and manage gut microbiota was a norm. However, due to concerns over potential fatalistic impacts on food animals and indirectly to humans, their use as feed additives are banned or regulated in several jurisdictions. In this changed context, several alternative strategies have been proposed with some success that mimics the functions of antibiotics as growth promoters and modulate gut microbiota for their beneficial roles. These include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, and exogenous enzyme, among others. Gut microbiota and their metabolic products improve nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and overal health and growth performance of poultry. This paper reviews the available information on the effect of feed additives used to modulate intestinal microbiota of poultry and their effects on overal health and growth performance. Understanding these functions and interactions wil help to develop new dietary and managerial strategies that wil ultimately lead to enhanced feed utilization and improved growth performance of poultry. This review wil help future researchers and industry to identify alternative feed ingredients having properties like prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, and exogenous enzymes.     

猪肠道微生物及其代谢产物与肠道屏障研究进展

肠道微生物参与营养物质代谢，影响猪的健康和发育，当肠道微生物发生紊乱，会造成猪腹泻并引起炎症反应，因此肠道微生物对猪的健康起着至关重要的作用。本文从肠道微生物在仔猪不同发育阶段的分布、肠道微生物的代谢产物对肠道健康的影响机制和肠道微生物与肠道屏障之间的关系进行阐述，并探讨了目前肠道健康研究的进展以及今后的研究方向，旨在为猪肠道健康调控提供理论参考。     

饲用酶制剂调节单胃动物肠道微生态及作用机理

近年来,通过运用新的分子微生物学技术以及数据分析方法,许多研究证实饲用酶制剂不仅会促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收,而且会影响肠道中特定微生物的发育。其机理可能是通过调节食糜的物理化学性状以及肠道微生物所需营养物质的量,同时提高具有潜在益生效应物质的含量,从而影响肠道微生态的发育,本文拟总结饲粮添加饲用酶制剂对单胃动物肠道微生态的影响并探讨相关机理。     

Research on IgG Fc Receptor Gene Expression in Different Parts of the Intestine of Yili Horse

The research was designed to analyze the rule of mRNA expression of IgG Fc receptor(FcR) in intestine from Yili horse aged at two-years-old by RT-PCR method, which aimed at providing data for researches on immunology mechanism and digestive physiology of equine, improving immunology function of horses, enhancing of nutrients absorbing, decreasing mortality.The results showed that the expression of IgG FcR gene in small gut was significantly higher than that of cecum (P< 0.05);it was also higher than that of large gut, its expression in large gut was higher than that of cecum(P> 0.05).The expression of IgG FcR had been identified in intestine of horses at two-year-old, it was different of immunology mechanism among horses, human and rat;Moreover, the expresson of IgG FcR in small gut was the highest among intestine, its expression rule was similar as other mammal animals (piggy and sheep).Above all, not only could be small gut thought as a digestive and absorption organ in nutrients, but also a important immunology organ in terms of its function, each plays special role in physiology of animal body.     

环境温度对动物肠道微生物菌群影响的研究进展

温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。     

Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition

The purpose of this review is to summarize the effectiveness, modes of action and commercial application of herbal plants and their derivatives as growth promoters for animal. Feed supplements are a group of feed ingredients that can cause a desired animal response in a non-nutrient role such as pH shift, growth, or metabolic modifier (Hutjens, 1991). Common feed additives used in animal diets include immunostimulators, antimicrobials, antioxidants, pH control agents and enzymes. Herbal plants, are a new class of growth promoters and in recent years this feed additives have gained extensive attention in the feed industry. They are a wide variety of herbs, spices, and products derived thereof, and are mainly essential oils. Although numerous reports have demonstrated antioxidative and antimicrobial and immune stimulation efficacy in vitro, respective experimental in vivo evidence is still quite limited. A limited number of experimental comparisons of herbal plants feed additives with antibiotics or organic acid have suggested similar effects on the animal gut microflora. Gut microflora has significant effects on host nutrition, health, and growth performance by interacting with nutrient utilization and the development of gut system of the host. In addition, some phytogenic compounds seem to promote intestinal mucus production. However, the future of using herbs in animal feeding will in great measure depend on the knowledge of chemical structure, their value and characteristics of practical herbs or their extract physiological needs and well-being of animal, and, above all on consumer’s preferences and expectations.     

外源核苷酸营养研究进展

核苷酸具有许多生理生化功能.人和动物体内能够从头合成核苷酸,但在某些情况下,如机体迅速生长、受到免疫挑战时,一些器官、组织内源合成的核苷酸不能满足机体的需要.日粮来源的核苷酸对胃肠道的生长发育、免疫系统、肝功能及脂肪代谢有重要作用.动物生产中,日粮核苷酸是一种半必需营养素.     

血浆蛋白粉在仔猪饲养中的应用及机理研究进展

血浆蛋白粉由于营养全面、消化率高、适口性好、富含免疫物质等特点获得了广泛的应用.本文从血浆蛋白粉中起作用的主要成分、血浆蛋白粉对系统和肠道抗氧化和免疫的作用以及其对内分泌和养分吸收的影响等方面进行了论述,最后重点阐述了血浆蛋白粉在肠道的作用机理.     

Swine gut microbiota and its interaction with host nutrient metabolism

Gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. The correlation among gut microbiota, glycolipid metabolism, and metabolic diseases has been well reviewed in humans. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism in swine remains incompletely understood. Given the limitation in conducting human experiments and the high similarity between swine and humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, polyphagy, habits, and metabolism and in terms of the composition of gut microbiota, there is a pressing need to summarize the knowledge gained regarding swine gut microbiota, its interplay with host metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to outline the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in swine and to emphasize the action mechanisms underlying the complex microbiome–host crosstalk via the gut microbiota–gut–brain axis. Moreover, it highlights the new advances in knowledge of the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota. A better understanding of these aspects can not only shed light on healthy and efficient pork production but also promote our knowledge on the associations between gut microbiota and the microbiome–host crosstalk mechanism. More importantly, knowledge on microbiota, host health and metabolism facilitates the development of a precise intervention therapy targeting the gut microbiota.     

肠道菌群及其代谢产物调节动物线粒体功能的研究进展

线粒体是动物细胞生产能量的主要场所，可参与三磷酸腺苷的产生、细胞线粒体Ca²⁺稳态的维持，在调节动物机体能量代谢方面发挥重要的作用。目前，研究发现肠道微生物及其代谢产物可影响细胞线粒体代谢水平和功能，参与调节机体营养物质代谢周转速度，最终影响畜禽生长发育及饲料转化效率等。本文在总结线粒体生物学功能的基础上，重点阐述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对线粒体功能的调节作用及影响因素，旨在为饲粮营养手段介导肠道微生物-宿主线粒体途径调节动物生长发育和肠道健康提供理论参考。