仔猪雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌的分离鉴定及系统进化分析

为了解猪雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌（P ．rettgeri）的生物学特性、致病性及16 S rRNA基因系统进化关系,本研究从发生严重腹泻、血便的哺乳仔猪群的内脏器官中分离到1株病原菌,根据形态特征、培养特性、生化特性、16 S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为 P ．rettgeri。小鼠攻毒试验证实该分离菌株对试验小鼠有较强致病力,哺乳仔猪回归试验可复制出与临床上相似的典型症状,并从发病死亡小鼠及哺乳仔猪中分离到攻毒菌株。系统进化分析表明,分离菌株与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌系统进化关系最为密切,其16 S rRNA 基因序列与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌代表菌株的同源性在97．3％～99．6％之间。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌株对头孢哌酮钠、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松钠、头孢唑啉、头孢呋肟、头孢吡肟、阿莫西林、链霉素、氨曲南、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、恩诺沙星、卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素和阿米卡星等多数药物敏感。本研究首次报道了雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌可以引起哺乳仔猪严重腹泻,提示在仔猪腹泻中应注意该菌感染的诊断、监测和防控。     

白鳍鲨雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

从北京海洋馆死亡的白鳍鲨腹腔脓液和心血中分离到一株病原菌,经生理生化、培养特性、16S rRNA序列鉴定为雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌。以16S rRNA序列为基础构建了包括普罗菲登斯菌属模式株在内的系统发育树,分离菌株与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌模式株DSM4542的同源性最近。药敏试验结果表明,该菌对氨曲南、头孢曲松、磷霉素、哌拉西林、头孢呋辛钠、诺氟沙星、头孢哌酮敏感。毒力试验结果显示该菌可致小鼠死亡。     

致仔猪腹泻的雷氏普罗威登斯菌的分离鉴定

秦皇岛市某猪场哺乳仔猪发生以腹泻为主要临床表现的疾病,为查明其病因,无菌采集濒死仔猪小肠内容物进行细菌分离培养、培养特性、生化特性鉴定,初步表明该分离菌株为雷氏普罗威登斯菌(编号:Q20160503)。该菌的16SrRNA基因序列同源性比对分析表明,分离菌与Providencia rettgeri同源性达99.1%~99.3%。动物回归试验证实该分离菌株为致病菌。分离菌株对阿莫西林-克拉维酸钾、头孢噻呋钠、丁胺卡那霉素、多西环素、氟苯尼考、左氧氟沙星、黏菌素、磺胺异恶唑等13种药物高度耐药,仅对美罗培南、乙酰甲喹敏感。     

—株牛变形杆菌的分离鉴定及其药物敏感性研究

从重庆市某肉牛场病牛关节液中分离到1株细菌,经细菌形态和培养特性观察、生化试验、小鼠攻毒试验及细菌16SrRNA基因序列分析,判定该菌为变形杆菌。药敏试验表明,分离菌株对头孢呋辛、丙氟哌酸等药物敏感。     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌强毒株的分离鉴定及16-23SrRNAITS序列分析

为确诊疑似仔猪肺炎克雷伯氏菌(K.pneumonia)感染,并研究其病原的致病性、耐药性、16-23SrRNA ITS系统进化特征,本研究从云南因肺炎、腹泻而大量死亡的仔猪中分离到1株革兰氏阴性短粗杆菌,命名为KP14013,对其进行生化鉴定、16SrRNA鉴定,研究其对小白鼠和仔猪的致病性,并对其16-23SrRNA ITS基因进行测序和遗传进化分析。结果显示,KP14013分离株生化特征与肺炎克雷伯氏菌相符,其16SrRNA与GenBank中23株肺炎克雷伯氏菌代表株之间的同源性均为99%,将KP14013鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌。KP14013对小白鼠半数致死量(LD50)为3×101.8 CFU,腹腔注射3×108 CFU可使仔猪100%致死。16-23SrRNA ITS系统进化关系结果表明,KP14013与GenBank中收录的15株肺炎克雷伯氏菌形成进化树的一个分支,属于同一个亚群,它们之间的核苷酸同源性为98.4%~99.2%。本研究证实了肺炎克雷伯氏菌是该起仔猪腹泻大量死亡的病原;KP14013分离株为毒力极强菌株,具有多重耐药性,其16-23SrRNA ITS与GenBank中收录的肺炎克雷伯氏菌代表株之间核苷酸存在差异,可用于肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株间的鉴别。     

一株兔源金黄色葡萄球菌的分离和鉴定

为确定福州某兔场乳房炎和脚皮炎的病原,本试验从病死兔的乳房炎和脚皮炎病料中分离到一株革兰氏阳性菌FZYHSA001。根据分离菌的菌落形态、革兰氏染色特征和16SrRNA基因序列,确定为金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏试验结果显示,该菌对卡那霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素和头孢曲松4种药物不敏感,对链霉素中度敏感,对青霉素、庆大霉素、恩诺沙星、头孢克肟、氟苯尼考、左氧氟沙星和头孢唑肟高度敏感。     

珠三角地区鸭疫里默菌主要生物学特性研究

为明确珠三角地区鸭疫里默菌的主要生物学特性,对从珠三角地区分离到的87株鸭疫里默菌进行生化试验、玻片凝集试验、药敏试验、致病性检测及16 S rRNA基因测序,以比较相互间的生物学特性及其同源性.结果表明,分离株的生化特性基本一致;血清型以2型为主,占65.5％,其次是1型,占14.9％,此外还有16株未定型,占18.4％;代表株对雏鸭具有很强的致病性,对头孢类药物（头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、头孢唑林）非常敏感,而对常用抗菌药物（青霉素、氨苄西林、氯霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素）普遍耐药;本试验检测的19株代表菌的16 S rRNA基因序列的同源性较高,16 S rRNA基因与菌株的血清型和致病性无直接关系.     

新疆羔羊腹泻奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定与小鼠致病性试验

为研究新疆和田地区某羊场羔羊腹泻病原菌的耐药性和致病性,对分离株进行纯化培养、染色镜检、16SrRNA基因序列对比、动物致病性试验和药物敏感性试验.结果显示,该菌在TSA培养基上呈现迁徙性生长,革兰染色阴性,菌株16S rRNA序列分析证实为奇异变形杆菌,命名为17f.动物致病性试验确定分离菌对小鼠的半数致死量为0.9...     

仔猪腹泻病原菌分离及其防治

从腹泻仔猪的小肠内容物及粪便中分离出一株细菌,经16 S rRNA测序及生化特征试验确定为大肠杆菌.该菌具有溶血性及较强的致病性,感染小鼠3 d内死亡率达95％.该菌株的药敏试验及益生菌抑制试验结果表明,分离菌对左氟沙星、链霉素、四环素、青霉素G、氨苄青霉素和万古霉素表现出耐药性,对头孢克洛、头孢哌酮、头孢呋辛、氯霉素和庆大霉素表现为敏感,且对凝结芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌表现为高敏感.在小鼠治疗中使用复合乳酸菌的治疗效果与抗生素治疗效果差异不大,说明益生菌在防治仔猪腹泻、替代抗生素的使用过程中具有一定的价值.     

猪源绿色气球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解河北省保定市某猪场断奶仔猪发生以腹泻和呼吸道为主要症状的病死原因,无菌采集病料进行细菌分离培养、培养特性、生化特性鉴定,初步表明分离菌株为绿色气球菌。16S rRNA基因序列同源性比对分析显示,分离菌与绿色气球菌同源性达99.4%～100%。致病性试验证实2株分离菌株有致病性。分离菌株仅对氨苄西林敏感,对红霉素、四环素中敏,对阿米卡星、头孢吡酮、头孢噻吩、诺氟沙星、克林霉素、苯唑西林、环丙沙星、万古霉素、氯霉素、头孢拉啶、呋喃妥因、黏菌素均耐药,并携带多重耐药基因。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.