四川规模化鸡场鸡致病性E.coli血清型、耐药性和质粒图谱的研究

从四川10个规模化鸡场分离的经生化鉴定、动物回归试验获得46株鸡致病性E.coli。对46株鸡致病性E.coli进行了耐药性、血清型鉴定和质粒DNA分析的研究。试验结果表明：鸡致病性大杆菌易产生耐药性，且多为多重耐药；鉴定出36株大肠杆菌的O血清型共16种，占鉴定菌株的78.3%；流行的主要血清为O89、O141、O119、O127和O131，共22株，占定型菌株的61.6%，鸡致病性大肠杆菌血清型多，各地血清型各类差异大；质粒得率为100％，来源相同的菌株有相同或相似的质粒图谱和酶切图谱，来源不同的菌株质粒图谱一般不同，同一血清型可以有不同的质粒图谱。     

一株鸭致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药分析

对江西省樟树市某鸭养殖场送检的病死鸭进行病理剖检,通过细菌分离、生化鉴定得到1株致病性大肠杆菌。药敏试验结果表明,该菌株对头孢拉定、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松和阿莫西林等β-内酰胺类抗生素产生了严重的耐药。通过质粒提取和接合转移试验对分离菌株进行耐药性分析;提取得到一10 kb左右的质粒;质粒接合转移试验表明,成功将该质粒转化入感受态E.coli JM109,并能使E.coli JM109获得对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药且与分离菌株的耐药谱一致。推测该菌株产β-内酰胺酶的基因存在于质粒,并且该耐药基因能随质粒的转移转化入敏感菌E.coli JM109。     

宠物源大肠杆菌的血清型和毒力基因及耐药性调查

为研究宠物源致病性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的血清型、毒力基因和耐药性之间的相关性,本研究由健康和患病犬、猫直肠拭子样品中分离177株E.coli,并采用玻片凝集法鉴定其血清型,结果显示分离株中定型菌株135株,分别属于20个不同的血清型,其中O1、O2和O8为主要的流行血清型。PCR方法检测11种毒力相关基因,并采用琼脂稀释法测定分离菌株对14种抗菌药的敏感性,结果表明3个血清型的菌株拥有相似的耐药表型,但毒力基因谱不同。62%的分离菌株携带fimH基因,并且毒力基因组合iroN+hlyF、iroN+fimH和traT+sitA比较流行。55%的O1血清型携带fimH基因,并且多数耐受四环素、多西环素、头孢噻吩和庆大霉素;20.8%的O2血清型菌株携带traT和sitA基因;50%的O8血清型携带traT和fimH基因。3个血清型分离菌株多数对安普霉素和阿米卡星敏感。     

鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的耐药基因PCR检测

鸡大肠杆菌病是由大肠埃希氏杆菌(Escherichiacoli,E.coli)某些血清型菌株所引起的一类疾病的总称,是危害养鸡业主要细菌性疾病。大肠杆菌血清型众多,且易产生耐药性。鸡致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性与本身携带的耐药基因具有一定的相关性。本实验临床分离5株鸡致病性大肠杆菌,用PCR方法对其四环素类药物的耐药基因tetA和tetB分布进行了检测,结果显示,临床分离5株鸡致病性大肠杆菌均携带检四环素类药物的耐药基因tetA和tetB检出率均为100%,因此,证实了说明临床分离5株鸡致病性大肠杆菌对四环素类药物存在很强的耐药性。     

致狐狸肺炎大肠杆菌血清鉴定与毒力基因检测

为了确定狐狸肺炎源致病性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)流行血清型与毒力基因的携带情况并分析其相关性,2016—2017年采集河北省部分地区患肺炎死亡的狐狸的肺脏、心血等组织142份中分离到了105株E.coli,且RT-PCR检测犬瘟热病毒为阴性,人工感染小鼠致病性试验结果显示105株分离菌株中77株为致病性E.coli。采用玻片凝集试验和PCR方法分别检测77株致病性E.coli血清型和毒力基因,结果显示:77株致病性E.coli有9种血清型,其中以O1、O8、O78、O12为流行的优势致病血清型,77株致病性E.coli携带14种不同毒力基因,以irp2、fyuA、papC、fimC、iucD^a、colv、hlyF、ompT 8种毒力基因检出率较高,在32.5%～98.7%之间,其余毒力基因检出率较低。狐狸肺炎源致病性E.coli的优势血清型携带的毒力基因较多,至少携带9种毒力基因,流行的优势血清型与毒力基因之间具有一定的相关性。狐狸肺炎源E.coli流行血清型代表株TS(O1)1、QH(O8)2、QH(O78)3、TS(O12)4均对狐狸很强的致病性。本试验为狐狸肺炎源致病性E.coli防控提供了参考依据。     

广东屠猪肉样品中大肠杆菌耐药性与毒力特征的分析

为分析广东地区屠猪肉中大肠杆菌(E.coli)药物敏感菌株的血清型、毒力基因和系统进化背景,本研究从屠猪肉样品中分离出112株E.coli,采用玻片凝集法鉴定血清型,琼脂稀释法测定10种抗菌药的敏感性,PCR方法检测7种毒力相关基因,多重PCR方法进行系统进化背景判定。结果显示,112株E.coli中,定型菌株95株,分别属于15种血清型,其中O65、O131、O8和O158为优势血清型。几乎所有菌株对氟苯尼考、多西环素和四环素高度耐药,而对头孢曲松高度敏感,其中多重耐药菌株多数耐5种以上药物,常见的多重耐药表型是氟苯尼考/氯霉素/多西环素/四环素/氨苄西林。PCR鉴定结果表明,含有毒力基因的菌株中38%至少具有两个毒力基因,其中EAST1+Stx2e和hlyF+Stx2e比较常见。比较常见的毒力基因为Stx2e和EAST1,STb基因仅在一株菌中检测到。多重PCR鉴定结果显示,屠猪肉样品中E.coli主要分布为共生型的A组和B1组。本研究为大肠杆菌病的控制和合理使用抗生素提供实验依据。     

内蒙古呼和浩特地区牛源致病性大肠杆菌的血清型、毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为鉴定内蒙古呼和浩特地区奶牛肠道致病性大肠杆菌(E.coli)分离株的血清型、毒力基因和耐药性,本研究分别采用接种小鼠试验、玻片凝集试验、PCR方法及药敏纸片法测定E.coli分离株的致病性、血清型分布、8种毒力基因及对20种抗生素的敏感性。结果表明,从内蒙古奶牛场采集的100份粪便样品中鉴定出50株致病性E.coli(50%)。定型的24株致病性E.coli的血清型共10种,以O18、O146和O152为优势血清型,共14株,占定型菌株的58.3%。50株致病性E.coli中,毒力基因irp2、eae A、stx1、stx2和hly A的检出率分别为100%、50%、14%、10%和8%。另外,所有血清型菌株对受试的抗菌药物呈多重耐药性,并且均耐受青霉素、四环素、多西环素、利福平、复方新诺明和阿莫西林6种抗生素,而且全部含有毒力基因irp2。本研究结果为牛源致病性E.coli病的防控和临床用药提供了实验依据。     

鸡源性多重耐药沙门菌质粒与耐药性相关性分析

为了解鸡源性沙门菌临床分离株多重耐药情况与质粒的携带关系,采用K-B纸片法对13株鸡源沙门菌分离菌株进行10种抗菌药物敏感性试验,通过质粒图谱检测耐药菌株质粒携带情况,分析质粒图谱和耐药谱的关系,采用0.5%SDS和43°C对分离菌进行质粒消除,根据质粒消除前后耐药谱的变化,初步对耐药基因进行定位。13株分离菌均表现为多重耐药,大部分菌株为5重及以上耐药,最主要的多重耐药谱是AMP-CIP-OFL-NOR-SXT-TET,分离菌均检测到了质粒的存在。质粒消除后,耐药谱明显变窄,耐药菌株恢复了对大多数药物的敏感性。结果表明,鸡源性多重耐药沙门菌的耐药性与质粒的携带关系密切,初步推断编码四环素、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星的耐药基因主要存在于质粒上。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌ST95流行菌株耐药表型及耐药基因分析

为探究禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)ST95类群菌株的耐药表型和耐药基因分布情况,对37株ST95 APEC菌株进行血清型、耐药性测定以及耐药基因检测。结果显示:37株ST95 APEC的优势血清型为O2:K1和O1:K1,所有禽源ST95菌株均为多重耐药(MDR)特性,其至少对12种抗生素耐药,ST95菌株对头孢类抗生素的耐药比率很高,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂耐药率也达到35%,对非头孢类抗生素如环丙沙星、庆大霉素等同样具有广泛耐药性。PCR检测发现30株APEC菌株含有β-内酰胺酶基因,在这些ST95菌株中检测出多种质粒编码的抗性基因,如链霉素/壮观霉素抗性基因strA和strB等。研究表明ST95 APEC菌株呈现明显的广谱耐药特性,质粒携带的耐药基因广泛分布于ST95菌株。     

福建省龙岩市禽致病性大肠杆菌的血清型、毒力因子及耐药研究

本研究对2015年分离自福建省龙岩市的139株禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)的血清型、毒力因子分布及耐药性等进行检测,并对血清型与耐药性、毒力因子分布和耐药性之间的相关性进行分析,以期为APEC的防控提供参考。对139株分离菌株的血清型检测结果表明,O1血清型(11株)、O2血清型(14株)和O78血清型(14株)占全部菌株的28%;对分离菌株毒力基因检测结果表明,4%和7.1%的菌株检测到papC基因和vat基因,14.3%和19.3%的菌株检测到aat A基因和cva/cvi基因。而iuc D(82%)、tsh(59%)、iss(55%)和irp2(44.6%)基因在分离菌株中具有较高的检出率;药敏实验结果表明,分离株存在多重耐药性,99%以上分离菌株对红霉素、克林霉素和利福平耐受,86%的分离菌株对10种以上抗生素耐受,57.3%的菌株对13种药物都耐受;对血清型、耐药性与致病性之间的分析结果表明,分离的O1、O2和O78血清型的菌株,其中50%的菌株是含有5种以上毒力基因的强毒株,且在分离的含有5种以上毒力基因的强毒株中,50%的菌株对13种抗生素耐受,90%的菌株对10种以上药物耐受。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.