中国流行株ＨＩＶ—1gag—gp120与ＩＬ／ＩＬ—６共表达核酸疫苗质粒的构建和

以pcDNA3.１( ）为载体，构建了中国流行株ＨＩＶ－1gag-gp1２０嵌合基因的核酸疫苗质粒；并以pIRES1neo为载体，构建了gap-gp120与ＩＬ－２／ＩＬ－６共表达的２种核酸疫苗质粒。将核酸疫苗质粒在体外转染ＢＨＫ－２１细胞，ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测到３种核酸疫苗质粒均表达了目的ＨＩＶ－１结构蛋白。将核酸疫苗质粒免疫小鼠，免疫学指标检测结果表明，在本实验条件下，未能检测到含有gap-gp120的核酸疫苗质粒免疫鼠的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的明显改变；而与ＩＬ－２／ＩＬ６共表达的２种核酸疫苗质粒使免疫鼠ＣＤ^ 4、ＣＤ^ 8T细胞数量明显升高，ＣonA和ＬＰＳ诱导的细胞增殖能力显著增强，ＣＴＬ活性明显提高，表明ＩＬ－２和ＩＬ－６有效地发挥了免疫佐剂作用。     

白细胞介素—3对猪瘟病毒E2基因疫苗免疫增强作用的研究

以昆明系小白鼠为试验动物，观察了白细胞介素－３（ＩＬ－３）对猪瘟病毒Ｅ２囊膜糖蛋白（ＨＣＶ Ｅ２）基因疫苗免疫效果的增强作用。用ＤＮＡ重组技术将ＨＣＶ Ｅ２基因和白小鼠ＩＬ－３基因克隆到ｐＩＲＥＳ１ｎｅｏ质粒，因在两者之间有脑心肌炎病毒（ＥＭＣＶ）的核糖体进入位点（ＩＲＥＳ）片段，可得到ＨＣＶ Ｅ２抗体效价。结果显示，ＩＬ－３能显著提高ＨＣＶ Ｅ２基因疫苗的免疫效果，表明ＩＬ－３可作为ＨＣＶ Ｅ２     

重组牛白细胞介素-2增强小鼠对伊氏锥虫可溶性抗原免疫应答的研究

使用伊氏锥虫可溶性抗原免疫小鼠，研究了同时注射重组牛白细胞介素－２（ｒＢＩＬ－２）对ＮＫ细胞杀伤活性及特异性抗体水平的影响。试验鼠随机分为４组：Ａｇ组，ｒＢＩＬ－２组，Ａｇ＋ｒＢＩＬ－２组和ＰＢＳ对照组。以ＬＤＨ释放法和间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法分别检测脾ＮＫ细胞杀伤活性及抗体水平。结果表明，首次免疫后２４ｄ，Ａｇ组ＮＫ细胞杀伤活性为３１．６％，ｒＢＩＬ－２组为９９．６６％，Ａｇ＋ｒＢＩＬ－２组为９８．９８％，对照组为１９．７３％；抗体效价Ａｇ组为２４，Ａｇ＋ｒＢＩＬ－２组为２６。说明ｒＢＩＬ－２可显著提高ＮＫ细胞杀伤活性及促进抗体生成，提高宿主免疫力。     

中药复方禽瘟王对机体免疫功能的影响

以ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，京白蛋用鸡为对象，以白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）干扰素（ＩＦＮ）和自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫＣ）为指标，观察了中药复方制剂禽瘟王对机体ＩＬ－２，ＩＦＮ，ＮＫＣ细胞的影响，结果表明，禽瘟王既能显著增强小鼠ＩＬ－２的活力，又能强化小鼠ＮＫＣ的杀伤活性，同时还可提高鸡体ＩＦＮ的效价水平，提示分充发挥ＩＬ－２，ＩＦＮ，ＮＫＣ网络的正向调节效应，可能是中药复方禽瘟王的药效学基础。     

斑点免疫金测定法检测鸡减蛋综合征抗体的研究

用胶体金标记提纯后的免抗鸡ＩｇＧ，建立了一件以微孔滤膜为固相载体，以红色胶体金作为标记物的检测ＥＤＳ－７６病毒抗体的斑点免疫金测定法（ＤＩＧＦＡ）．该法具有简便、灵敏、快速等优点，全过程于３～５分钟内完成，阳性结果在膜上呈现红色斑点；对鸡ＩｓＧ的最小检测量（灵敏度）为６３×１０－９ｇ；与其它病毒阳性血清无交叉反应。ＤＩＧＦＡ检测ＥＤＳ－７６抗体既可定性，也可定量。检测８０份待检血清，在ＨＩ检出的５６份阳性标本中（效价≥４ｌｏｇ２）用ＤＩＧＦＡ检出阳性标本５５份（效价≥６１ｏｇ２）二者阳性符合率为９８．２％．与ＨＩ比较，ＤＩＧＦＡ平均高２．５（ｌｏｇ２）。本技术为ＥＤＳ－７６和其它禽病的快速诊断和免疫监测提供了一个新的方法。     

肉用鸡垂体—肾上腺轴与免疫功能关系的研究

以艾维茵肉鸡为试验动物，研究了垂体－肾上腺轴在传染性腔上囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）强毒株攻击时对免疫系统的调节作用。结果表明，用ＩＢＤＶ强毒株攻击后，试验鸡垂体－肾上腺轴活动加强，血清促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）和皮质酮（Ｆ）上升，抗ＩＢＤＶ抗体、白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）和白细胞介素３（ＩＬ－３）上升，Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率下降。未经ＩＢＤ疫苗免疫的鸡由于免疫系统遭到ＩＢＤＶ破坏，在ＩＢＤＶ强毒株攻毒后，抗Ｉ     

产蛋下降综合征病毒单克隆抗体的制备

以粗提的ＥＤＳ－７６病毒（ＮＥ－４株）作为抗原，按常规方法免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ鼠，最后一次免疫后第３天取脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０细胞进行融合，采用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＨＩ进行双重筛选，共检出２５个阳性孔，阳性率为１４．８８％。对其中的１１个阳性值较高的孔进行３次克隆，最后获得的１１株杂交瘤细胞，经长期体外培养和冻存后复苏仍能稳定地分泌抗体；ＥＬＩＳＡ阻断试验和与其他病毒的交叉试验证明，其分泌的抗体具有高度特异性。经鉴定，１１株ＭｃＡｂ均为ＩｇＧ，均无免疫沉淀特性，腹水和细胞培养上清的ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１：３２００～１：５１２００和１：１２８～１：２０４８。杂交瘤细胞的染色体数目为８０～１１２，平均９２。尤为重要的是，１１株杂交瘤细胞中有４株分泌抗ＥＤＳ－７６病毒血凝素决定簇的中和单抗，细胞培养上清和腹水的ＨＩ价分别为２１０～２￣（１２）和２￣（２２）～２￣（２４），腹水的中和效价为１：１２８０～１：５１２０。     

鸡T淋巴细胞IL－2的体外诱生及活性检测

经Ｌ１６（４５）正交试验选择，并经实验验证，鸡脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）体外诱生和活性检测的最优水平组合及适宜条件为２．５μｇ／ｍＬ伴刀豆蛋白Ａ（ＣｏｎＡ）、ＩＬ－２体外诱生时间２０ｈ、１×１０７／ｍＬ淋巴细胞、１０％小牛血清、靶细胞培养时间４８ｈ、４×１０６／ｍＬ靶细胞、靶细胞接触时间３６ｈ、５ｍｇ／ｍＬＭＴＴ、ＭＴＴ加入时间３ｈ和甲溶解时间２ｈ；胸腺Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２体外诱生和活性检测的最优水平组合及适宜条件为５μｇ／ｍＬＣｏｎＡ、ＩＬ－２体外诱生时间４８ｈ，余同脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２体外诱生及活性检测。比较试验表明，ＭＴＴ比色分析法和３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶核苷（３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）掺入法有显著的直线回归关系。     

鸡新城疫V4弱毒疫苗免疫效果观察

选用Ｖ４弱毒疫苗免疫ＳＰＦ来航鸡，结果表明：接种该苗，１０天即产生免疫ＨＩ效价均值为５．０ｌｏｇ２，免疫后２０天达到免疫高峰ＨＩ效价均值为５．６ｌｏｇ２，免疫持续期为３４０天，此时，ＨＩ效价均值为５．０ｌｏｇ２。Ｖ４弱毒疫苗稍优于ｃｌｏｎ３－３０弱毒疫苗，但两者差异不显著。     

猪血清中天然LFA—3存在的探讨

测定了正常猪血清对ＳＲＢＣ的溶血作用。并根据猪血清对ＳＲＢＣ的破坏作用经ＳＲＢＣ吸收和加入ＳＲＢＣＬＦＡ－３后即显著降低或消夫，提出了猪血清破坏ＲＢＣ的作用与血清中游离ＣＤ２的存在有关的论断。此外，又根据反复解离和经ＳＲＢＣ吸收后的猪血清具有阻止正常猪血清对ＳＲＢＣ的破坏作用和猪ＰＢＭＣＥ玫瑰花环的形成，认为猪血清中可能存在天然的ＬＦＡ－３，进而对血清游离ＣＤ２在淋巴细胞激活中的功能提出了“游离”     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。