奶牛规模化养殖的酮病综合预防

奶牛规模化养殖是指奶牛在奶牛小区或规模饲养场内饲养。奶牛规模化养殖具有奶牛运动少、产奶量高，集中饲养等特点，这些特点是引发奶牛发生酮病的主要因素。近年来。奶牛规模化养殖的酮病发病率居高不下。为降低奶牛酮病的发病率。本文主要针对奶牛规模化养殖的特点，提出针对性的预防措施，以减少奶农因奶牛酮病造成的经济损失，提高奶农的养殖效益。     

奶牛酮病的诊断与防治方法

奶牛酮病是碳水化合物和挥发性脂肪酸代谢紊乱引起的一种危害性较大的营养代谢病,高产奶牛或分娩3~6 胎的奶牛患酮病的几率更高。随着养殖技术的进步,牧场会通过多种手段来提高奶牛的产奶量,而奶牛酮病不仅造成产奶量和消化机能下降,还容易引发奶牛内分泌系统和生殖系统的疾病。对奶牛酮病的病因、临床症状进行概述,并提出防治措施。     

不同方法对奶牛酮病的治疗效果对比试验

对奶牛酮病的调查与防治进行研究,对围产期奶牛酮病的发病情况、临床症状、诊断以及防治技术进行综合分析,为预防围产期奶牛酮病提供依据,解决奶牛养殖生产中的实际问题。     

利用灌服制剂治疗奶牛隐性酮病的临床试验报告

据报道,奶牛临床型酮病的发病率为1.1%~9.2%,如果将隐性酮病（亚临床型酮病）也计算在内,奶牛酮病发生率将高达12.0%~34.0%[1]。奶牛酮病主要发生在围产后期和产奶高峰期,从而严重影响了最高产奶日的产奶量,也严重影响了泌乳高峰期的维持时间,严重制约了奶牛养殖效益提升。为了探索一种操作简单、实用、安全、有效的奶牛隐性酮病治疗新方法。     

奶牛酮血病的诊断与防治

近年来,随着奶牛业的不断发展,集约化、规模化奶牛养殖不断扩大,同时奶牛养殖中营养代谢病的发病率不断上升,尤其是奶牛酮血病的发病率明显升高,占泌乳牛的15%～30%,严重影响和制约了奶牛的健康生长,从而影响了奶牛产业的快速发展。本文结合奶牛生产,分析了奶牛酮血病的发病原因、临床症状和病理变化等,并提出了有效的防治措施。     

奶牛酮病的病因和防治措施

奶牛酮病又被称为牛酮血病,是奶牛养殖过程中较为常见的一种体内物质代谢失调类疾病.近年来,随着人们对牛奶需求量的不断增加,奶牛养殖产业得到了快速的发展,奶牛泌乳量不断提高,使得奶牛酮病的发病概率也呈现出逐渐上升的趋势,给养殖户造成了较为严重的经济损失.对奶牛酮病的发病原因进行具体分析,并探寻有效的防治措施具有非常重要的现实意义.     

奶牛酮病早期预警技术的研究进展

近年来,奶牛养殖业进入快速发展时期,而养殖高成本、高发病率和低产出是阻碍奶牛养殖业持续发展的障碍。其中,奶牛酮病的发病率有逐年升高趋势,不同的胎次、产后天数、月份、泌乳量等风险因素均影响奶牛酮病的发生。目前,基于奶牛行为、奶牛生产性能测定数据、代谢组学技术和机器学习的酮病早期预警技术已经取得巨大进展。本文综述了奶牛酮病的发病规律和酮病早期预警技术,为奶牛围产期健康管理提供理论参考,对促进奶业提质增效、提高奶牛福利具有重要意义。     

奶牛酮病的研究进展

酮病是奶牛泌乳期一种常见的代谢病,可导致奶牛泌乳量快速减少,乳汁质量差,给奶牛养殖带来了很大的损失.本文就目前关于奶牛酮病的发病原因、发病机理、诊断措施和防治方法做了一个综合概述.     

利用灌服制剂治疗奶牛隐性酮病的临床试验报告

<正>据报道,奶牛临床型酮病的发病率为1.1%~9.2%,如果将隐性酮病(亚临床型酮病)也计算在内,奶牛酮病发生率将高达12.0%~34.0%[1]。奶牛酮病主要发生在围产后期和产奶高峰期,从而严重影响了最高产奶日的产奶量,也严重影响了泌乳高峰期的维持时间,严重制约了奶牛养殖效益提升。为了探索一种操作简单、实用、安全、有效的奶牛隐性酮病治疗新方法,笔者研究设计了利用灌服制剂     

中药复方对奶牛酮病的治疗效果观察

酮病是奶牛养殖过程中常见的代谢性疾病之一，严重影响奶牛健康，导致奶牛生产性能下降。为了减少奶牛酮病造成的经济损失，本文研究了中药复方口服液结合复方布他磷注射液对奶牛酮病的治疗效果以及对奶牛健康的影响。本研究在安徽某牧场筛选出血酮值大于1.4 mmoL/L的酮病奶牛173头，随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛使用中药复方口服液+复方布他磷注射液治疗，对照组奶牛单独使用复方布他磷注射液治疗。统计分析奶牛血酮下降水平、酮病治愈率、疾病发病率、死淘率以及产奶量。结果显示：与对照组相比，中药复方口服液+复方布他磷注射液组能显著降低奶牛血酮水平，提高奶牛酮病治愈率与产奶量，降低奶牛发病率，并在一定程度上降低奶牛死淘率。     

奶牛酮病发病原因及其对生产性能影响调查分析

探索奶牛酮病发病原因、发病规律及其对生产性能的影响,对986头围产期奶牛进行跟踪调查分析。结果表明,奶牛酮病发病率为31.74%,死亡率为4.15%;秋季发病率最高,可达37.4%,其次是冬季和夏季,春季发病率最低;随着胎次、年龄和产乳量的增加,奶牛酮病的发病率明显增高;在第1个泌乳月奶牛酮病的发病率最高,可达50.43%;日粮种类和微量元素越少,奶牛酮病就越容易发生;奶牛发病后受胎率明显降低;发病后产乳量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质比发病前均明显降低,差异显著（P〈0.05）。奶牛酮病发病具有一定的规律性,且可降低奶牛的繁殖性能、产奶量和乳品质。     

新疆昌吉州围产期奶牛酮病流行病学调查及其对生产性能影响

为了掌握新疆昌吉州围产期奶牛酮病的流行现状,研究该病对奶牛生产性能的影响,采集昌吉州1 898 份围产期奶牛血液进行血酮检测,统计分析酮病和亚临床酮病的发生率,比较健康奶牛、亚临床酮病奶牛、酮病奶牛在产奶量、乳品质、免疫力指标方面的差异。结果昌吉州围产期奶牛酮病、亚临床酮病发生率分别为10.06%和33.09%;酮病奶牛、亚临床酮病奶牛与健康奶牛相比,平均日产奶量分别降低14.39%（P<0.05）、5.26%（P<0.05）,乳脂率分别降低11.99%（P<0.05）、6.0%（P<0.05）,乳糖率分别降低6.14%（P<0.05）、2.18%（P>0.05）,乳蛋白率分别降低11.88%（P<0.05）、5.80%（P<0.05）,体细胞数分别提高26.72%（P<0.05）、16.29%（P<0.05）,IgA含量分别降低23.81%（P<0.05）、9.52%（P>0.05）,IgG含量分别降低15.71%（P<0.05）、7.33%（P<0.05）,IgM含量分别降低14.58%（P<0.05）、6.25%（P<0.05）。结论昌吉州围产期奶牛均存在酮病和亚临床酮病的发生,并能够使奶牛的产奶量、乳品质和免疫力降低。     

奶牛亚临床酮症的研究进展

酮症是高产奶牛在泌乳前期的常见病。根据有无临床症状将酮症分为临床酮症（clinical ketosis,CK）和亚临床酮症（subclinical ketosis,SCK）。酮症会导致奶牛血液或牛奶中酮体浓度增加,目前主要通过检测血液中β-羟丁酸（BHBA）浓度高低来对酮症进行诊断。CK对奶牛的影响比较明显,因此更能引起牧场主的关注。而奶牛患有SCK后不表现出临床症状,往往容易被牧场主忽视。SCK如同CK和奶牛围产期其他疾病一样是造成奶牛经济和福利损失的主要原因之一。SCK大大增加了奶牛产后相关疾病的风险,如CK、真胃移位、胎衣不下、乳房炎和子宫炎等,另外患有SCK的奶牛生产性能大幅度下降（泌乳性能降低、繁殖性能变差、淘汰率增加）,给牧场的发展带来了不可估量的损失。SCK可能在未被发现的时候就已经开始对生产性能产生影响,而且它对生产性能的影响与CK引起的影响相当,但是由于缺乏临床症状而不被牧场重视。作者在这篇综述中将着重介绍奶牛SCK的最新研究进展,这不仅有助于进一步了解奶牛酮症的发病机理及SCK对生产力的不利影响,并且可提供针对SCK的不同检测方法和可行的预测方法来帮助牧场进行早期诊断,减少因SCK造成的奶牛福利和经济损失。     

奶牛酮病的研究概况

奶牛酮病是由于体内代谢紊乱所引起的一种代谢性疾病,主要表现为产奶量、乳汁质量下降,繁殖性能降低,以及内分泌紊乱等,导致奶牛淘汰率增加,给奶牛场造成严重的经济损失。近年来,奶牛酮病的发生率有呈上升的趋势,与目前奶牛产奶量高、日粮结构改变有很大的关系。通过营养调控在一定程度上可以降低酮病的发生率。     

Relationship between ketosis and dairy cows’ blood metabolites in intensive production farms of the periurban area of Dakar

This study which involved 140 Holstein and Montbeliard was carried out in the periurban area of Dakar with the aim to establish the relationship between ketosis, milk production and biochemical blood metabolites. The results showed that ketosis is a real problem in periurban farms around the city of Dakar with high proportions of 33.57% for subclinical ketosis and 6.43% for clinical ketosis. In their second month of milking, cows with subclinical ketosis had a decrease of 12.4 and 15.,6% in milk yield respectively for Montbeliard and Holstein, whereas cows with clinical ketosis had a decrease of 18.6 and 26%. Ketogenic cows (subclinical and clinical) have significantly lower average levels of blood glucose (p<0.05) and significantly higher average levels of blood urea (p<0.05) than cows with normal blood beta-Hydroxy Butyrate (BbHB) levels. Also, from one farm to another, significant difference was recorded with concentration of total proteins and globulin, calcium and magnesium.     

反刍动物围产期能量负平衡的调控研究进展

在奶牛围产期,许多奶牛因能量负平衡(NEB)无法适应代谢、内分泌和生理的巨大变化,引发酮病和脂肪肝,影响奶牛产后恢复,造成严重的经济损失.奶牛分娩、产犊的应激性大,产奶量增长迅速,采食量降低,饲养中能量供应不足是此阶段存在的主要问题.为获得更高品质的肉制品以及更高的养殖收益,文章针对调控围产期NEB展开综述,以期为生产...     

Reduction in serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity prior to the occurrence of ketosis and milk fever in cows

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the enzyme responsible for production of cholesteryl esters in plasma. The LCAT activity is reduced in cows with fatty liver developed during the nonlactating stage and those with the fatty liver-related postparturient diseases such as ketosis. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether reduced LCAT activity during the nonlactating stage could be detected before the occurrence of postparturient diseases. Sera from 24 cows were collected at approximately 10-day intervals from -48 to +14 days from parturition. Of the 24 cows, 14 were apparently healthy, whereas 7 had ketosis and 3 had milk fever at around parturition. Of the 14 healthy cows, 7 had unaltered LCAT activity during the observation period, whereas 7 showed reduced activity from -20 to +14 days. Ketosis and milk fever occurred at from -3 to +10 days, but reductions of LCAT activity in diseased cows had already been observed from days -20 to 0. These results suggest that LCAT activity is virtually unaffected during the peripartum period at least in some healthy cows and also that the reduction in LCAT activity can be detected before the occurrence of ketosis and milk fever.     

Use of threshold serum and milk ketone concentrations to identify risk for ketosis and endometritis in high-yielding dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To use threshold concentrations of acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate in milk and serum, respectively; identify risk for ketosis and endometritis; and assess analyses of blood and milk samples as predictors of risk for ketosis in high-yielding dairy cows. ANIMALS: 90 multiparous Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: At intervals before and after parturition, blood samples were obtained for determination of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Samples of milk were obtained at similar intervals after parturition for determination of fat content and concentrations of acetone, protein, and lactose. Reproductive examination of each cow was performed weekly. RESULTS: For each cow, threshold concentrations of acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate were calculated as 75th and 90th percentiles of maximum postpartum concentrations of acetone in milk (0.40 and 0.87 mmol/L) and beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum (2.30 and 3.51 mmol/L). Significant decrease in milk production (442 to 654 kg of energy-corrected milk/305-day period per cow) was associated with acetone or beta-hydroxybutyrate in excess of threshold values. Milk acetone concentrations > 0.40 mmol/L were associated with 3.2 times higher risk for endometritis. Low plasma glucose, high serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, and high milk acetone concentrations during week 1 after parturition were indicators of increased risk for ketosis later during lactation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Determination of milk acetone concentration during the week after parturition may identify cows at risk for ketosis and endometritis; with appropriate interventions, development of disease and production losses may be reduced.     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅲ:营养代谢性疾病

现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅲ: Nutritional Metabolic Diseases

Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows.