中国6个地方绵羊品种的微卫星分析

为研究中国地方绵羊品种之间的遗传多样性,利用6个微卫星位点,对中国6个绵羊品种群体进行遗传检测,计算了各品种群体的平均杂合度(He)和平均多态信息含量(PIC),同时分析了各品种群体内的遗传变异,进行了UPGMA聚类。结果表明,6个绵羊品种Ho为0.5446~0.7140,PIC为0.5211~0.7732;6个绵羊品种都具有较丰富的遗传多样性,其中岷县黑裘皮羊的遗传变异最高,小尾寒羊的遗传变异最低;小尾寒羊的近交系数最高,揭示该群体内近交程度可能较高。利用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树,兰州大尾寒羊与岷县黑裘皮羊为一类,哈萨克羊与贵德黑裘皮羊为一类,泗水绵羊与小尾寒羊为一类,表明群体遗传结构与地理分布及其驯化历史相关。     

Diversity analysis of sheep breeds from Southern peninsular and Eastern regions of India

Information is presented on the genetic diversity and relationship among six Indian sheep breeds/populations belonging to the Southern peninsular and Eastern agroecological zones, based on microsatellite markers. Parameters of genetic variation, viz., allele diversity, observed heterozygosity, gene diversity and population inbreeding estimates, were calculated for the six breeds. The allele diversity ranged from 6.40 to 7.92, whereas the gene diversity varied from 0.617 to 0.727. The highest allele and gene diversity was observed for Nellore sheep, while the lowest was exhibited by Garole breed. Within population inbreeding estimate (F _IS) revealed a significant deficit of heterozygotes in Deccani, Madgyal, Nellore and Garole, whereas Ganjam and Chhotanagpuri sheep showed an excess of heterozygotes. The contribution of each breed to the total diversity of the breeds was quantified by the Weitzman approach. The marginal loss of diversity incurred with removal of Nellore and Garole breeds was higher (>27%), whereas removal of Deccani breed resulted in lowest loss of diversity (3.84%) from the set. Estimation of the genetic differentiation (F _ST) and genetic distance (D _A) between the pairs of breeds revealed a close relationship between Deccani and Madgyal sheep (F _ST = 0.017; D _A = 0.080) and greatest demarcation between Madgyal and Garole breeds (F _ST = 0.110; D _A = 0.622). The information generated would help in shaping genetic management and conservation programs for the sheep breeds under consideration.     

基于全基因组SNP标记分析中国地方鸡品种的遗传多样性和种群结构

旨在对中国地方鸡品种的遗传多样性与种群结构进行分析。本研究使用Affymetrix Axiom 600K高密度鸡基因分型芯片对来自8个品种的157只地方鸡及233只商品鸡进行基因分型,以品种作为分组来计算各分组的观测杂合度、期望杂合度、次等位基因频率、近交系数及核苷酸多样性分析地方鸡群体的遗传多样性,利用进化树、主成分分析、群体结构、MDS等方法分析鸡群体的群体结构,基于状态同源(IBS)和群体分化系数(Fst)分析种群内部与种群之间的亲缘关系,利用长纯合片段(runs of homozygosity, ROH)估算得到基于ROH的近交系数。结果表明,各群体的观测杂合度均高于期望杂合度,次等位基因频率在0.175～0.236之间,近交系数在0.018～0.205之间,核苷酸多样性在0～6×10^-4之间,进化树与主成分分析表明品种间出现了明显的群体分化,地方鸡群体与商品鸡群的MDS分析发现我国地方鸡与商业肉鸡品种的遗传距离较近;IBS遗传距离在0.092 9～0.319 9之间;各品种成对Fst分析表明,群体间呈现中高分化程度(0.09～0.22);此次分析共得到了...     

山东地方鸡种遗传距离与聚类分析方法比较研究

选用5个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了山东省仅存的5个地方鸡种：寿光鸡、日照麻鸡、莱芜黑鸡、济宁百日鸡、鲁西斗鸡，以及一个外来鸡种——安卡黄鸡和一个外省地方鸡种——广西黄鸡共7个鸡种的遗传多样性。根据测试结果计算了每个等位基因的频率，并以基因频率为基础计算了Nei氏标准遗传距离(Ds)和DA遗传距离，发现日照麻鸡与济宁百日鸡的距离最近，而鲁西斗鸡与其他6个鸡种距离都较远。根据两种遗传距离分别进行了NJ法和UPGMA法聚类，得到4个聚类图。结果表明：DA遗传距离的UPGMA聚类图比较可靠。     

MyoD基因在不同猪种中的分布及群体遗传结构分析

利用RFLP法检测了MyoD基因在10个中外猪种及部分杂交群体中的分布情况,分析了各群体内MyoD基因的遗传分布、遗传变异、群体杂合性等群体遗传信息,并进一步以各群体基因频率为基础,计算出群体间遗传距离和进化距离,根据进化距离对群体进行聚类,重建了系统发生树。结果表明:MyoD基因内含子1的DdeI酶切位点上不同基因型的分布在多数群体中都服从Hardy-Weinberg平衡,但在杜洛克和DLY群体中发生偏离。总体上讲,各试验群体的遗传多样性较丰富,群体遗传变异性较高,进化过程中受到自然选择压的作用,选择潜力较大。在系统发生树上,10个群体被分为4个分枝。分别是长白猪血缘、原始地方品种、杜洛克血缘和高原藏猪分枝。这一结果与各猪种的育种过程有较高的吻合性。说明部分功能基因的RFLP数据可用于近缘物种间的遗传分化研究。     

哈萨克羊、阿勒泰羊、巴什拜羊遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用11对AFLP引物组合,检测了哈萨克羊、阿勒泰羊、巴什拜羊池DNA遗传变异,构建了各品种的AFLP DNA 指纹图谱,根据AFLP分析结果,统计了每个引物组合在各品种中检测到的多态性条带,计算了3个品种的遗传相似系数,并据此构建了UPGMA聚类关系图,分析了它们的遗传关系.结果表明:11对AFLP引物组合在3个地方绵羊品种中共检测到310条带,平均每个引物组合产生28.18条带,变化范围在25～34条,其中多态性条带32条,占扩增总带教的10.32%,每对引物平均扩增多态性带2.909条.品种间的遗传相似系数以哈萨克绵羊与阿勒泰绵羊的最高(O.699),哈萨克绵羊与巴什拜绵羊最小(0.592),聚类结果与这些羊的育成史、分化及地理分布一致.     

10个云南地方猪种微卫星遗传多样性分析

为阐明保山猪、迪庆藏猪、高贡黎山猪、丽江猪、明光小耳猪、滇南小耳猪、撒坝猪、大河猪、昭通猪、大河乌猪10个云南省优良地方猪种的群体遗传多样性和遗传结构,本试验参考ArkDB数据库中家猪14条染色体上的15对微卫星引物,对549个云南地方猪个体的耳组织样品进行了检测分析,计算各微卫星座位等位基因数（Na）、有效等位基因数（Ne）、Shannon's信息指数（I）、表观杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）、F-统计量（Fis、Fit、Fst）、基因流（Nm）、群体遗传距离等相关参数及多态信息含量（PIC）,采用NTsys 2.10软件构建聚类树,并采用STRUCTRUE 2.3.3软件评估群体遗传结构。结果显示：15个微卫星座位共检测到293个等位基因,各座位等位基因数在5~38个之间,平均等位基因数为19个,平均有效等位基因数8.3682个;10个云南地方猪群体的Shannon多样性、表观杂合度、期望杂合度和多态信息含量分别在1.4374~2.0317、0.6389~0.7756、0.7021~0.8281和0.6647~0.7993之间。各座位单个群体内近交系数（Fis）、总群体近交系数（Fit）、群体间遗传分化系数（Fst）的变化范围分别为-0.0678~0.4594、0.0618~0.5567和0.0713~0.1801;群体间Fst平均值为0.1101,处于中度遗传分化状态,有11.01%的遗传变异来自于群体间,大部分遗传变异来自于群体内;每个座位基因流程度较高,变化范围在1.6392~3.2551之间,平均值为2.0214。基于Nei氏遗传距离构建UPGMA系统发生树显示,高黎贡山猪与迪庆藏猪聚为一支,并与丽江猪、保山猪和明光小耳猪聚为一大支,其结果得到了STRUCTURE分析的验证。综上所述,10个云南地方猪种遗传多样性丰富,群体内有近交现象,群体间处于中度遗传分化,存在着一定的基因交流。     

西北肉用绵羊新品群陶滩寒组合的微卫星标记研究

利用微卫星标记技术,分析了无角陶赛特羊、滩羊、小尾寒羊及其杂交后代滩寒F1、陶滩寒F1 5个绵羊群体的遗传多样性,结果表明,7个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点,平均多态信息含量（PIC）达0.7077～0.8395;5个群体平均位点杂合度达0.7454～0.8665。以Nei氏遗传距离的UPGMA和NJ聚类结果表明,滩羊与滩寒F1具有较近的亲缘关系,小尾寒羊与陶滩寒F1具有较近的亲缘关系,可聚为一类;滩羊、小尾寒羊与陶赛特羊具有较远的亲缘关系。     

山东省地方山羊品种群微卫星基因座的遗传多样性

选用来源于牛和绵羊的27个微卫星DNA标记,对山东省4个地方山羊品种进行遗传多样性分析,通过计算等位基因频率、多态信息含量、不同标记的平均杂和度、总群体杂合度、亚群体杂合度、群体杂合度、基因分化系数、不同群体的F-统计量、基因流动数、不同群体间的基因流动个数和遗传距离并进行聚类分析,评估其种内变异和种间变异的关系,以群体平均杂合度、F-统计量和遗传分化系数为基础,结合四个山羊种群的实际生存状况,提出避免近交和种群间杂交符合山东山羊种群实际状况的保种模式。研究结果可为山东地方种质特性研究提供基础数据,为山东地方山羊种群的合理保护利用提供科学依据。     

云南4个马品种的随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）分析

本文利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ技术研究了云南４个马品种４８个个体的遗传变异和系统发育关系。在所使用的２５个引种中，有２２个引物扩增出多态谱带。     

基于RAD-seq简化基因组测序的19个地方鸡种遗传进化研究

旨在基因组水平上揭示地方鸡种的遗传进化,发掘重要种质特性基因。本研究利用简化基因组RAD-seq测序鉴定19个地方鸡种（每个品种按照家系选取30个个体,10公、20母）基因组SNP标记,计算观察杂合度（Ho）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）、近交系数（Fis）、遗传分化系数（Fst）和基因流（Nm）等遗传统计量指标,分析地方鸡种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,并通过选择信号检测鉴定基因组受选择基因。结果表明,在19个地方鸡种中鉴定出400 562个SNPs标记。瓢鸡（PJ）和文昌鸡（WC）的遗传多样性最为丰富,观察杂合度（Ho）分别为0.246 8、0.243 0,核苷酸多样度（Pi）分别为0.278 1、0.265 5;河南斗鸡（DJ）的遗传多样性相对匮乏,Ho为0.156 0,Pi为0.175 2;东乡绿壳蛋鸡（DX）和边鸡（BJ）的近交系数最高（Fis>0.160 0）。瓢鸡与文昌鸡、惠阳胡须鸡（HX）、藏鸡（ZZ）、大围山微型鸡（WX）,惠阳胡须鸡与文昌鸡,藏鸡与茶花鸡（CH）间的遗传分化最低（Fst<0.100 0）,对应的基因流最高（Nm>0.240 0）。河南斗鸡与其它品种间的遗传分化均处于较高水平,与其中15个品种间的Fst>0.200 0、Nm<1.000 0。遗传聚类分析（2个引入品种做外群）将地方鸡种总体上分为5类,与品种形成历史和地理分布基本吻合。通过选择信号分析,在19个地方鸡种合并群体中检测出9个常染色体上的26个区域受到选择作用,包含31个受选择基因。这些受选择基因广泛参与免疫系统调节、生殖机能调控、应激响应、代谢等生物学过程。利用基因组SNP标记能更全面准确地揭示地方鸡种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,选择作用主要体现在对地方鸡种抗逆抗病特性、配子活力及行为等方面的塑造。     

Genetic diversity of Swiss sheep breeds in the focus of conservation research

There is constant pressure to improve evaluation of animal genetic resources in order to prevent their erosion. Maintaining the integrity of livestock species as well as their genetic diversity is of paramount interest for long-term agricultural policies. One major use of DNA techniques in conservation is to reveal genetic diversity within and between populations. Forty-one microsatellites were analysed to assess genetic diversity in nine Swiss sheep breeds and to measure the loss of the overall diversity when one breed would become extinct. The expected heterozygosities varied from 0.65 to 0.74 and 10.8% of the total genetic diversity can be explained by the variation among breeds. Based on the proportion of shared alleles, each of the nine breeds were clearly defined in their own cluster in the neighbour-joining tree describing the relationships among the breeds. Bayesian clustering methods assign individuals to groups based on their genetic similarity and infer the number of populations. In STRUCTURE, this approach pooled the Valais Blacknose and the Valais Red. With BAPS method the two Valais sheep breeds could be separated. Caballero & Toro approach (2002) was used to calculate the loss or gain of genetic diversity when each of the breeds would be removed from the set. The changes in diversity based on between-breed variation ranged from −12.2% (Valais Blacknose) to 0% (Swiss Black Brown Mountain and Mirror Sheep); based on within-breed diversity the removal of a breed could also produce an increase in diversity (−0.6% to + 0.6%). Allelic richness ranged from 4.9 (Valais Red) to 6.7 (Brown Headed Meat sheep and Red Engadine Sheep). Breed conservation decisions cannot be limited to genetic diversity alone. In Switzerland, conservation goals are embedded in the desire to carry the cultural legacy over to future generations.     

地方鸡种与隐性白羽鸡遗传变异的AFLP指纹

利用6对AFLP引物组合对我国12个地方鸡种和引进鸡种隐性白羽鸡进行了遗传检测,统计了每个引物组合在各个品种中检测到的多态性条带和特异性条带,计算了13个鸡种的遗传相似系数和遗传距离,并据此构建了UPGMA聚类关系图,分析了所研究鸡种的遗传关系.结果表明:6对AFLP引物组合在13个鸡种中共检测到290条多态性条带,平均每个引物组合产生48.3奈多态性标记,同时在每个品种群体中还检测到了数量不等的特异性条带,其中寿光鸡和东乡黑鸡最多,为9条,旧院黑鸡、兴义矮脚鸡和隐性白羽鸡最少,为1条.13个鸡种聚为4类,其中隐性白羽鸡单独聚为一类,鸡种间的遗传相似系数及聚类结果与各个鸡种的地理分布、现实状况相吻合,从而表明AFLP指纹用于我国地方鸡种的遗传多态性分析、品种鉴定及品种间亲缘关系分析是可行的.     

Population structure and genetic characterization of two native Danish sheep breeds

ABSTRACT

Genetic diversity in livestock animals has become recognized as important genetic resource for future sustainable livestock production. Especially native breeds, adapted to their local environment, are of considerable interest. Here, we report a genome-wide characterization of two native Danish sheep breeds, the Danish Landrace sheep and the Danish White-Headed Marsh sheep. We investigated the genetic diversity both at national and European breed level using a European-derived reference panel. The native Danish breeds are genetically distinct from other Nordic breeds. Their closest relatives are Border Leicester, Galway, and Texel. Apart from gene flow between native Danish breeds, Texel admixture was most dominant. For Danish Landrace sheep, a population split into two genetically distinct sub-populations was detected. Compared to other livestock species, genomic inbreeding was moderate. However, among European-derived sheep the native Danish breeds were among the 10 most inbred investigated, illustrating the need for sustainable management strategies to preserve genetic diversity.     

Genetic structure and diversity among sheep breeds in the United States: identification of the major gene pools

Understanding existing levels of genetic diversity of sheep breeds facilitates in situ and ex situ conservation activities. A comprehensive evaluation of US sheep breeds has not been previously performed; therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity among and within 28 US sheep breeds. Both major and minor breeds were included in the analysis and consisted of 666 animals from 222 producers located in 38 states. The level of within-breed genetic diversity was variable and not dependent upon status of a breed as a major or minor breed. Bayesian cluster analysis indicated the breeds were grouped more by physiological differences (meat vs. wool production) rather than geographic origin. Results suggest several actionable items to improve in situ and ex situ conservation. The results clearly identify breeds in need of increased in situ and ex situ management (e.g., Hog Island and Karakul) and allow several suggestions for in situ management of flocks. Conversely, several of the breeds appear genetically similar and therefore require less emphasis on collecting germplasm samples for the gene bank. Commercially important breeds (e.g., Rambouillet and Suffolk) were found to have substantial variation, which should enable breeders to proceed, unencumbered by genetic diversity concerns, with selection strategies that maximize profit.     

华东27个地方鸡品种(品系)的遗传变异

应用30个微卫星标记对华东27个地方鸡品种（品系）进行了遗传多样性分析，计算了多态信息含量、平均杂合度和遗传距离等遗传参数，并用类平均法进行了聚类分析。结果表明：平均杂合度最高的是河田鸡，为0．6870，最低的是狼山鸡，为0．6170；27个地方鸡品种（品系）的杂合度都较高，反映了这些品种的多种多型；各品种的平均遗传距离反映了各品种分化时间的长短；UPGMA的聚类分析将27个品种（品系）聚为10类：丝绒乌骨鸡、济宁百日鸡、河田鸡、安义瓦灰鸡、仙居鸡、江山乌骨鸡、溧阳鸡、金湖乌风鸡、灵昆鸡、余干乌骨鸡、康乐鸡、萧山鸡、琅讶鸡、淮北麻鸡、淮南三黄鸡为第1类，白耳鸡为第2类，浦东鸡为第3类，崇仁麻鸡与丝羽乌骨鸡为第4类，狼山鸡与寿光鸡为第5类，鹿苑鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡、汶上芦花鸡各独自聚为第6、7、8类，鲁西斗鸡与宁都三黄鸡聚为第9类，漳州斗鸡独自聚为第10类。通过微卫星标记对华东27个地方鸡品种（品系）遗传变异的分析说明这些地方品种的遗传多样性极其丰富，各具特色，应促进资源优势向经济优势转化。     

4个地方绵羊品种系统发生关系的微卫星分析

试验旨在研究地方绵羊品种的遗传变异,为种质资源评价、保护和利用提供理论数据。利用5个微卫星标记分析4个地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性,根据等位基因组成及频率进行群体遗传统计分析;基于品种间标准遗传距离(Ds)和Nei氏遗传距离,分别构建UPGMA系统发生树。4个地方绵羊品种共检测到70个等位基因,各位点等位基因数(Na)在10~18之间;4个地方绵羊品种平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.81~5.68个,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6152~0.7373,平均遗传杂合度(H)为0.6711~0.7820;4个地方绵羊品种间遗传分化系数为0.0847,标准遗传距离(Ds)和Nei氏遗传距离晋中绵羊与乌珠穆沁羊为最大(0.5775、0.6126),小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊为最小(0.1542、0.1955),首先小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊聚为一类,晋中绵羊与广灵大尾羊聚为另一类,然后两类聚在一起形成一大类。结果表明,4个地方绵羊品种遗传变异大、多样性丰富;品种间遗传分化小,但小尾寒羊和乌珠穆沁羊与晋中绵羊和广灵大尾羊间已有明显分化。选择的5个微卫星座位均为高度多态位点,可作为有效遗传标记用于绵羊品种遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析。各地方绵羊品种分子聚类关系与其形成史、分化及地理分布基本一致。     

Genetic diversity of Indian native cattle breeds as analysed with 20 microsatellite loci

The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic variation and establish the relationship amongst the three Indian zebu cattle breeds using 20 bovine‐specific microsatellite markers. A total of 136 unrelated DNA samples from Sahiwal (SC), Hariana (HC) and Deoni (DC) breeds of cattle were genotyped to estimate within and between breed genetic diversity indices. The estimated mean allelic diversity was 5.2, 6.5 and 5.9 in SC, HC and DC, respectively, with a total of 167 alleles. The average observed and expected heterozygosity for the population varied from 0.42 (SC) to 0.59 (DC), and from 0.61 (SC) to 0.70 (DC), respectively. Low values of genetic variability estimates were observed in SC when compared with DC and HC, indicating some loss of variability because of its relatively small population size. From global F‐statistics a significant deficit of heterozygotes of 24.2% (p < 0.05) was observed for each one of the analysed breeds whereas the total population had a 32.8% (p < 0.05) deficit of heterozygotes. The F_ST estimates demonstrated that approximately 88.7% of the total genetic variation was because of the genetic differentiation within each breed. Pair‐wise breed differentiation, Nei's standard and D_A genetic distance estimates revealed relatively close genetic similarity between HC and DC in comparison with SC. In the UPGMA‐based phylogenetic tree constructed from the genetic distances, HC and DC were grouped together in one cluster and SC in the other. The estimated time of divergence suggested a separation time of approximately 776 years between DC and HC, and a comparatively longer period (1296 years) between DC and SC.     

Analyses of Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of mtDNA D-loop from Yak in Karakoram-Pamir Area

This experiment was conducted to clarify the genetic diversity,genetic differentiation and phylogenetic status of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area.The mtDNA D-loop region sequence was selected as a molecular marker,and the sequence and genetic diversity of the mtDNA D-loop region of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area were analyzed by PCR direct sequencing and bioinformatics methods.The yak sequence in GenBank was used.The maximum likelihood method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and the intermediary network relationship.The results showed that the mtDNA D-loop sequence of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area was rich in A and T bases,with AT content of 61.2%,and there were 63 polymorphic loci,accounting for 7.04% of the total number of nucleotides.The results indicated that A and T bases were rich in the mtDNA D-loop sequences at 61.2%.There were 63 mutation sites,accounting for 7.04% of all nucleotides,The average haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.806,the average nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.01528,and the average nucleotide difference (K) was 13.509,indicating that the yak was rich in genetic diversity in Karakoram-Pamir area;Through phylogenetic analysis,there were two branches in yak in China,forming two branches and six small clades.The yak in Karakoram-Pamir area involved in this study had two different maternal origins.Additionally,yak in the Karakoram-Pamir area was less shared with other breeds of yak haplotypes.In the branch C,the yak group in the Karakoram-Pamir area accounts for a large proportion and was shared with wild yak.The yak population in Karakoram-Pamir area had a unique genetic background,which might be the result of early domestication of wild yaks.It was suggested to increase the identification of yak breeds and the formulation of breed standards in this area,and strengthen the protection of yak genetic resources in this area.According to the current situation of the population,wild blood yaks were introduced for purification and rejuvenation to prevent breed degeneration and decrease of genetic diversity.The introduction of foreign yak breeds and disorderly hybridization were reduced to ensure the characteristics of this breed of high-quality yak breed resources.     

中国6个山羊群体微卫星标记的遗传多样性分析

利用30个微卫星座位，对中国6个群体山羊（阿尔巴斯、二狼山、乌珠穆沁、阿拉善、辽宁绒山羊和陕南白山羊），共计240个个体的遗传多样性进行了分析。计算了各群体的等位基因频率，并以其为基础获得了各群体的平均杂合度（He）、平均多态信息含量（PIC）和平均有效等位基因数（Ne），分别为0．367～0．467、0．533～0．639、2．571～4．915。分析了群体内和群体间的遗传变异，并根据遗传距离，进行了NJ聚类，结果将6个山羊群体分为两大类。为进一步对山羊品种的保存和利用提供科学的依据。