碱性磷酸酶同工酶与产蛋性能的关系

本文利用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板高压电泳分离了18周龄115只岩谷蛋鸡的血清碱性磷酸酶同工酶.其中快型35只,慢型80只。并就快慢两型的体重、血液中某些生化指标和产蛋性能进行比较。结果表明:快型同工酶的鸡,8周龄体重、血清碱性磷酸酶活力、开产蛋重、开产日龄、300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重,极显著的大于慢型鸡,而300日龄和504日龄产蛋数极显著的低于慢型鸡。     

峪口褐壳蛋鸡B系开产日龄对其体重、生产和蛋品性状的影响

为了探究峪口褐壳蛋鸡B系开产日龄与体重、生产和蛋品性状的关系,指导蛋鸡纯系选育,试验以峪口褐壳蛋鸡B系11世代第二批次1 502只母鸡为研究对象,记录蛋鸡的开产日龄,根据蛋鸡开产日龄划分为1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8组,测定各组蛋鸡开产体重和蛋重;28,36,56周龄体重和蛋重;38,56周龄产蛋数和39～56周龄产蛋数;36,56周龄蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度,分析各组鸡开产日龄对开产体重、开产～56周龄体重、蛋重、产蛋数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳强度等指标的影响及相关关系研究。结果表明:不同开产日龄组别之间的开产体重存在极显著正相关(P0.05),随着开产日龄的增大,开产体重呈增加趋势;不同开产日龄组别之间的开产蛋重、28周龄至56周龄蛋重存在极显著正相关(P0.01),随着开产日龄的增大,蛋重呈增加趋势;不同开产日龄组别之间的38周龄和56周龄产蛋数存在极显著负相关(P0.01),随着开产日龄的增大,产蛋数呈降低趋势;不同开产日龄组别之间的56周龄蛋壳厚度存在显著正相关(P0.05),但相关系数小。说明峪口褐壳蛋鸡开产日龄在127～154日龄之间的鸡只其开产体重、生产和蛋品质等性状指标比较理想。     

京海黄鸡配套系母本生产性能观察

通过对BB系和FF系与京海黄鸡(JJ)杂交后代(BJ和FJ)组成包括纯繁在内的5个组合,测定16周龄体重、开产体重、300日龄体重、66周龄体重、开产蛋重、300日龄蛋重、66周龄蛋重、300日龄和66周龄产蛋数。结果表明:BJ和FJ的16周龄体重杂种优势率分别为19.67%和26.69%。京海黄鸡开产蛋重、300日龄蛋重和66周龄蛋重显著小于BB、FF、BJ和FJ(P0.05),而京海黄鸡的300日龄和66周龄产蛋数显著高于BB、FF、BJ和FJ(P0.05)。BJ的66周龄产蛋数为(168.55±15.73)个,显著高于FJ的产蛋数(P0.05)。提示BJ可以用于三系配套系母本继续育种。     

单、复冠丝毛乌骨鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活力与产蛋性能相关性研究

测定了50周龄丝毛乌骨鸡血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力,并对单冠、复冠及单复冠之间血清中的碱性磷酸酶活力进行了比较,同时对单复冠血清中碱性磷酸酶活力与产蛋性能的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:产蛋水平不同的单复冠、单冠之间的AKP活力差异都不显著,复冠之间差异显著,AKP的活力与开产蛋重、开产体重、开产日龄、40周龄产蛋数、50周龄产蛋数均有一定的相关性。     

如皋黄鸡产蛋性能与遗传参数分析

研究以如皋黄鸡第4世代的15个家系351只母鸡为实验素材,测定开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重和40周龄产蛋数,统计各周龄群体产蛋率,估算开产性状和40周龄产蛋数的遗传参数。结果表明:如皋黄鸡开产日龄为(153.9±13.13)d,开产体重为(1 366.5±135.51)g,开产蛋重为(32.8±3.17)g,40周龄产蛋数为(101.0±8.94)个;高峰产蛋率为82.1%,70%以上产蛋率维持16周;开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重和40周龄产蛋数均为中等遗传力0.177~0.320;开产日龄、开产体重和开产蛋重间两两呈遗传正相关0.736~0.971,40周龄产蛋数与开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重间均呈遗传负相关-0.832~-0.639;性状间的表型相关性质和遗传相关一致,且均达到极显著的程度。     

优质黄羽肉鸡伴性快慢羽基因效应研究——Ⅳ.快慢羽基因对长沙黄种鸡成活率、体重及产蛋性能的影响

从长沙黄鸡同一育种群中按表型在一日龄选留快慢羽雏。在产蛋期对开产日龄、蛋形、成活率、产蛋率、以及开产和300日龄的蛋重和体重进行了测定和分析。杂合型慢羽公鸡在第八月龄通过测定检出淘汰,并同时删除其记录。研究结果表明:开产日龄、蛋纵径、蛋横径、蛋形指数、以及开产和300日龄的蛋重和体重不受快慢羽基因影响;与快羽基因K~+相比,慢羽基因K显著提高了前期产蛋率,该结论不同于以往有关报导;由于K使得死亡率显著升高,因而入舍母鸡的产蛋量就降低。     

肌肉生长抑制素基因5′调控区的多态性对边鸡生长和繁殖性状的遗传效应

本研究采用PCR-SSCP技术检测边鸡肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin,MSTN)基因5′调控区的单核苷酸多态性,并与边鸡的生长和繁殖性状进行关联分析。结果表明:在MSTN基因5′调控区检测到2个突变(A326G、C334G);6～8周龄,KK型的体重显著高于JJ和JL型(P<0.05);14周龄,KK和LL型的体重显著高于JL型(P<0.05);16周龄,KK型的体重显著高于JJ、JK和JL型(P<0.05);18周龄,KK型的体重极显著高于JL型(P<0.01),显著高于JJ和JK型(P<0.05),LL型的体重显著高于JL型(P<0.05),KK型的开产体重显著高于JJ和JL型(P<0.05);不同基因型对其余4个繁殖性状(开产日龄、开产蛋重、300日龄产蛋数以及300日龄蛋重)均无显著影响。结果提示,MSTN基因可能是影响边鸡生长性状的一个主要候选基因。     

五爪鸡生产性能和遗传规律研究

1.通过对北京油鸡五爪鸡与四爪鸡生产性能测试,初步显示120日龄以前,增重基本一致.差异不显著。180日龄、开产和44周龄体重五爪鸡极显著的低于四爪鸡。而44周龄时五爪鸡胸角显著高于四爪鸡。2.繁殖性能、开产日龄,开产蛋重基本相似,差异不显著。四爪鸡44周龄蛋重显著高于五爪鸡。44周产蛋量五爪鸡略高。但差异不显著。     

优质黄鸡矮小型母系繁殖性能的遗传参数估计

为了测定广东温氏南方家禽育种有限公司黄羽矮小型母系N303品系第三世代鸡群的8周龄体重、开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重、300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重、300日龄产蛋数,试验计算了各性状的遗传力、表型和遗传相关。结果表明:除开产蛋重、300日龄体重、300日龄产蛋数外,其他性状的遗传力估计值为中等偏上,各性状遗传力估计水平与正常型品系相一致;开产日龄和300日龄产蛋数之间为中等程度的负表型和遗传相关,而开产体重和300日龄体重之间、300日龄蛋重之间为中等程度的正表型和遗传相关。     

二郎山山地鸡一世代产蛋性能选育效果研究

通过比较二郎山山地鸡SD02和SD03品系一世代的产蛋性能,并进行产蛋性状间的相关分析,为二郎山山地鸡配套系的后续选育提供科学依据。结果表明,品系间大部分产蛋性状差异显著,SD03品系开产日龄早于SD02品系,开产体重、蛋重均极显著高于SD02品系(P0.01)。此外,鸡群300日龄时,SD03品系产蛋数、体重、蛋重均显著高于SD02品系(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,开产日龄与300日龄产蛋数呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与开产蛋重呈极显著正相关(P0.01);300日龄体重与300日龄蛋重呈极显著正相关(P0.01);300日龄产蛋数与300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与开产第1、2、3、4、5月的产蛋数均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。综上所述,SD03品系产蛋性能优于SD02品系,开产日龄是影响产蛋性能的一个重要因素。     

洪江雪峰乌骨鸡和罗曼粉蛋鸡鸡蛋营养成分和蛋品质比较

试验旨在比较洪江雪峰乌骨鸡和罗曼粉蛋鸡的鸡蛋营养成分和蛋品质,为洪江雪峰乌骨鸡蛋用新品系选育提供依据。随机选取40周龄的洪江雪峰乌骨鸡(绿壳)、洪江雪峰乌骨鸡(粉壳)和罗曼粉壳蛋鸡各100只,每品种鸡随机分为5个重复,每个重复20只,在相同饲粮和饲养管理方式下进行饲养,45周龄收集鸡蛋检测营养成分和蛋品质指标。结果表明:洪江雪峰乌骨鸡绿壳蛋的蛋黄比例极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),蛋重、蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位极显著低于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),洪江雪峰乌骨鸡粉壳蛋的蛋重和蛋壳厚度极显著低于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01);洪江雪峰乌骨鸡蛋中的多不饱和脂肪酸和硒元素含量均极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),洪江雪峰乌骨鸡绿壳蛋胶原蛋白含量极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01)。综上所述,洪江雪峰乌骨鸡鸡蛋蛋黄比例高,蛋黄多不饱和脂肪酸、胶原蛋白、硒和锰含量高,适合作为优质禽蛋开发。     

A comparison of the effects of feeding treatments and lighting on age at first egg and subsequent laying performance and carcase composition of broiler breeder hens

The effects of the growth curve from 15 to 20 weeks, age at photostimulation and pattern of photostimulus on sexual maturity, egg production and egg weight were evaluated in two trials with broiler breeder females to 56 and 34 weeks of age (housed in litter pens and individually caged, respectively). Carcase composition and reproductive morphology of hens varying in laying efficiency were measured in the second trial. Trial 1: Four growth curves were applied from 15 to 20 weeks to pullets housed in litter pens. Birds were transferred from 8- to 10-h photoperiods at 20 or 24 weeks of age, followed by weekly increments of one hour to reach a 16-h final photoperiod. Lower-than-recommended body weights at 20 weeks significantly delayed sexual maturity, reduced peak rate of lay, total eggs and mean egg weight. However, double-yolked egg production was lower, resulting in non-significant differences in settable egg numbers between body weight treatments. Birds reared to the heaviest body weight exhibited a significantly advanced sexual maturity, but total egg numbers, peak rate of lay and mean egg weight were not significantly affected. However, the laying of more double-yolked eggs resulted in a decrease in the number of settable eggs. Delaying photostimulation to 24 weeks significantly retarded sexual maturity, reduced total and settable egg numbers, and increased mean egg weight. A tendency for fewer double-yolked eggs was observed. Trial 2: At 19 weeks, birds were selected from the 4 body weight categories in Trial 1 and moved to individual cages in 8 rooms. Five lighting programmes were applied. The pattern of photostimulation applied did not affect any of the production traits measured. At 34 weeks, 24 birds were selected for the analysis of reproductive morphology, presence of internal or multiple ovulations, and carcase composition. Eight hens showing an early age at first egg and regular egg production records, 8 birds showing erratic laying performance and 8 non-layers were killed for this purpose. There were no differences in carcase composition or reproductive morphology between these groups. No internal ovulations or double or multiple ovarian hierarchies were observed. The results presented confirm that broiler breeders do not require a lighting stimulus in order to initiate ovarian activity and that, where no lighting stimulus is given, body weight or feeding level plays a critical role in stimulating the birds to attain sexual maturity. However, when a lighting stimulus is given, factors such as body weight and body composition become relatively less important in regulating the age at sexual maturity.     

Selection with restriction in a poultry breeding scheme with different selection procedures in both sexes: direct responses

1. A selection experiment with two lines of White Leghorns originating from a common base population was carried out over 5 generations with the aims of maintaining an unchanged egg weight, reducing age at first egg and reducing adult body weight. Each line consisted of 14 male and 42 female breeders. 2. Males were mass selected for low body weight at 20 weeks of age. To compensate for the expected correlated loss in egg weight, hens were selected according to an index which counteracted this undesirable change while also reducing age at first egg and reducing body weight. 3. An index value was calculated for each individual hen from average egg weight, age at first egg and body weight at 20 weeks. Index weights had to be calculated for each generation and line in accordance with the expected change in egg weight due to male selection on body weight. 4. For control matings hens with an index near the population average were mated either to males with body weight near the population average (control C1) or to the selected males within lines (control C2). 5. Expected and observed total responses agreed well for all traits in line 1 and for body weight in line 2. 6. Phenotypic variances and covariances showed little change during the experiment. However, genetic variances and covariances estimated at the end of the experiment showed some differences, both between lines and compared to the parameters used for index construction.     

利用血液生化指标多辅助性状综合选择指数对蛋鸡进行早期选种的研究

国内外畜牧工作者都十分重视利用雏鸡血液生化指标进行早期选种的研究。然而有关利用雏鸡血液生化指标综合选择指数对产蛋量进行早期选种的研究,在国内外均未见报道。为此,我们进行了蛋鸡早期选种血液生化指标多辅助性状综合选择指数的研究,制订出蛋鸡血液生化指标多辅...     

Relationship between the weight of hatching eggs and subsequent early performance of broiler chicks

1. The effect of egg weight on the subsequent performance of individual growing chicks was studied. Eggs from commercial broiler breeder hens were collected at 52, 55 and 57 weeks of age and incubated. The chicks were reared for 18 d. 2. Egg weight and hatched chick weight were not affected by the age of the hens during the 52 to 57-week period, but there was a close correlation between egg weight and hatching weight, irrespective of the age of the hens (r = 0.89). Chick:egg weight ratio at hatching was about 0.71 and independent of hen age. One d after hatching, chick weights had decreased by about 1.5 g. 3. The initial high correlation between egg weight and chick weight decreased markedly during post-hatching growth, becoming insignificant 5 d after hatching. At 18 d of age, however, chicks from eggs of older hens tended to be heavier than those from younger birds. The greater 18-d weights appeared to be associated more with higher food intake during that period, than with greater egg weight. 4. It was concluded that, in individual broiler chicks, the advantage of the initially higher weight attributable to a larger egg diminishes rapidly after hatching, and the main factor affecting final body weight is food intake.     

Effects of ad libitum feeding on performance of different strains of broiler breeders

(1) Tolerance to ad libitum feeding was compared in three genotypes of broiler breeder hens: a standard broiler breeder fed ad libitum (SA) or restricted (SR), a slow growing 'label' broiler breeder (L) and an experimental dwarf heavy broiler breeder (E). Two similar experiments were conducted in two distinct research centres. (2) Feed intake and body weight were measured every 3 weeks from hatch to 40 to 49 weeks of age. Egg production and egg abnormalities were recorded. The number of yellow follicles in ovaries was counted at the age of 32 weeks. (3) Body weight was stabilised at 2.2, 3.7 and 5.4 kg after 24 weeks of age in L, E and SA hens, respectively. Growth of the SR hens was similar to that of L up to 20 weeks and stabilised at a similar level to that of E hens after 30 weeks of age. (4) Sexual maturity was delayed by 6 weeks in restricted breeders compared to ad libitum fed hens that started to lay at 20 weeks. SA hens had low egg production and a high proportion of defective eggs, which was largely compensated for by feed restriction. However, productivity of SR hens remained lower than that of L breeders. (5) Compared to the low viability and reproductive fitness observed with SA hens, the E dwarf broiler breeder tolerated ad libitum feeding and had better egg production, fewer egg abnormalities and yellow follicles per ovary and a higher egg production. However, laying rate was still lower than that of the SR and L groups. Energy conversion (kJ/g egg) from 32 to 40 weeks of age was much higher in the SA group than in the other three groups. 6. The feasibility of feeding a dwarf broiler breeder ad libitum calls for further research on implications of specific IGF and GH-receptor expression at the level of the ovary in dw chickens.     

海兰褐蛋鸡和京粉2号蛋鸡的生长发育规律及初产蛋品质比较研究

[目的] 研究相同饲养条件下海兰褐蛋鸡苗和京粉2号蛋鸡苗的生长发育规律,评价其初产蛋品质。[方法] 选取1日龄海兰褐蛋鸡苗和京粉2号蛋鸡苗各500只,在相同条件下饲养,每周随机挑选60只个体测量体重,直到13周龄试验结束。采用Logistic、Gompertz 和Von Bertalanffy 3种曲线模型对2种鸡苗的生长发育情况进行拟合。上笼后约30 d,观察和收集2个品种蛋鸡的初产蛋（第一枚蛋）,测定并比较其蛋品质指标。[结果] 2个品种的鸡苗在4~5周龄的生长速率最快。2种鸡苗的日绝对平均增重和相对生长率不同。Logistic、Gompertz 和Von Bertalanffy 3种曲线模型对2种鸡苗的生长发育拟合效果均较为理想,但Gompertz模型的拟合度更高、适合性更强,为最佳生长模型。在初产蛋品质比较中,除蛋宽和蛋形指数外,其余指标均表现为海兰褐蛋鸡的鸡蛋显著（P<0.05）大于京粉2号蛋鸡。[结论] 研究结果可为海兰褐蛋鸡和京粉2号蛋鸡的开发利用及品种改良提供参考。     

肉种鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白质量浓度双向选择的效应

以父母代肉种鸡为材料，以血浆极低密度脂蛋白（very low density lipoprotein，VLDL）质量浓度为选择指标建立肉鸡高脂系和低脂系，个体测定一世代高、低脂系母鸡产蛋性能、种蛋受精率、孵化率、二世代6周龄体质量，观察血浆VLDL质量浓度选择效应。结果显示，一世代低脂系比高脂系早开产6．7d，低脂系40周龄和54周龄产蛋量显著高于高脂系零世代，一世代低脂系种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率均优于高脂系；二世代高、低脂系6周龄体质量差异不显著。结果表明，对血浆VLDL质量浓度的低向选择使种鸡产蛋性能、种蛋受精率、孵化率产生了有益的间接反应，但对早期体质量没有影响。     

Stress parameters and immune response of layers under different cage floor and density conditions

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of cage floor and cage density on stress parameters of laying hens. A total of 162 brown laying hens (Hyline Brown), aged 34 weeks, were used in the experiment. Compact-type battery cages, with three floors, were used. Hens were allocated as one, three or five hens in each of 18 cages to obtain three different cage density groups of 1968, 656 and 393.8 cm² floor area per hen, respectively. The same number of cages with different cage density were allocated to three different battery floors (first floor=top, second=middle, third=bottom) systematically. Values for body weight, mortality rate, egg weight, egg production, egg quality characteristics, egg yolk cholesterol content, the levels of blood plasma corticosterone, serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides, the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H-L ratio), antibody titers, claw length score, foot health score, plumage score and throat skin injuries were taken as indicators of stress. The values for egg weight (P<0.01) at the first floor were greater than the other floor levels. The group with five hens per cage had significantly lower mean estimates (P<0.01) than other groups with respects to body weight (P<0.001), egg production (P<0.001), egg weight (P<0.001) and plumage score (P<0.01), while significantly higher mean estimates for egg albumen index (P<0.01), Haugh unit (P<0.01), serum glucose (P<0.001), and H-L ratio (P<0.001). Serum cholesterol was higher in cages with one hen than that with five hens, whereas plasma corticosterone was lower. Antibody titers in cages with one hen was similar to that with three or five hens; however, those with three hens had higher titers than those with five hens. Values for egg breaking strength, yolk index, egg cholesterol content, and foot health score were not affected by cage density or floor. The results suggest that the allocation of three hens per cage had no measurable effect on health and welfare.     

不同日龄略阳乌鸡肉品质对比与最佳上市日龄分析

【目的】 探究不同日龄略阳乌鸡肌肉营养成分的差异,为确定最佳上市日龄以及科学养殖提供理论支持。【方法】 试验以同日出雏的1 200只略阳乌鸡为研究对象,随机分为4个重复,每个重复300只。所有鸡42日龄脱温后进行网上笼养,90日龄后为离地网上平养,各阶段的基础饲粮均使用家禽专用饲料,全程自由采食、饮水。记录每周体重,采用Gompertz模型拟合生长曲线;90、120、150日龄时,随机选取体况相近的公、母各8只,采用颈部放血法进行屠宰,采集胸肌,检测不同生长时期胸肌pH、剪切力、水分、干物质、氨基酸、脂肪、蛋白质、肌苷酸和脂肪酸含量。【结果】 略阳乌鸡在1~4周体重增长缓慢,4周后进入急速生长期,到17周后体重增长趋势逐渐减缓;Gompertz模型能够很好地拟合略阳乌鸡体重生长曲线,母鸡、公鸡的拟合度均>0.99,拐点体重分别为760.75和940.52 g,拐点周龄分别为8.19和8.49周。母鸡、公鸡的剪切力均随着日龄的增长而逐渐增大,150日龄均极显著高于90和120日龄（P<0.01）;母鸡胸肌干物质在150日龄极显著高于90和120日龄（P<0.01）。母鸡胸肌的呈味氨基酸中,谷氨酸（Glu）、丙氨酸（Ala）、天门冬氨酸（Asp）含量在150日龄极显著高于90和120日龄（P<0.01）,而酪氨酸（Tyr）的含量在150日龄极显著低于90和120日龄（P<0.05）;苏氨酸（Thr）、丝氨酸（Ser）、蛋氨酸（Met）、亮氨酸（Leu）、赖氨酸（Lys）和总氨基酸的含量在150日龄均显著高于90日龄（P<0.05）。公鸡胸肌的呈味氨基酸中,谷氨酸（Glu）、丙氨酸（Ala）、苯丙氨酸（Phe）、胱氨酸（Cys）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量120日龄极显著高于90日龄（P<0.01）,酪氨酸（Tyr）、胱氨酸（Cys）、脯氨酸（Pro）和苯丙氨酸（Phe）含量120日龄极显著高于150日龄（P<0.01）;组氨酸（His）含量在120日龄最低。120日龄母鸡胸肌的脂肪含量极显著低于150日龄（P<0.01）,120日龄母鸡胸肌的蛋白质含量显著低于150日龄（P<0.05）。母鸡胸肌中亚油酸和肉豆蔻酸含量在150日龄极显著高于120日龄（P<0.01）,棕榈油酸含量在150日龄极显著低于120日龄（P<0.01）。公鸡胸肌的肌苷酸、棕榈酸（C16：0）含量120日龄显著高于150日龄（P<0.05）,而亚油酸含量150日龄显著高于120日龄（P<0.05）。【结论】 随着日龄的增加,略阳乌鸡母鸡营养物质含量逐渐增加;120日龄公鸡胸肌营养物质含量最高,120日龄后随着日龄增加营养物质含量逐渐降低。因此,建议母鸡在120~150日龄之间上市,公鸡在120日龄上市。