定量检测马动脉炎病毒方法的建立

为建立快速、敏感、准确的马动脉炎病毒检测方法,笔者选取病毒基因组中高度保守的ORF7序列设计引物和TaqMan探针,分别使用马动脉炎病毒的总RNA和含有选定检测序列的克隆标准品进行一步法实时定量RT-PCR,绘制扩增曲线,两曲线斜率之差小于0.1,证明两者的扩增效率相同,可用选定检测序列的克隆标准品对马动脉炎病毒进行定量检测。     

实时定量RT-PCR检测马动脉炎病毒

选取马动脉炎病毒(EAV)基因组中高度保守的开放阅读框7(ORF7)序列，设计了特异性引物和TaqMan探针，利用一步法的实时定量RT-PCR来定量检测EAV。使用含有选定检测序列的克隆标准品做标准曲线，证明该方法可以检测出含有5(4．77)个RNA分子，即可从组织培养液(TCF)中检出一般含有5PFU／μL病毒拷贝。对猪生殖呼吸道综合征病毒、马疱疹病毒无交叉反应，特异性好。用疫苗用种毒(Bucyrus标准株)肌肉注射于马驹后，定量RT-PCR比病毒分离试验更能灵敏地检出呼吸道排出的病毒。对456份临床鼻腔分泌物样品检测，定量RT—PCR检出6份阳性，而病毒分离只检出2份阳性。一步法实时定量RT—PCR检测样品中的EAV，在快捷、准确、方便和高通量方面优于细胞培养病毒分离的检测方法，可以作为检测马病毒性动脉炎(EVA)病毒的快速方法。     

西方马脑炎病毒TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

通过RT-PCR从西方马脑炎病毒(WEEV)中扩增得到1 317bp特异的保守序列,将其克隆到pMD-20T载体中,进行体外转录,制备标准品cRNA。以10倍比稀释的cRNA为模板,进行TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR扩增并制作标准曲线,建立了WEEV荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。对建立的方法进行了特异性和敏感性试验。结果表明,建立的荧光定量RT-PCR方法最低可检测10拷贝的cRNA;且与马鼻肺炎病毒(EHV-1)、马动脉炎病毒(EAV)、马流感病毒(EIV,H3N8)、西尼罗病毒(WNV)、东方马脑炎病毒(EEEV)和日本脑炎病毒(JEV)不发生交叉反应。与常规RT-PCR相比,该方法更加快速,特异性和敏感性更高,灵敏度为常规RT-PCR方法的100倍。     

实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测禽白血病病毒方法的建立与应用

建立了TaqMan实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测禽白血病病毒(ALV)。选取ALV病毒的LTR序列设计引物和探针,以梯度稀释的含有ALV目的扩增片段的质粒作为标准品,进行定量PCR反应以确定检测灵敏度。阳性标准品在3.0×102~3.0×107个拷贝共6个数量级的范围内,定量PCR反应有"S"型扩增曲线,检测灵敏度最低为30个拷贝。根据病毒拷贝数与定量反应Ct值的关系,绘制了标准曲线。该方法具有特异性,对新城疫病毒、禽流感病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性囊病病毒、鸡传染性贫血病毒和马立克病病毒核酸都没有扩增反应。实时定量PCR检测ALV的方法,灵敏度高,特异性好,可以进行定量分析,在禽病的快速检测上具有重要意义。     

东方马脑脊髓炎病毒TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

本试验通过RT-PCR从东方马脑脊髓炎病毒(EEEV)中扩增得到128bp的特异性保守序列,将其克隆到pMD20-T载体中,并进行体外转录,制备标准品cRNA。以10倍系列稀释的cRNA为模板,进行TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR扩增并制作标准曲线,建立了EEEV TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR的检测方法。进一步对建立的方法进行了特异性和敏感性试验。结果表明,建立的TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR最低可检测10拷贝/μL的cRNA;且与阴性对照及马鼻肺炎病毒(EHV-1)、马动脉炎病毒(EAV)、马流感病毒(EIV,H3N8)、西尼罗病毒(WNV)、西方马脑脊髓炎病毒(WEEV)和日本马脑炎病毒(JEV)均不发生交叉反应。所制作的标准曲线在1.0×101~1.0×106拷贝/μL浓度范围内有极好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998,标准曲线方程式为y=40-3.35logx;与常规RT-PCR相比,该方法更加快速,特异性和敏感性更高,灵敏度为常规RT-PCR方法的100倍。试验结果表明,建立了一种快速、高效、特异、敏感的EEEV TaqMan MGB荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。     

Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒特异性SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒特异性SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法,参考Gen Bank中已发布的禽腺病毒的六邻体基因(Hexon)序列设计两对引物,通过PCR扩增出Hexon基因的954 bp目的片段,克隆至p MD-19T载体,提取阳性质粒测定浓度,10倍系列稀释作为荧光定量PCR的标准品模板,制备标准曲线。结果显示,荧光定量PCR熔解曲线峰值单一,产蛋下降综合症病毒(EDSV)、传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)、禽白血病病毒(ALV)等外源病毒均无扩增曲线出现,对标准品模板最低检出值为1.2×101拷贝/μL。对7份Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒的细胞培养物的检出率为100%,表明建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法准确可行。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测鸡传染性贫血病毒方法的建立

建立了Taqman实时荧光定量PCR方法检测鸡传染性贫血病毒(CAV)。选取CAV病毒的序列设计引物和探针。以梯度稀释的含有CAV目的扩增片段的质粒作为标准品,进行定量PCR反应以确定检测灵敏度。2.0×105～2.0×102个拷贝,4个数量级的范围内定量PCR有"S"型扩增曲线,检测灵敏度为200个拷贝。根据病毒拷贝数与定量反应Ct值的关系,绘制了标准曲线。该方法具有特异性,对传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性法氏囊病毒、禽白血病病毒和马立克病毒核酸都没有扩增反应。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测试验感染鸡的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、胸腺、法氏囊、泄殖腔棉拭子等样品,所有检测样品都有"S"型扩增曲线,且荧光信号值高。实时定量PCR检测CAV的方法,灵敏度高,特异性好,可以进行定量分析,在禽病的快速检测上具有重要意义。     

A型猪流感病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据WHO推荐的检测A型猪流感病毒的引物和探针序列,建立了A型猪流感病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。使用含有选定检测序列的重组质粒标准品绘制标准曲线,检测结果表明,该方法的敏感性可达100拷贝/25μL反应体系,显示出良好的敏感性和重复性,临床上已用于实验室鼻拭子样品的检测,并成为一种快速定量检测A型猪流感病毒的方法。     

含马动脉炎病毒N基因的病毒样颗粒的制备

为了构建易于纯化且耐RNase酶的含有马动脉炎病毒N基因的病毒样颗粒,通过RT-RCR扩增马病毒性动脉炎病毒的N基因,将其克隆至含有组氨酸标签的pNH-MS2his载体中,构建重组原核表达载体pNH-MS2his-N。将重组质粒pNH-MS2his-N转化表达菌株大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达、纯化。对病毒样颗粒进行鉴定及稳定性实验。结果表明该病毒样颗粒含马病毒性动脉炎病毒N基因,并且稳定性良好,构建的病毒样颗粒可以作为RNA病毒检测时的标准品和质控品使用。     

实时荧光PCR技术快速定量检测H5亚型禽流感病毒

选取H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因保守序列,使用Primer Express 2.0软件设计出特异性引物和TaqMan MGB探针,利用实时荧光PCR技术来定量检测禽流感病毒。使用含有选定检测序列的RNA标准品做标准曲线,结果表明该方法的灵敏度为10拷贝/反应,标准曲线的相关系数为0.998003,对H9亚型禽流感病毒和其他禽病病毒无交叉反应,特异性好、重复性佳。为禽流感病毒检测提供了一种特异、敏感、快速的定量检测方法。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。