牛支原体pdhc基因的克隆、表达及其亚细胞定位

试验旨在研究牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis,M.bovis)武威株二氢硫辛酰胺转乙酰酶(PDHc-E2)基因序列特征及其在牛支原体细胞中的位置。参照GenBank中牛支原体HB0801株pdhc基因(登录号:CP002058.1)设计引物,应用PCR扩增获得牛支原体武威株pdhc基因,在测序及序列分析的基础上,应用Overlap PCR完成点突变后将其克隆至pET-28a(+)中,构建原核表达载体pET-pdhc。pET-pdhc转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)感受态细胞后经IPTG诱导获得融合蛋白,将纯化蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备多抗血清,应用iELISA和Western blotting对牛支原体武威株PDHc-E2在细胞内的分布进行初步研究。结果显示,牛支原体武威株pdhc基因CDS全长735bp,编码244个氨基酸,与国内牛支原体分离株HB0801、Hubei-1、CQ-W70、NM2012等基因序列完全一致,与国际标准株PG45同源性为99.2%,与无乳支原体(M.agalactiae)同源性为90.9%~91.2%,与加利福尼亚支原体(M.californicum)ST6株的同源性仅为78.4%,基因序列非常保守;通过Overlap PCR将该基因中4个编码色氨酸的TGA密码子突变为TGG,且完成点突变后的基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,重组蛋白大小约为29ku,主要以可溶性形式存在,iELISA结果显示,重组蛋白PDHc-E2具有较高的免疫原性,可刺激新西兰兔产生高水平的抗体,血清效价高达1∶100 000;亚细胞定位结果表明,制备的多抗血清与重组蛋白PDHc-E2、牛支原体全菌蛋白、牛支原体膜蛋白、牛支原体胞浆蛋白均能发生特异性结合,说明该蛋白在牛支原体细胞膜和细胞质中均有分布,为膜相关蛋白,但在细胞质中的分布多于细胞膜。本研究结果为进一步研究牛支原体的生物学功能提供了理论依据。     

致犊牛肺炎牛支原体新疆北屯株的分离鉴定及oppF基因序列分析

为确诊新疆北屯市某牛场致犊牛肺炎死亡的病原,试验无菌采集2头病死牛肺脏组织分离培养牛支原体,并进行特异性PCR鉴定及oppF基因的序列比对。结果表明:分离获得2株牛支原体,分别命名为M.bovis BT-1和M.bovis BT-2;2株分离株的菌落形态呈典型的"煎蛋样";PCR扩增出牛支原体oppF基因片段,与预期大小一致;2株分离株的oppF基因与国际牛支原体标准株PG45的同源性分别为97.3%和97.8%;与HB0801、CQ-70W在同一进化分支上,亲缘关系较近。     

牛支原体EF-Tu基因的克隆表达、亚细胞定位及间接ELISA方法建立

旨在获得牛支原体延伸因子EF-Tu蛋白,分析其在牛支原体菌体内的分布情况,建立EF-Tu间接ELISA法,为进一步研究牛支原体EF-Tu的生物学功能提供理论依据,也为建立牛支原体有效的血清学诊断方法和亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。参照Uniprot数据库中M.bovis PG45株EF-Tu基因序列,应用Overlap PCR扩增获得EF-Tu基因并将其克隆至pMD19-T载体,测序正确后,构建pET32a-EF-Tu原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21表达菌,IPTG诱导表达,纯化后的表达产物免疫新西兰兔(New Zealand rabbit)制备多克隆抗体,利用间接ELISA测定高免血清抗体效价,用Western blot和间接ELISA法初步定位EF-Tu在菌体内的分布,通过优化反应条件,建立间接ELISA检测法。结果表明:重组蛋白EF-Tu约为66ku,主要以可溶性形式表达;采用间接ELISA测定的多克隆抗体效价为1:6400;Western blot和ELISA表明该蛋白在牛支原体细胞质和细胞膜中均有表达,且含量相当。利用EF-Tu建立的ELISA法具有很好的特异性和敏感性。通过原核表达系统成功得到牛支原体延伸因子的重组蛋白,该蛋白分布于菌体细胞质和膜表面,且含量基本相当。本研究所建立的EF-Tu ELISA法适合大规模的血清学诊断检测。     

牛支原体新疆分离株P48基因的克隆、原核表达及重组蛋白免疫原性研究

试验旨在确定牛支原体P48基因的免疫原性，为进一步筛选牛支原体免疫保护性基因奠定基础。本研究以牛支原体新疆分离株为研究对象，运用Overlap PCR方法扩增得到点突变后的牛支原体新疆分离株P48基因，构建原核表达载体pET-32a （+）-P48，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，在诱导剂ITPG的诱导下获得重组蛋白P48，纯化后的重组P48蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体，运用Western blotting和ELISA方法验证其反应原性和免疫原性。结果表明，试验成功构建原核表达载体pET-32a （+）-P48，重组蛋白P48大小约为66 ku，纯化后的牛支原体P48重组蛋白免疫小鼠后可产生良好的免疫反应，血清抗体滴度达到较高水平（D_{450 nm}值为1.126）。Western blotting结果显示，抗牛支原体P48重组蛋白的鼠血清与牛支原体P48重组蛋白及牛支原体全菌蛋白抗原均能产生明显的抗原抗体反应，表明P48重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性与反应原性，可作为牛支原体新型疫苗的候选基因，且牛支原体新疆分离株P48基因与国内外5株牛支原体P48基因的同源性很高，亲缘关系较近。     

牛支原体武威分离株丙酮酸激酶基因的原核表达及其表达产物的功能检测

为研究牛支原体(Mb)威武分离株丙酮酸激酶(PK)的生物学功能,本研究采用PCR扩增Mb武威分离株PK基因(pyk),在测序的基础上利用over-lap PCR将Mb pyk基因中色氨酸密码子(TGA)突变为可在大肠杆菌中表达的同义密码子TGG,进而构建原核表达质粒pET-pyk并转化大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导表达后利用SDS-PAGE检测,结果显示重组蛋白His-PK以可溶性形式表达,且其相对分子质量约为57 ku。纯化该重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备抗血清,采用western blot分析了PK在Mb细胞内的分布,并采用补体依赖的细胞毒试验和粘附及粘附抑制试验分别检测His-PK抗血清介导的补体杀Mb作用及His-PK抗血清对Mb粘附胎牛肺细胞(EBL)的抑制作用,结果表明Mb PK在细胞膜及细胞质中均有分布,且His-PK抗血清具有明显的介导补体杀灭Mb作用和抑制Mb对EBL的粘附作用。本研究为进一步探究Mb的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

牛支原体GAPDH定点突变、原核表达及生物学特性初步分析

根据已发表的牛支原体GAPDH基因序列设计引物,从牛支原体湖北分离株扩增出GAPDH基因,亚克隆于载体pET-30a。设计定点突变引物,采用环状PCR法对载体上GAPDH基因进行两轮定点突变,原核表达突变成功的重组质粒,获得重组牛支原体GAPDH蛋白,经Western-blot证实该重组蛋白具有较好的反应原性,为其在牛支原体病防控中的应用奠定了基础。     

牛支原体新疆分离株P48基因的克隆、原核表达及重组蛋白免疫原性研究

试验旨在确定牛支原体P48基因的免疫原性,为进一步筛选牛支原体免疫保护性基因奠定基础。本研究以牛支原体新疆分离株为研究对象,运用Overlap PCR方法扩增得到点突变后的牛支原体新疆分离株P48基因,构建原核表达载体pET-32a(+)-P48,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,在诱导剂ITPG的诱导下获得重组蛋白P48,纯化后的重组P48蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,运用Western blotting和ELISA方法验证其反应原性和免疫原性。结果表明,试验成功构建原核表达载体pET-32a(+)-P48,重组蛋白P48大小约为66ku,纯化后的牛支原体P48重组蛋白免疫小鼠后可产生良好的免疫反应,血清抗体滴度达到较高水平(D450nm值为1.126)。Western blotting结果显示,抗牛支原体P48重组蛋白的鼠血清与牛支原体P48重组蛋白及牛支原体全菌蛋白抗原均能产生明显的抗原抗体反应,表明P48重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性与反应原性,可作为牛支原体新型疫苗的候选基因,且牛支原体新疆分离株P48基因与国内外5株牛支原体P48基因的同源性很高,亲缘关系较近。     

8株牛支原体分离株P81表面膜蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究对我国采集自8个省份患有牛呼吸道疾病的肺脏组织病料进行了病原分离鉴定,得到8株牛支原体(M.bovis)分离株。参考GenBank中已发表的M.bovisPG45株的P81基因序列,设计引物扩增P81基因,将其克隆到pMD-18T上,筛选重组质粒并对其进行序列测定及分析。结果显示,P81基因全长2097bp,含有1个开放性阅读框,编码699个氨基酸。这8株M.bovis分离株的P81同源性为99.4%～99.9%,与PG45株同源性94.6%～94.9%,与无乳支原体(M.agalacia)PG2株同源性仅为73.8%～74%,结果表明,M.bovisP81基因基因高度保守,种间差异较大,具有研究前景。     

猪嗜血支原体OxaA基因的同义定点突变、克隆及在Vero细胞中的表达

为真核表达猪嗜血支原体(Mycoplasma suis)膜蛋白OxaA基因,本实验采用PCR技术扩增包含OxaA基因全长在内的1 561 bp序列,通过引物突变法对OxaA基因内部的两个编码蛋白障碍的碱基进行同义定点突变,应用Overlap PCR技术将3对引物扩增得到的OxaA片段进行拼接,获得能够正确翻译膜蛋白的OxaA基因序列,将鉴定正确的pVAX-OxaA重组质粒转染Vero细胞,应用IFA和western blot方法鉴定OxaA基因在Vero细胞中的表达.结果显示,突变的OxaA基因经Overlap PCR扩增获得长度为747 bp的基因片段,与GenBank中M.suis基因组的核苷酸序列同源性为98％,IFA检测OxaA基因在Vero细胞中获得瞬时表达,western blot分析表达蛋白的分子量为29 ku,具有较好的反应原性.本实验首次在真核细胞中表达了M.suis的QxaA基因,为M.suis基因疫苗的研究奠定了基础.     

牛支原体临洮分离株NOX-1的克隆表达、酶学活性及其亚细胞定位研究

为研究牛支原体(M. bovis)临洮分离株(LT strain)NOX-1基因特征表达产物的酶活性,及其在细胞中的具体存在部位,参照GenBank中M. bovis NOX-1HuBei株NOX-1基因序列(GenBank登录号:NC015725.1)设计引物,应用PCR扩增M.bovis临洮株的NOX-1基因,在完成测序后构建NOX-1基因原核表达载体pET-NOX-1,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,经异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导后表达。表达产物纯化后进行酶活测定并免疫新西兰兔,制备多克隆抗体,继而应用Western blot及间接ELISA对NOX-1在M. bovis内的分布进行初步定位。结果显示,M. bovis临洮株NOX-1基因全长1365 bp,重组质粒经IPTG诱导在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达,重组蛋白His-NOX-1的分子量约为50 kDa;重组蛋白酶促反应最适酶促温度为30℃、pH为7.5,双倒数法求得重组蛋白Km和Vmax分别为256.41μmol/L、34.25μmol/(L·min);Western blot及间接ELISA结果表明His-NOX-1在M. bovis细胞膜上和细胞浆中均有分布且胞浆含量较高。本研究结果为进一步研究M. bovisNOX-1的生物学功能奠定了一定的基础。     

牛支原体新疆株的分离鉴定

为调查新疆规模化奶牛场病牛死亡原因并确定病原,本研究无菌采集7份肺炎病死牛病变肺组织样,通过牛支原体液体培养基和固体培养基分离到1株支原体,采用形态学观察和生化试验鉴定该分离株,采用支原体特异性引物和牛支原体16S rRNA通用引物扩增基因序列并测序,使用DNAStar软件将分离菌株测序结果与GenBank中的标准株序列进行同源性比对,采用Mega 6.0软件中的邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)依据16S rRNA序列构建分离株系统进化树。结果显示,分离株菌落呈典型的"煎蛋样",菌落中心凹陷深入培养基,周边菲薄而透明,经Dienes染液染色后,菌落中心呈深蓝色。该分离株不分解葡萄糖、尿素、不水解精氨酸,血细胞吸附试验和溶血试验均呈阴性,氯化三苯基四氮唑还原反应呈阳性,产生膜和斑。PCR反应扩增出大小为1 911 bp的牛支原体特异性目的片段;分离株16S rRNA基因序列与牛支原体标准株PG45的序列同源性为99.8%,与牛支原体地方株(Mb NM2012、Mb HB0801、Mb Hubei-1、Mb Ningxia-1、Mb CQ-W70和Mb 08M)的同源性为99.3%～99.7%。系统进化树显示,分离株16S rRNA基因与Mb Ningxia-1株和Mb 08M株亲缘关系较近,处于同一分支。本研究结果证实了引起病牛死亡的病原为牛支原体,为新疆牛支原体病的防治提供了科学依据。     

牛支原体单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

以牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)湖北分离株HB0801作为抗原免疫8周龄BALB/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术筛选出了6株能稳定分泌抗牛支原体的单克隆抗体细胞株,分别生产腹水并对单抗进行了纯化和特性鉴定。经亚型测定,这些单抗都属IgG类。腹水ELISA效价在1×10⁵~1.6×10⁶。ELISA特异性分析结果表明,6株单抗与临床分离的牛支原体菌株以及ATCC标准株PG45都显阳性反应,但与牛的其他常见病原菌如多杀性巴氏杆菌、化脓隐秘杆菌等都显阴性反应。所有制备的单抗都与无乳支原体有交叉反应,其中两株单抗1A5和1C11只与无乳支原体有交叉反应,与其他支原体无交叉反应。经Western blotting验证,6株单抗分别识别牛支原体全菌蛋白中的不同条带,说明分别针对不同的蛋白抗原。这些牛支原体单克隆抗体为后期建立牛支原体检测方法及致病机理研究奠定了良好基础。     

Genetic and antigenic characterization of the surface lipoprotein P48 of Mycoplasma bovis

The presence of a membrane lipoprotein homologous to the P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae was investigated in different Mycoplasma bovis isolates selected by geographical locations and biological properties. Its potential as a diagnostic tool was also discussed. The presence of a specific signal observed in all M. bovis field isolates probed with a rabbit antiserum raised against the M. agalactiae recombinant P48 demonstrated that this protein is structurally and antigenically conserved within the M. bovis cluster. No signal was detected when testing six different mycoplasma species found in cattle. The p48 gene was identified by PCR approach and partially sequenced. Full length gene sequence was obtained by direct bacterial chromosome sequencing. Five UGAs were selectively mutated into UGG and the full length mutated gene, lacking the signal peptide, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant antigen (r-P48) was evaluated as a potential marker of infection using a panel of 86 well-characterized sera from experimentally and naturally infected cattle. Specific IgM antibodies were detected within 6-9 days after experimental infection followed by an IgG response lasting from the third/fourth week after contact. Although antibody titers were well below those observed in sheep or goats infected with M. agalactiae, results suggest that M. bovis r-P48 can be used as a specific marker of infection.     

The p40* adhesin pseudogene of Mycoplasma bovis

An analogue of the adhesin gene p40 of Mycoplasma agalactiae was found in Mycoplasma bovis. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the p40* gene in M. bovis revealed the presence of a large deletion involving a frameshift that causes premature truncation of the translated protein, indicating that p40* exists as a pseudogene in M. bovis.     

Analysis of heat shock protein 60 encoding genes of mycoplasmas and investigations concerning their role in immunity and infection

Only little is known about the heat shock proteins (Hsp) and Hsp-encoding genes of mycoplasmas. The aim of this study was to identify and sequence the hsp60 gene of Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma arthritidis, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and to investigate the immune response to Hsp60.Fragments of the hsp60 genes of M. agalactiae, M. arthritidis, M. bovis and M. hyopneumoniae representing almost the entire coding region were amplified by PCR. Two fragments of a hsp60 gene were cloned in Escherichia coli and the antibody response of pigs infected with M. hyopneumoniae against the recombinant Hsp60 fusion proteins was analysed. Within the mycoplasmas, the hsp60 genes showed sequence identities of nearly 100%, with the exception of the hsp60 gene of Mycoplasma genitalium, which was determined to be only 76.5-77.7% identical. Identities to Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli were determined between approximately 50 and 60%. The predicted amino acid sequences of Hsp60 showed an identity of 90 to nearly 100% among mycoplasmas and 50-60% to the other bacteria indicated above. Two Hsp60 derived glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins containing mycoplasma peptides of 28 and 35kDa were isolated. M. hyopneumoniae-ELISA positive porcine convalescent sera reacted strongly with the recombinant Hsp60 fusion proteins in Western immunoblotting indicating for the first time that mycoplasmal Hsp60 is immunogenic in natural infection.     

Intraspecific variation in the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis strains

Intraspecific variation in the 16S rRNA genes of 17 Mycoplasma agalactiae and eight Mycoplasma bovis isolates was investigated to determine the degree of sequence variation in these two species and to determine whether the polymorphisms in the 16S rRNA genes could be used for the construction of an evolutionary tree and as epidemiological markers. A high degree of variation was found within isolates (between operons) and between isolates of both species. In contrast to M. capripneumoniae no distinct evolutionary pattern could be seen, probably because there are functional systems for gene conversion in M. agalactiae and M. bovis. However, the non-European isolates of M. agalactiae shared three characteristic nucleotides and European isolates from the same or neighbouring countries were very similar. Differences within isolates included both polymorphic positions and sequence length differences between operons. The amount of variation within isolates of the respective species ranged from zero to seven polymorphisms for M. agalactiae and from zero to four polymorphisms for M. bovis. The high degree of variation suggests the potential for misdiagnosis of species in diagnostic PCR assays based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. All isolates of both species had a thymidine in position 912 (E. coli numbering) that causes streptomycin resistance in several bacterial species and which is characteristic for the members of the hominis group. As expected, when five M. agalactiae and three M. bovis isolates were tested for streptomycin susceptibility, they all demonstrated streptomycin resistance. M. agalactiae and M. bovis were found to have high intraspecific variation in their 16S rRNA gene and the polymorphisms patterns indicate that gene conversion takes place.     

Detection of mycoplasmas in experimentally-infected bull sperm

Bull sperm pellets experimentally infected with various concentrations of Mycoplasma (M.) bovis, M. bovigenitalium, and M. californicum were stored several months at -196 degrees C and were subsequently tested for mycoplasmas, using different methods and culturing media. M. bovis was reliably identified by laboratory diagnosis up to a concentration of 10(2) cfu/pellet. M. bovigenitalium and M. californicum were found to make higher demands on the quality of culturing substrates. Recommended are 1-h broth incubation and 5-d broth breeding.     

Characterization of antigens from mycoplasmas of animal origin

Alcholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M mycoides subsp mycoides, M agalactiae, M bovirhinis, mycoplasmal strain ST-6, and culture medium were compared with M bovis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and gel electrophoresis-derived ELISA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated there were areas of homology and areas of heterology among the species tested. Sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with the mycoplasma organisms and noninoculated culture medium demonstrated ELISA reactivity with M bovis antigens immobilized on polystyrene. Absorption of the serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized with M bovis reduced 65.9% of its reactivity with culture medium, 29.7% to 32.7% of its reactivity with the heterologous species, and 21.1% of its reactivity with the homologous species. Gel electrophoresis-derived ELISA performed on immobilized M bovis antigens separated by molecular weight, using sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with the mycoplasmal species under study and noninoculated culture medium revealed antigenic components which are shared among species or with the culture medium and several components which may be unique to M bovis.