鸡痘鹌鹑化弱毒活疫苗生产工艺改进试验

优化鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)培养鸡痘鹌鹑化弱毒细胞苗的生产工艺中,采用同步接毒法即在制备鸡胚成纤维细胞时同时接毒和异步接毒法即鸡胚成纤维细胞形成单层以后接毒,两种方法进行对比。结果以同步接毒法可以降低生产成本,缩短细胞培养的时间,简化工艺。     

蛋源无血清培养基培养鸡类囊胚和鸡、人成纤维细胞的研究

试验采用新鲜种蛋(A0组)和无精蛋(B0组)蛋清培养基培养鸡类囊胚、鸡成纤维细胞和人成纤维细胞；比较了以类囊胚形式存在的鸡胚胎干细胞和鸡成纤维细胞、人成纤维细胞在利用蛋清组分上的区别。结果显示：(1)与B0组相比,A0组培养的类囊胚和鸡成纤维细胞表现出了生长优势,而这点在人成纤维细胞没有体现。(2)类囊胚形成期集中利用蛋白质,其中卵清蛋白的相对量下降最快；人成纤维细胞的蛋清培养液中胰蛋白酶抑制剂显著下降,且也发生在培养早期；鸡成纤维细胞的培养液组分在整个过程中都无显著变化。     

石歧杂鸡胚胎成纤维细胞的体外培养

用组织决法对石歧杂鸡胚胎成纤维细胞进行原代和传代培养，探讨禽类胚胎成纤维细胞适宜的培养模式。成功获得较均一的稳定的细胞群体，并成功地对细胞进行了冷冻保存和复苏。对于进行大规模的动物细胞培养具有重要的指导意义。     

两种制备鸡胚成纤维细胞的方法比较

在伪狂犬病活疫苗和法氏囊病毒GT株生产上均需制备鸡胚成纤维细胞.在制备鸡胚成纤维细胞过程中,对用连续消化法与玻璃珠分散法两种方法进行比较,结果表明:用玻璃珠分散法制备细胞,易使死亡细胞数大幅增加,在生产中加大成本,并在旋转培养中,影响活细胞的贴壁及生长;而采用胰酶连续消化法制备的细胞,贴壁较好、成活率高,但比前者工作量大;结合两者优点,找出了制备鸡胚成纤维细胞最佳的方法.     

不同方法制备鸡胚成纤维细胞的比较试验

采用传统法、半胚法和全胚法制备鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)单层。结果表明:在同等条件下,均以成纤维细胞为主,并伴有少量的上皮细胞,仅有全胚法含有极少量的肝细胞;培养时细胞贴壁和生长状况无明显差异,其产量稍有差异(全胚法>半胚法>传统法)。     

不同方法制备鸡胚成纤维细胞的比较试验

采用传统法、半胚法和全胚法制备鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)单层。结果表明:在同等条件下,均以成纤维细胞为主,并伴有少量的上皮细胞,仅有全胚法含有极少量的肝细胞;培养时细胞贴壁和生长状况无明显差异,其产量稍有差异(全胚法>半胚法>传统法)。     

鸡胚成纤维细胞制备工艺改进试验

在制备鸡胚成纤维细胞过程中,对用连续消化法与玻璃珠分散法两种方法进行比较,结果表明:用玻璃珠分散法制备细胞,易使死亡细胞数大幅增加,在生产中加大成本,并在旋转培养中,影响活细胞的贴壁及生长;而采用胰酶连续消化法制备的细胞,贴壁较好、成活率高,但比前者工作量大;结合两者优点,找出了制备鸡胚成纤维细胞最佳的方法。     

不同制备方法对鸡胚成纤维细胞产量的影响

采用传统法、半胚法和全胚法制备鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）单层，在同等条件下均以成纤维细胞为主，并伴有少量的上皮细胞，仅有全胚法含有极少量的肝细胞；培养时细胞贴壁和生长状况3种方法无明显差异（P＞0.05)；CEF的产量，半胚法明显高于其他2种方法。     

室温消化法制备鸡胚成纤维细胞的试验研究

鸡胚组织是组织培养最早被利用的对象。早年组织培养工作者，如Carrel等曾用鸡胚做过大量研究工作。目前，鸡胚成纤维细胞已被广泛应用于细胞和分子生物学研究的许多方面，这主要是由于成纤维细胞是最易培养的细胞，其良好的耐受性使之易于进行从基因转染到微注射等较多领域的研究。本试验经长期摸索、比较、找到一种制备鸡胚成纤维细胞的优化方法——室温消化法。     

鸡胚成纤维细胞原代培养及应用

原代培养是指在体外模拟体内生理环境,使从体内取出的组织细胞生存、生长和传代,并维持原有组织细胞的结构和功能特性。鸡胚成纤维细胞具有相对容易获得、增殖能力强、适应性强、良好的耐受性、性状比较稳定等特点,使得其被广泛地应用于分子和细胞生物学研究的许多方面。论文综述了近年来有关鸡胚成纤维细胞的培养技术,如鸡胚的取材、细胞的分离、纯化和培养,同时介绍了应用进展和未来研究方向。     

遗传背景和胎儿日龄对猪类胚胎生殖细胞培养的影响

本试验研究了遗传背景和胎儿日龄对猪类胚胎生殖细胞(embryonic germ cells,EG)培养的影响,分别利用五指山猪(WZSP)和微型白猪胎儿为试验材料,比较了2种猪胎儿在EG培养方面的异同。试验结果表明,在相同条件下,2种猪均得到了可以传代的EG细胞集落,得到的EG集落AP染色呈阳性,体外培养能形成类胚体,类胚体继续培养能分化成多种细胞。试验比较了5个指标:平均第1次出现EG集落时间(T1)、第1次出现大批EG集落时间(T2)、第1次传代时间(T3)、平均传代间隔(T4)及传代情况(P),结果显示,WZSP和微型白猪2个品系差异不显著(P>0.05),表明WZSP和微型白猪都可以用来作为猪EG细胞建系的材料;分别采集第26、27、28天胎儿比较日龄对EG培养的影响。试验测量了不同日龄胎儿中肾大小,比较以上5个指标,观察胎儿日龄对建立猪EG细胞系方面的影响,结果表明第26、27、28天胎儿在EG培养方面差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Production of quail-chick chimaeras by blastoderm cell transfer

1. Quail-chick chimaeras were produced by injecting dissociated quail blastoderm cells into chick embryos. 2. Quail blastoderms were removed from the yolk and the cells were dispersed by trypsin treatment or pipetting. The cell suspension (1 to 5 microliters) was injected into the subgerminal cavity of unincubated chick embryos. The chick embryos were then cultured in recipient eggshells. 3. Quail blastoderm cells injected into the chick embryos adhered to the chick embryonic cells. The rates of hatching were 8.6% (38 chicks from 441 eggs) and 40.3% (48 chicks from 119 eggs) when the volumes of the cell suspension injected were 3 to 5 microliters and 1 microliter, respectively. 4. Seven out of 86 hatched birds were clearly identified as being chimaeric because part of the feather colouring was of quail specificity. In addition to these chimaeric birds, there were 8 chimaeric embryos which died before hatching. The distribution patterns of the quail feathers were varied among the chimaeric birds and embryos. 5. This technique provides a basis for the investigation of chick embryo cryopreservation, genetic transformation and analysis of cell lineage of chickens.     

鸡胚胎干细胞的分离及其嵌合体制备条件探索

分离培养鸡胚胎干细胞(ESCs),体外培养传代后,进行碱性磷酸酶活性检测和SSEA-1染色鉴定;并用线性化的质粒pEGFP-N1转染鸡ESCs。受体种蛋经赤道面开窗后,将经转染的ESCs注射到受体鸡胚胚下腔,以便制作嵌合体鸡;对获得的嵌合体鸡分别提取血液和组织DNA后进行PCR检测。结果表明:5只存活的的嵌合体鸡血液中没有发生EGFP基因嵌合,但有4只嵌合体鸡的部分器官表达了EGFP基因,其中有2只鸡的性腺发生嵌合,表明利用赤道面开窗后对受体鸡进行胚下腔显微注射可以生产嵌合体鸡。     

From Zygote to Implantation: Morphological and Molecular Dynamics during Embryo Development in the Pig

The increasing focus on the pig as a biomedical model calls for studies which investigate morphological and molecular mechanisms during initial embryonic development in this species. In the pig, the paternal genome is actively demethylated in the zygote, whereas the maternal genome remains methylated. The major genome activation occurs at the four-cell stage, when prominent ribosome-synthesizing nucleoli develop in the blastomeres, allowing for trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) differentiation. Unlike in mice, the pluripotency gene OCT4 is initially expressed in both compartments. The ICM differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast approximately at the time of hatching from the zona pellucida, and subsequently the loss of the Rauber's layer results in an uncovered epiblast establishing the embryonic disc again in contrast to mice. This particular and protracted ICM/epiblast biology may contribute to the lack of success in culturing porcine embryonic stem cells. The embryonic disc subsequently becomes polarized by a posterior thickening, which includes ingression of the first extra-embryonic mesoderm. Thereafter, the primitive streak forms and gastrulation results in formation of the somatic germ layers and germline, i.e. the primordial germ cells. The latter remain pluripotent for a period and may be isolated and cultured as embryonic germ cells in vitro .     

Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on different cell sub-populations in the ovary of newly hatched chicks treated during embryonic development

1. Cell sub-populations of the ovary of newly-hatched chicks were assessed following follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment during embryonic development. Changes in cell number and the amount of oestradiol in serum were determined. 2. White Leghorn chick embryos received 1 mug FSH applied to the chorioallantoic membrane at 13, 15, and 17 d of incubation. Within 24 h after hatching, animals were killed and blood was collected. The left ovary was immediately removed then weighed and processed by an enzymatic-mechanical dissociation method for total cell count. An air-drying method was also used for meiotic preparations to study the germinal cells. 3. The pre-follicular ovary is able to respond to FSH by inducing an increase both in the serum oestradiol concentration and in the number of steroidogenic cells and of poorly differentiated cells of the ovarian medulla. 4. FSH increases the number of oogonia, which are responsible for a sharp increase in the total population of germ cells in the FSH-treated ovary. 5. It is possible that FSH acts to increase the proliferation of oogonia and a delay in the meiotic prophase through a change in the microenvironment rather than by a direct effect on germ cells.     

昆明系小鼠胚胎干细胞分离培养的优化

以昆明系小鼠为对象,经过丝裂霉C处理成纤维细胞(Mouse embryonic fibroblast,MEF)制备饲养层,对影响小鼠胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cell,ES细胞)分离培养的相关因素进行研究。分别收集小鼠3.5d的囊胚(扩张囊胚)和4.5d囊胚(孵化囊胚)进行培养,比较扩张囊胚和孵化囊胚的贴壁率、原代克隆率及传代率的情况。收集3.5d胚龄的囊胚,通过全胚法和免疫外科法对内细胞团(Inner cell mass,ICM)进行分离培养ICM集落,确定离散ICM的适宜时间。用0.25%胰酶+0.04%EDTA,0.125%胰酶+0.02%EDTA和0.25%胰酶+1%小鸡血清等方法对小鼠ES细胞集落进行传代,观察不同酶浓度对ES细胞分离克隆的影响。结果显示,孵化囊胚的贴壁率高于扩张囊胚(P0.05),但传代率则相反(P0.05),原代克隆率差异不显著(P0.05);一般ICM增殖培养2～3d(免疫外科法)或4～5d(全胚培养法)后,出现典型的克隆集落,再挑取ICM;0.125%胰酶+0.02%EDTA及0.25%胰酶+1%小鸡血清,形成ES原代克隆率较高,2组没有显著性差异(P0.05);结果表明,分离得到的ES细胞经形态学观察,AKP染色,体外分化试验等表明其具有胚胎干细胞的特性。     

鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离培养与鉴定

旨在建立鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞（muscle satellite cell,MSC）体外分离、培养、纯化、诱导分化及鉴定的方法。选取12胚龄SPF鸡胚,综合松散肌肉纤维和游离纤维基质层细胞等原理,对分离细胞使用的酶以及后续的细胞纯化、诱导分化方法进行优化;并从形态学、细胞分化能力、生长曲线、免疫荧光、RT-PCR等方面对MSC进行鉴定,从而提出一种鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的混合酶消化分离培养方法。结果表明,刚分离纯化后的细胞折光性强,24 h贴壁展开后呈纺锤状;待诱导分化后能形成排列整齐的多核肌管;CCK-8测定细胞生长曲线呈典型的“S”型;优化后,细胞存活率为（90.82±1.294）%,细胞纯度为（90.44±1.264）%;免疫荧光检测标志性基因Pax7、Desmin表达阳性;RT-PCR检测标志性基因Pax7、MyHC、MyoD1呈阳性;并且分化前标志性基因Pax7表达量是分化后的1.705倍,分化后期标志性基因MyHC表达量是分化前的13.073倍。该试验建立了一种快速简便的鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的体外培养方法,为研究鸡骨骼肌细胞生物学机制、肉鸡品种优化、细胞移植修复提供良好的细胞模型。     

Regulation of pituitary somatotroph differentiation by hormones of peripheral endocrine glands

Anterior pituitary somatotroph differentiation occurs during chick embryonic and rat fetal development. A number of findings support the hypothesis that differentiation of these growth hormone (GH) producing cells in the chick and the rat is regulated by adrenal glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones. Somatotroph differentiation can be induced in cultures of chick embryonic and rat fetal pituitary cells with adrenal glucocorticoids and this effect can be modulated by concomitant treatment with thyroid hormones. Plasma levels of thyroid hormones, corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone increase during development, consistent with the ontogeny of somatotrophs. Treatment of chick embryos or rat fetuses with glucocorticoids in vivo induces premature somatotroph differentiation, indicating that the adrenal gland, and ultimately anterior pituitary corticotrophs, may function to regulate pituitary GH cell differentiation during development. Administration of thyroid hormones in vivo also increases somatotrophs prematurely, and administration of the thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor methimazole inhibits somatotroph differentiation in vivo, suggesting that endogenous thyroid hormone synthesis contributes to normal somatotroph differentiation. Our working model for the regulation of somatotroph differentiation during normal development includes modulation by elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axes. Additional research is reviewed defining the mechanism of action for these peripheral hormones in induction of pituitary GH gene expression during development.     

绵羊羊水、胎儿肾脏组织中表达Oct-4细胞的分离培养及其分子学特性研究简

试验旨在建立从绵羊羊水、胎儿肾脏组织中分离培养表达Oct-4细胞的新方法,同时,通过实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）初步探索二者在分子生物学特性方面的联系及差异。采用0.01%胰酶培养液,从同一只受孕中期绵羊的羊水和胎儿肾脏组织中各分离1株细胞。Real-time PCR分析结果表明,从绵羊羊水、胎儿肾脏组织中分离的细胞均表达胚胎干细胞相关标志基因Oct-4、胚胎生殖细胞标志基因SSEA-1、主要组织相容性抗原MHC-Ⅱ、细胞凋亡基因Bax及抑制细胞凋亡基因Bcl-2,不表达MHC-Ⅰ、Nanog及TERT,因此,将羊水中表达Oct-4的细胞暂命名为羊水来源多潜能干细胞(amniotic fluid stem cells,AFSC),胎儿肾脏组织中表达Oct-4的细胞暂命名为肾脏组织干细胞(renal tissue stem cells,RTSC)。相对定量分析结果显示,二者的Oct-4、Bax及Bcl-2基因的相对表达量存在明显差异。绵羊羊水中表达Oct-4的细胞（AFSC）和胎儿肾脏组织中表达Oct-4的细胞（RTSC）体外悬浮培养7 d均能形成类胚体。试验成功建立了从绵羊羊水、胎儿肾脏组织中分离培养表达Oct-4细胞的新方法,实时荧光定量PCR分析初步显示绵羊羊水中表达Oct-4的细胞和胎儿肾脏组织中表达Oct-4的细胞具有相同的起源,并在体内处于一种动态的变化之中。