Ghrelin对雌激素诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的抑制作用

6周龄BALB/c雌性小鼠80只,分为4组：雌激素＋Ghrelin组、雌激素＋生理盐水组、生理盐水组、空白对照组。雌激素＋Ghrelin组首先隔日腹腔注射苯甲酸雌二醇（0.1mg/只）2周,然后采用相同方法注射Ghrelin（120μg/只）2周;雌激素＋生理盐水组首先注射苯甲酸雌二醇2周,然后注射生理盐水2周;生理盐水组注射生理盐水4周;空白对照组不注射任何试剂。测量各组小鼠的胸腺指数,同时应用光镜、电镜和流式细胞术检测胸腺的显微结构、超微结构和胸腺细胞凋亡率。结果雌激素＋Ghrelin组的胸腺指数极显著大于雌激素＋生理盐水组,胸腺细胞凋亡率极显著小于雌激素＋生理盐水组（P〈0.01）,而二者与生理盐水组和空白对照组均差异不显著（P〉0.05）;雌激素＋Ghrelin组的胸腺显微结构和超微结构基本恢复正常,并与生理盐水组和空白对照组相似。结论得出Ghrelin可以通过抑制胸腺细胞凋亡和促进胸腺细胞增殖,从而逆转雌激素诱导的小鼠胸腺萎缩。     

Ghrelin对雌激素诱导小鼠胸腺萎缩过程中细胞因子及凋亡相关蛋白基因表达的影响

应用光镜和实时定量PCR技术研究了Ghrelin对雌激素诱导小鼠胸腺萎缩过程中胸腺形态学以及部分细胞因子和凋亡相关蛋白基因表达的影响。结果显示,注射Ghrelin后,雌激素诱导的小鼠萎缩胸腺在形态学上基本恢复到正常水平,胸腺中IL-6、TGF-[31、Caspase3、FADDmRNA含量显著降低,Caspase9、FasLmRNA含量略为下降,而IL-7、Bcl-2mRNA含量有所上升。结果表明,Ghrelin可能通过促进胸腺上皮细胞的增殖以及阻断Caspase级联程序和Fas／FasL凋亡信号通路抑制胸腺细胞的凋亡,从而逆转雌激素诱导的小鼠胸腺萎缩。     

山豆根多糖对感染PRRSV小鼠脾脏细胞因子水平的影响

探讨山豆根多糖对PRRSV感染小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌细胞因子水平的影响。将70只昆明种小鼠随机分为7组(A组、B组、C组、D组、E组、F组、G组),每组10只,雌雄各半,依据前期已经建立氧化应激模型的感染条件,D组、E组、F组、G组小鼠于试验第1、2、3天分别采用口服、滴鼻和腹腔注射3种途径联合感染PRRSV病毒原液1.0mL/只,A组、B组、C组给予生理盐水1.0mL/只。第4、5、6天,A、D组小鼠分别腹腔注射生理盐水,0.2mL/10g。B组小鼠腹腔注射5.0mg/kg的脂多糖(LPS)溶液,C组、E组、F组、G组小鼠分别腹腔注射不同剂量的山豆根多糖(200、50、100、200mg/kg)。供试小鼠均于第14天处死,并取其脾脏制备匀浆。采用ELISA检测脾匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和MCP-1等细胞因子的水平。结果显示,PRRSV感染小鼠后能升高小鼠脾脏匀浆内TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和MCP-1水平,50mg/kg~100mg/kg剂量的山豆根多糖能降低上述细胞因子的水平。结果表明,山豆根多糖能有效降低PRRSV感染小鼠脾脏细胞因子的水平。     

天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能调节的初步研究

为研究天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,选取体重为18~22g的昆明小鼠60只,随机分成6组,每组10只,分别设立生理盐水对照组、阳性对照组[腹腔注射150mg/(kg·BW)环磷酰胺]以及4组供试药物组[每组供试药物组的小鼠在腹腔注射150mg/(kg·BW)环磷酰胺后,分别注射100、200、300、400mg/(kg·BW)的天门冬多糖溶液],连续处理7d后,检测小鼠血浆中的细胞因子(IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ)的含量,并计算小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数,观察小鼠脾脏和胸腺的组织学变化。结果显示,与生理盐水对照组、环磷酰胺对照组比较,100mg/(kg·BW)和200mg/(kg·BW)天门冬多糖试验组小鼠的血浆中IL-2和IL-6细胞因子水平明显升高;200mg/(kg·BW)和300mg/(kg·BW)供试药物组小鼠的血浆中IFN-γ的水平显著升高;天门冬多糖试验组的小鼠脾脏指数显著提高。试验表明天门冬多糖具有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

桃金娘果多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

【目的】 探讨桃金娘果多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。【方法】 腹腔注射环磷酰胺80 μg/g BW, 1次/d, 连续3 d, 建立小鼠免疫抑制模型。将造模成功的小鼠随机分为5组(每组16只): 模型组、黄芪多糖组、桃金娘果多糖低、中、高剂量组。另设16只健康小鼠为正常组。黄芪多糖组每只小鼠按200 μg/g BW剂量腹腔注射黄芪多糖混悬液, 桃金娘果多糖低、中、高剂量组分别按50、100、200 μg/g BW剂量腹腔注射桃金娘果多糖混悬液, 正常组和模型组每只小鼠腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水, 1次/d, 连续7 d。试验结束后, 分别测定小鼠脏器指数(胸腺、脾脏)、血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、溶菌酶(LZM)的含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。【结果】 桃金娘果多糖不同剂量组小鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数均有不同程度提高, 尤以桃金娘果中剂量组最高, 与模型组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。桃金娘果多糖不同剂量组IL-6、IL-1β血清细胞因子含量均极显著高于模型组(P<0.01);桃金娘果多糖低、中剂量组的血清IFN-γ、IL-2含量相较于模型组都有所提升, 但差异均不显著(P>0.05), 桃金娘果多糖高剂量组的IFN-γ、IL-2含量均极显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。桃金娘果多糖不同剂量组小鼠的POD活性和LZM含量均极显著或显著高于模型组(P<0.01;P < 0.05)。【结论】 桃金娘果多糖中剂量即100 μg/g BW对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的恢复效果最佳。     

预防用自拟复方中药对大肠杆菌感染早期小鼠免疫功能的影响试验

将96只小鼠随机分为4组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组生理盐水灌胃,Ⅲ组复方中药灌胃,Ⅳ组黄芪多糖灌胃,连续3 d;试验第4天,Ⅰ组注射生理盐水;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组小鼠腹腔注射大肠杆菌液。在感染后第3小时、第6小时、第10小时采集小鼠血样及血清,分别测定其血液生理指标(WBC、GRA、LYM及MID)及细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ)的变化。结果自拟复方中药具有提高小鼠外周血的WBC(尤其是LYM、MID);促进IL-6分泌,抑制TNF-α、IL-10分泌,使Th2向Th1细胞漂移,促进腹腔注射大肠杆菌早期小鼠Th2/Th1细胞亚群恢复平衡的作用。     

太子参多糖注射液对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

探讨太子参多糖注射液(RPPI)对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。将60只昆明小鼠随机分为6组,即正常组、环磷酰胺(CTX)模型组、黄芪多糖注射液阳性对照组(API,100 mg/kg)、RPPI低剂量组(50 mg/kg)、RPPI中剂量组(100 mg/kg、)、RPPI高剂量组(200 mg/kg)。API阳性对照组、RPPI组每天腹腔注射给药1次,连续10 d,正常组和CTX模型组每天腹腔注射生理盐水。于给药的8 d、9 d、10 d,除正常组腹腔注射生理盐水外,其余各组腹腔注射CTX(80 mg/kg)。每天记录小鼠体质量、采食量。末次给药24 h后,测定免疫器官指数、免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM和细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ的含量。结果显示,与CTX模型组相比,RPPI组小鼠的体质量、免疫器官指数有一定程度的升高(P0.05),免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM和细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ的含量显著升高(P0.05或P0.01)。说明太子参多糖注射液对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠有一定的保护作用。     

催情助孕液对小鼠雌、孕激素水平及其受体mRNA表达的影响

分别以0.1、0.2、0.4 mL/d剂量的催情助孕液给21日龄小鼠灌服7d后,检测体质量、脏器指数、血清雌激素和孕激素水平、子宫组织中雌激素和孕激素受体基因mRNA的表达情况,并与腹腔注射雌二醇4d的小鼠进行比较.结果显示与对照组和雌二醇注射组比较,0.2 mL的催情助孕液能显著促进小鼠子宫发育,并增强雌激素水平及其受体基因表达,而对孕激素水平及其受体基因表达无显著影响.结果表明,催情助孕液对动物生殖发育与促进发情具有较好的效果.     

中药组方对腹腔注射大肠杆菌小鼠血清Th17、Treg型细胞因子的影响

为探讨中药组方对动物机体免疫调节的作用机理,试验研究了预防用中药组方对感染大肠杆菌小鼠血清中Th17及Treg型细胞因子的影响。选取6只健康小鼠为对照组(记为-72h)。另选取252只精神、体况接近的小鼠,按照性别、体质量分为6组:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为中药组方高、中、低剂量组,灌胃剂量(相当于生药含量,按0.1mL/10g灌胃)分别为20,10,5g/kg;Ⅳ组为药物对照组,按66mg/kg灌胃黄芪多糖;Ⅴ组为模型组及Ⅵ组为健康对照组灌胃同体积蒸馏水,均1次/d,连用3d。试验第4天,Ⅰ~Ⅴ组小鼠均腹腔注射1.7×108 CFU/mL大肠杆菌液(0.1 mL/只),Ⅵ组小鼠注射等量生理盐水。于感染后0,3,6,12,24,48,168h,每组分别选取6只小鼠处死获取全血及血清样本,用ELISA方法测量血清IL-17、IL-23、TGF-β、IL-10的含量,并计算IL-17/IL-10的比值。结果显示:用药后3d,中药组方组小鼠血清IL-17、IL-23,高剂量组的IL-10,中、低剂量组的IL-17/IL-10比值均显著高于模型组及对照组(P<0.05);在感染3h中药组方的IL-10均显著低于感染组(P<0.05),IL-17/IL-10比值均极显著高于感染组(P<0.01),高、中剂量组的IL-17均高于感染组(P>0.05),IL-23、TGF-β均低于模型组(P>0.05)。在试验期间,感染3h后中药组方组的IL-17、IL-23均低于黄芪多糖组,而TGF-β、IL-10和IL-17/IL-10比值部分高于黄芪多糖组。这表明预防用中药组方通过影响感染小鼠血清IL-17、IL-23、TGF-β、IL-10等细胞因子的分泌,调节Th17及Treg细胞亚群平衡,增强机体免疫力。     

妊娠后期母兔血浆激素水平对仔兔的影响

为探讨妊娠后期母兔内分泌对胎儿及仔兔生长发育的影响,将13只妊娠16 d的皖系长毛兔分成3个处理组,试验1组5只,在妊娠16 d、17 d和18 d分别肌肉注射0.1 mg甲状腺素T4,试验2组4只肌肉注射0.1 mg苯甲酸雌二醇(OB),对照组4只,注射等体积0.9%生理盐水.结果表明,试验1组仔兔初生时胰岛素(In...     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Observations of fracture of the anconeal process of the ulna of swine

Fractures of the anconeal process of 5 pigs ranging in age from 4 to 8 months were studied radiographically and histologically. Clinically, animals with a fracture of the anconeal process had a "tight," restricted gait. In pigs at 4.5 months of age, a radiolucent line through the base of the anconeal process was composed of fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, and hyaline cartilage. Subperiosteal proliferation of woven bone was located along the cranial surface of the olecranon, adjacent to the base of the anconeal process. In older animals, the radiolucent line through the anconeal process contained variable amounts of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. The proliferation of subperiosteal bone at the base of the anconeal process formed a "buttress callus" which retained a radiolucent area between the callus and the proximal surface of the anconeal process. The latter region of radiolucency was continuous with the transversely oriented line that traversed the base of the anconeal process.     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.