国产碘醚柳胺在绵羊体内的药代动力学及组织残留量的研究

给绵羊单剂量口服碘醚柳胺(7.5mg/kg),用HPLC法测定不同时间的血浆药物浓度。结果,碘醚柳胺在血浆中药物代谢动力学符合开放性二室模型,动力学方程为: C_t=208.586 8e~(-0.4756(t-0.5426)) 18.760 5e~(-0.0439(t-0.5426))-227.445e~(-0.5328(t-0.5426))口服碘醚柳胺后,达峰时间(Tmax)为3.698 9±0.197 4d;峰浓度(Cmax)为18.760 5±1.564 6μg/mL;消除半衰期(T(1/2)β)为15.800 6±0.445 7d;曲线下面积(Auc)为459.000 0±62.531 3μg·d/mL。碘醚柳胺在绵羊的肝、肾、胆汁、肌肉中的残留量:停药后28d分别为0.359 9、0.243 2、0.157 9、0.100 0μg/g;停药后50d,肝脏中的残留量为0.100 0μg/g,其它组织中均检测不到;停药后60d,各组织中均无残留。     

国产表阿佛菌素在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究

用反相高效液相色谱结合荧光检测法,对试验绵羊经静脉、皮下单剂量注射0 2 mg/kg表阿佛菌素的药代动力学进行了研究。血样提取物通过C18小柱富集、洗脱,甲醇洗提部分经加入1 甲基咪唑和三氟乙酸酐的乙腈液衍生化后进行色谱分析。血药浓度在 2. 5 ~ 200 ng/mL 范围呈良好线性关系(R= 0 996 8),方法平均回收率96 65%±3.84%,血药最低检测限 2.5 ng/mL,日内、日间变异系数分别小于 10%、12%。2 种途径给药后体内药物运转分别符合二室和一室开放模型。主要药代参数如下,静脉注射:消除半衰期(T1/2β)12.66±2.05 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC0~74)1.02±0 30 (mg/L)·h,fc=0 13±0 05; 皮下注射:吸收半衰期(T1/2ka )4.42±1.04 h,峰浓度(Cmax)0 02±0 01 μg/mL,峰时(Tmax ) 15. 36±2. 91 h,消除半衰期(t1/2k ) 26. 22±9. 04 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC0~122)1.19±0 37 (mg/L)·h。上述结果表明,绵羊静脉注射表阿佛菌素后体内药物分布广泛,消除较慢。皮下注射吸收好,消除比静脉注射更为缓慢,体内药物平均滞留时间长。     

替米考星静脉及皮下注射后在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究

健康成年杂交绵羊静脉和皮下注射替米考星注射液后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点血清中的药物浓度。采用3p97药代动力学程序软件处理数据,替米考星两种给药途径的药 时数据均符合二室开放模型静脉注射给药(5 mg/kg bw)的主要药代动力学参数: t1/2a 为 0. 611±0. 017 h、t1/2β为 23. 215±0. 459 h、AUC为11 815±0.396(μg/mL)·h、CL(s)为 0.424±0.014 L/(kg·h)。替米考星皮下注射主要药代动力学参数: 1mg/kg bw剂量组 t1/2a 为 1 751±0 557 h、t1/2β为 22 896±2 747 h、t1/2Ka 为 0. 100±0. 025 h、AUC 为 25. 828±1 479 (μg/mL)·h、CL(s)为0.393±0.017 L/(kg·h),Tmax为0.500±0.065 h,Cmax为1.424±0.156μg/mL、F为109.28%±6.25%。30 mg/kg bw剂量组 t1/2a为1.342±0.244 h、t1/2β为 20.052±1.236 h、t1/2Ka为 0.086±0.015h、AUC为57 575±6.760 (μg/mL)·h、CL(s)为0.527±0.068 L/(kg·h)、Tmax为0.437±0.039 h、Cmax为 3.343±0 512μg/mL、F为81.22%±9.54%。结果表明,绵羊静脉和皮下注射替米考星体内分布广,消除缓慢;皮下注射后在体内吸收迅速,达峰快,生物利用度高。     

阿维菌素长效注射液(油悬剂)与普通注射液在绵羊体内的药代动力学比较研究

本文描述了阿维菌素长效注射液与阿维菌素普通注射液(阿福丁注射液)药物动力学的比较研究。绵羊血浆经提取、纯化、真空干燥和荧光衍生化后,用荧光高效液相色谱法进行检测。用3P87药代动力学分析软件对所测得的结果进行分析,得出以下药代动力学结果;阿维菌素长效注射液和阿福丁注射液在绵羊体内均呈二室代谢模型。长效注射液以1mg/kg体重进行颈部皮下注射得到以下药动学参数;吸收半衰期t_(1 2α)=9.59h,消除半衰期t_(1 2β)=292.97h,达峰时间t_(max)=47.46h,最大血药浓度C_(max)=13.91ng/mL,曲线下面积AUC=6235.48ng/(mL·h),消除率CLB=(0.034L/(kg·h),表观分布容积V_d=13.7L/kg。将阿福丁注射液以0.2mg/kg体重进行颈部皮下注射得到以下药动学参数:吸收半衰期t_(1 2α)=9.05h,消除半衰期t_(1 2β)=144.34h,达峰时间t_(max)=12.63h,最大血药浓度C_(max)=8.52ng/mL,曲线下面积AUC=1017.35ng/(mL·h),消除率CL_B=0.22L/(kg·h),表现分布容积V_d=14.5L/kg。研究结果表明:阿维菌素长效注射液比普通注射液吸收慢、消除慢,在体内维持有效血药浓度的时间长,长效注射液维持有效血药浓度(0.5ng/mL血浆)的时间长于49d,而阿福丁注射液不足21d。     

阿维菌素长效注射液(油悬剂)与普通注射液在绵羊体内的药代动力学比较研究

本文描述了阿维菌素长效注射液与阿维菌素普通注射液(阿福丁注射液)药物动力学的比较研究。绵羊血浆经提取、纯化、真空干燥和荧光衍生化后,用荧光高效液相色谱法进行检测。用3P87药代动力学分析软件对所测得的结果进行分析,得出以下药代动力学结果:阿维菌素长效注射液和阿福丁注射液在绵羊体内均呈二室代谢模型。长效注射液以1mg/kg体重进行颈部皮下注射得到以下药动学参数:吸收半衰期t1/2α=9.59h,消除半衰期t1/2β=292.97h,达峰时间tmax=47.46h,最大血药浓度Cmax=13.91ng/mL,曲线下面积AUC=6235.48ng/(mL·h),消除率ClB=0.034L/(kg·h),表观分布容积Vd=13.7L/kg。将阿福丁注射液以0.2mg/kg体重进行颈部皮下注射得到以下药动学参数:吸收半衰期t1/2α=9.05h,消除半衰期t1/2β=144.34h,达峰时间tmax=12.63h,最大血药浓度Cmax=8.52ng/mL,曲线下面积AUC=1017.35ng/(mL·h),消除率ClB=0.22L/(kg·h),表观分布容积Vd=14.5L/kg。研究结果表明:阿维菌素长效注射液比普通注射液吸收慢、消除慢,在体内维持有效血药浓度的时间长,长效注射液维持有效血药浓度(0.5ng/mL血浆)的时间长于49d,而阿福丁注射液不足21d。     

“棘防E号”在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究

4只绵羊口服“棘防E号”后测定血液中血药浓度变化及药代动力学参数值。结果表明血药浓度—时间曲线符合一室分布模型。药代动力学参数结果为:吸收速度常数(ka)(2.03±0.07)h-1、消除速率常数(ke)(0.36±0.03)h-1、峰时间(Tmax)(5.65±0.77)h、吸收相半增期(T1/2/ka)(3.15±0.18)h、消除相半衰期(T1/2/ke)(4.24±0.17)h、峰浓度(Cmax)(4.98±0.68)mg.L-1、药时曲线下面积(AUC)(27.65±3.54)mg.h-1.L-1、清除率平均值(ALB)(0.53±0.07)mg.kg-1.h-1、体内表观分布容积(Vd)(1.93±0.08)L.kg-1。     

硫酸多粘菌素E在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

健康断奶仔猪 5头 ,分别进行单剂量肌注 (2 5和 5 0mg/kgb .w .)和静注 (2 5mg/kgb .w .)给药 ,并用微生物学方法对硫酸多粘菌素E在猪体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度进行了研究。以 3P97程序处理血药浓度—时间数据 ,结果表明 ,以 2 5和 5 0mg/kgb .w .的剂量肌注给药时 ,其血清中药物的峰浓度 (Cmax)分别为 3 73± 0 2 8μg/ml和 6 40± 0 1 8μg/ml,达峰时间分别为 32 2 2± 1 51min和 34 1 8± 1 76min ,消除半衰期 (t1 / 2 β)为 2 55 99± 1 3 65min和 2 64 0 8± 2 8 57min ;以 2 5mg/kgb .w .的剂量静注给药时 ,其消除半衰期 (t1 / 2 β)为 2 51 2 8± 1 2 53min。静注和肌注在体内的分布均为一级吸收二室模型。肌注 2 5和 5 0mg/kgb .w .剂量的注射液时 ,其平均绝对生物利用度分别为 98 30 %和 88 54 %。     

氯氰碘柳胺钠对绵羊鼻蝇蚴的驱杀效果观察

应用氯氰碘柳胺钠注射液,按5 mg/kg体重剂量颈部皮下注射,驱除绵羊自然感染的羊鼻蝇蚴,并设空白对照组.结果表明,给药后21 d抽样烟雾熏杀检查及30 d抽样剖检,对绵羊鼻蝇蚴的驱除效果达100%.     

长效环丙沙星注射液注射后不同时间猪血药浓度的测定

按 1 8mg/千克的剂量给 3头健康猪肌肉注射长效环丙沙星注射液 ,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物的质量浓度 ,并用MCPKP药代动力学程序处理所得数据。结果发现该制剂的T1/2 β(消除半衰期 )为 3 0 91h± 0 83 )h ,Cmax(达峰浓度 )为 1 0 9μg/ml± 0 2 7μg/ml,体内消除较慢。肌注后有效血药浓度能维持 60小时     

复方伊维菌素注射液临床效力试验报告

复方伊维菌素注射液(伊维菌素、氯氰碘柳胺钠),经临床试验验证,绵羊按每50 kg体重皮下注射1 mL,可驱杀绵羊胃肠道线虫、吸虫、体外寄生虫(蝇蛆),总有效率高达93%以上.结果表明2种驱虫药物配比合理,具有明显的相互增效、提高杀虫谱的作用.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.