柞蚕幼虫蓝体色和青绿体色的遗传规律分析

柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi)幼虫体色是柞蚕新品种选育的重要形态标记性状。已知柞蚕幼虫体色的控制基因G(g)、Y(y)、R(r)位于不同染色体上,非等位基因间存在互作关系。以幼虫体色分别为蓝色、青绿色的柞蚕品种胶蓝、青皮为研究材料,与幼虫体色分别为白色(基因型rryygg)、黄绿色(基因型rryy GG)的柞蚕品种小白蚕、青6号配制胶蓝×小白蚕、青皮×小白蚕、胶蓝×青6号和胶蓝×青皮的正反交F1、F2、F3和BC1等组合进行杂交试验,调查分析柞蚕幼虫蓝体色和青绿体色的遗传方式。通过胶蓝与小白蚕杂交试验的幼虫体色分离规律,推测柞蚕幼虫蓝体色与白体色的控制基因存在1对差异基因,将柞蚕幼虫蓝体色基因命名为B,则柞蚕品种胶蓝幼虫的体色基因型为rryygg BB;通过青皮与小白蚕杂交试验的幼虫体色分离规律,推测柞蚕品种青皮幼虫青绿体色的基因型为rryy GGBB;通过胶蓝、青6号和青皮3个品种间杂交试验的幼虫体色分离规律,推测蓝体色基因B与黄绿体色基因G分别位于不同连锁群,为独立遗传;当基因B与基因G共存(rryy G_B_)时,柞蚕幼虫体色表型为青绿色,属不完全显性遗传。     

柞蚕胆绿素还原酶基因ApBVRB的克隆及表达分析

柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi)幼虫体壁颜色表现出高度多样性。胆绿素还原酶(biliverdin reductase B,BVRB)可催化血红素降解过程中产生的胆绿素还原成胆红素,参与昆虫体色形成。为明确BVRB在柞蚕幼虫体色形成中的作用,克隆柞蚕胆绿素还原酶基因ApBVRB,检测其mRNA表达水平,同时调查胆绿素还原酶的活性。ApBVRB编码205个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子质量为50.67 kD,等电点为5.15。氨基酸序列比对表明,ApBVRB与家蚕的黄素还原酶(flavin reductase,FR)具有75%的序列相似度。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,ApBVRB在柞蚕幼虫的所有受试组织器官中均表达,除丝腺外,青、黄体色幼虫之间的相对表达量并没有显著差异。酶活性检测发现,胆绿素还原酶活性在青、黄蚕的血淋巴和丝腺中有极显著差异,推测可能由于血淋巴中该酶活性的差异而导致柞蚕幼虫表现为青、黄2种体色。     

柞蚕幼虫标本浸渍保色法

柞蚕的幼虫体色很鲜艳,一般可分为黄色、蓝色、苹果绿色(俗称青黄色)等三种,亦有翠绿色、桃红色、玉白色、紫红色等。这种美丽的体色可用下列三种方法制成标本保存。     

应用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件分析柞蚕幼虫体色特征初探

柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi)幼虫体色是新品种选育的重要标记性状,为了研究柞蚕幼虫体色的变化规律,利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件对2个黄蚕血统柞蚕品种、3个青黄蚕血统柞蚕品种幼虫的体色进行了分析。试验采用RGB颜色分析模式,分析了红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B)、RGB总和、RGB平均值和明度(L)等6项数据。试验结果表明,三原色中的R、G、B均与柞蚕幼虫不同龄期间差异相关,同一血统不同品种间体色差异不显著,青黄蚕血统、黄蚕血统的柞蚕2～4龄各龄期之间体色差异显著,进入4龄期后体色趋于稳定,因此品种选育工作可在4龄期进行体色选择。     

柞蚕白茧品种华白一号选育

1977年用德花4号为母本、德花6号为父本,进行杂交后,出现淡白色茧新类型,通过系统分离,人工选择,利用ZBD白度仪测试,精选白度,于1990年,育成了柞蚕白茧品种华白一号。该品种属青黄系统,二化性,早熟,幼虫体色为青黄色,蛾色为棕色。茧层白度40.5度,生丝白度52度,比青六号生丝白度提高12.8度,解舒率52％,回收率68％,丝质优,染色性强,好养、抗病、稳产,生产上适应二化二放及二化一放。     

柞蚕部分品种及杂交种的RAPD分析

对柞蚕生产上的部分品种及杂交种进行RAPD分析表明 :供试的柞蚕品种未按体色系统聚类 ,而是按品种的来源聚类 ,胶蓝、烟 6、青黄、方山黄 1号、789聚为一类 ,青 6号、选大 1号、沈黄 1号聚为一类 ;来源相同、体色相同的品种间遗传距离小 ,亲缘关系较近。柞蚕亲本及杂交种F1代的RAPD标记为显性标记 ,通过筛选特定的随机引物 ,应用于柞蚕杂种优势的研究是可行的。     

一化性大茧型柞蚕新品种豫大1号的选育及杂交组合豫杂5号的组配

为选育适合在一化性柞蚕产区放养的蛹、丝兼用大茧型柞蚕品种,以河南蚕区的一化性柞蚕优良品种河33为亲本材料,以提高千粒茧质量和千克卵产茧量为育种目标,采用系统分离的育种方法,历经15年15代育成一化性大茧型柞蚕新品种豫大1号,并与现行一化性柞蚕品种101组配成杂交组合豫杂5号(豫大1号×101)。豫大1号属黄蚕血统,中熟性品种,全龄经过时间52 d 7 h,千粒茧质量8.55 kg,茧层率11.51%,一粒茧丝长933.60 m,在品种比较试验中的全茧量比亲本品种河33提高14.72%,在农村生产鉴定中的千克卵产茧量比河33增产16.66%。豫杂5号的全龄经过时间为48 d 8 h,全茧量8.43g,一粒茧丝长1 056.15 m,在杂交组合评比试验中的千粒茧质量比对照品种101提高12.02%,在农村生产鉴定中的千克卵产茧量比对照品种101增产18.25%。柞蚕新品种豫大1号及其杂交组合豫杂5号具有产量高、易繁育、茧型大、茧丝品质优等特点,适用于蛹、丝兼用的柞蚕茧生产。     

一化性柞蚕早熟品种"豫早4号"通过河南省蚕桑品种审定委员会审定

2021 年 9 月23 日,由河南省蚕业科学研究院选育的一化性柞蚕早熟品种"豫早 4 号"通过河南省蚕桑品种审定委员会审定(审定证书编号:豫蚕审字202101 号). 豫早4号为黄蚕血统,一化性,4眠5 龄.卵壳乳白色,椭圆略扁,蚁蚕头壳红褐色,体黑色.5 龄期幼虫体背香蕉黄色,体侧金瓜黄色,气门上线淡可可棕色.5 龄期雌蚕体长 74.16 mm,体幅 18.52 mm,体质量24.65 g;雄蚕体长68.86 mm,体幅17.36 mm,体质量19.81 g.茧呈淡黄褐色,长椭圆形.蛹黄褐色,少数淡褐色.蛾羽化齐一,交配性能好,雌蛾山鸡黄色,雄蛾火岩棕色.克卵数 104 粒,卵期发育有效积温为 122 ℃.实用孵化率 91.93％,普通孵化率96.90％,不受精卵率2.03％.豫早4 号生产的茧丝长 1067.31 m,解舒率 64.38％,解舒丝长687.14 m,回收率 61.50％,百粒茧纤维公量 108.04 g,鲜茧出丝率 6.93％.     

二化一放地区柞蚕大型白茧新品种大白一号的选育

以柞蚕纯种"青黄一号"群体中分离出的浅色茧个体为基础材料,以茧白色为表型标记,采用系统分离和定向选择的育种方法,育成了适合二化一放地区(主要为高寒地区)放养的柞蚕大型白茧新品种大白一号。经小区试验和农村生产鉴定,主要经济性状均超过第一对照种扎兰屯1号和第二对照种白茧8344,其中千粒茧重11.68 kg,茧层量1.42 g,平均每把产茧量1 562.50 kg,分别比第一对照种提高18.70%、22.34%和37.27%,比第二对照种提高38.22%、29.41%和53.38%;茧丝长1 248.42 m,解舒丝长744.93 m,分别比第一对照种增长167.21 m和273.31 m,分别比第二对照种增长216.98 m和271.91 m;生丝白度为54.8%,比第二对照种高2.9个百分点。该品种具有茧型大而白、强健好养、高产稳产、茧丝质优良、5龄幼虫能抵御突变的低温(3~8℃)和杂交性能强等特点。     

柞蚕体色研究现状与展望

柞蚕(Antherae pernyi)以体色作为育种选择标志以及品种命名和类群划分依据,这是柞蚕育种区别于家蚕(Bombyx mori)育种的特点之一.柞蚕体色不仅与形态发育有关,还与适应性、抗逆性、抗病性、外观品质、营养物质种类和含量等紧密相关.然而,柞蚕体色形成的遗传调控机制研究严重滞后于体色育种应用.文中从幼虫体色及其演变、幼虫体色遗传、蛹色和蛾色、体色与抗性、体色形成机制等5个方面对柞蚕体色实践经验和研究成果进行了归纳和梳理,并提出了柞蚕体色研究展望.柞蚕体色的生物学基础研究不仅可以解析柞蚕体色多样性的形成机制,还可以为抗逆、抗病、品质、营养等育种提供理论依据.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒传播途径特性的比较及其表面基因序列分析

选择中国大陆最早分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(缩写为SS株)和1998年大流行时期分离的H9N2亚型AIVA/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)(缩写为F株)为研究对象,对其在SPF鸡体内的复制能力和传播途径特性比较后发现,F株在4周龄SPF鸡气管中的复制能力高于SS株,F株可以经气溶胶传播途径传播,SS株不能经气溶胶传播途径传播;利用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法获取F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的cDNA,序列分析得知,F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的同源性分别是96.6%和98.1%;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸序列都是PARSSR↓GL,但有5个氨基酸的差异,即166位N(F)→D(SS)、198位A(F)→V(SS)、217位V(F)→I(SS)、335位G(F)→R(SS)、504位L(F)→S(SS);2株病毒的NA基因在63~65位都存在氨基酸缺失,但在NA基因红细胞吸附位点的氨基酸序列不同,分别是IKKDSRSG(F)和IKEDLRSG(SS)。F株和SS株的传播特性差异是否与其表面基因序列有关,有待进一步研究。     

禽类的起源、演化及我国主要家禽品种类型与分布

家禽是重要经济价值动物.本文从禽类种群进化学说出发,简介了禽类的起源、演化、动物学分类和家禽的驯化(养)与品种的形成,并对我国主要家禽(鸡、鸭、鹅)地方品种和培育品种(配套系)的分布与类型作了描述,以期为研究我国家禽起源系统,保护与利用我国家禽品种,促进家禽生产可持续发展提供参考.     

一起猪链球菌病和伪狂犬病的混合感染的诊治

近年以来,由于市场因素的刺激,生猪的存养量大幅上升,再加上由于流通环节较多,流通非常频繁,流通距离越来越远。这对繁荣经济,增加养殖效益起了重要的推动作用,但也同时给疾病的感染和传播创造了有利条件,给猪病的防治带来了困难。有的猪场感染了传染病后,由于治疗不及时不得法,而造成了惨重的经济损失。2008年7月中旬,我街道一养猪户因盲目从外地购进中猪,发生猪病疫情,引起猪只连续死亡,造成一定的经济损失。根据流行病学、临床症状、剖检变化和实验室诊断,诊断该病为猪链球菌病和猪伪狂犬病混合感染,现报告如下。     

种鹅矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染的诊治

2005年9月份,大庆市红岗区个体养鹅专业户送检6只病死的5月龄左右隆昌鹅和长白鹅,经过实验室诊断确诊为矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染。矛形剑带绦虫属膜壳科     

秋冬季预防和治疗虫媒性传染病鸡白冠病和鸡痘

１前言１．１鸡白冠病鸡白冠病是由卡氏住白细胞原虫寄生于鸡的红细胞和单核细胞而引起的鸡的贫血性疾病。吸血昆虫蚋和库蠓叮咬鸡引起传播，是主要的传播媒介，一般在夏末和秋季多发，由于夏季降雨量较大，部分沟渠积水，库蠓和蚋多孳生，因此在多雨水涝的年份发病率明显增高。１９９８年中国从南到北发生洪涝灾害，吸血昆虫的孳生格外严重，出现了一个白冠病多发年，而后两年发病稍轻，并有地区性，今年８月中旬以来白冠病的发病呈抬头趋势，有一定的死亡率，对蛋鸡产蛋率也会引起一定程度的降低，应引起养鸡户的重视。１．２鸡痘鸡痘也是…     

Shape and size of teeth of dogs and cats-relevance to studies of plaque and calculus accumulation

Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined.     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Estimations of repeatability and heritability of egg albumen antimicrobial activity and of lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations

1. The repeatability and heritability of growth inhibition by egg albumen of two major pathogenic bacteria, a Gram-negative (Salmonella Enteritidis) and a Gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus) and of two antimicrobial albumen proteins, lysozyme and ovotransferrin, were estimated in commercial pedigree hens. 2. Repeatability was evaluated in 100 egg-type hens at the beginning, middle and end of the laying cycle on eggs collected for 3 weeks. Heritabilities were estimated at 36 to 40 weeks of age on 400 pedigree hens (2 eggs/hen), which were the offspring of 25 sires each mated with 4 dams. Ovotransferrin and lysozyme were quantified by ELISA. Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) and Staphyloccocus aureus (S.A.) were inoculated into a sample of sterilised albumen and enumerated after incubation. 3. Total protein content in albumen decreased with age of laying hens, whereas there were increases in lysozyme or ovotransferrin concentrations and in the bacteriostatic effect of albumen. 4. Repeatability for bacterial growth in albumen ranged from 0.29 to 0.39 for the number of S.E. (log cfu/ml) one day post inoculation (p.i.) but was lower and more variable at 5 d p.i. or for S.A. number. It ranged from 0.27 to 0.38 for S.E. and S.A. number at the mid period of the laying cycle. Repeatabilities were low and variable for total egg albumen protein or lysozyme and ovotranferrin concentrations (0 to 0.22). 5. Negative phenotypic correlations were observed between lysozyme concentrations and S.E. number but that between lysozyme and S.A. number was not significant. 6. Heritabilities were low (0.01 to 0.09) for protein traits. They were 0.11 for S.A. number and 0.16 for S.E. number one day p.i. 7. It appears to be more efficient to select on global bacterial growth than on specific antimicrobial proteins. The most promising trait is the number of S.E. one day p.i.