笼养成年蛋鸡盲肠中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

试验从笼养蛋鸡盲肠内容物中分离乳酸菌,采用MRS平板分离乳酸菌,经过革兰氏染色、菌落形态观察及糖发酵生化管鉴定为乳酸菌种属。结果显示,分离出15株革兰氏阳性菌,经抑菌试验选出7株乳酸菌,发酵生化鉴定为绿色乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、果糖乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌葡聚糖亚种、假肠膜明串球菌和肠膜明串珠菌乳脂亚种。     

内蒙古发酵酸乳制品中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

以采集自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗的2份发酵酸乳样品为研究对象,采用传统纯化培养技术、16S rDNA基因序列测定并构建系统发育树的方法,对样品中的乳酸菌进行了分离鉴定,以期解析发酵乳中乳酸菌的多样性,积累食品微生物资源。研究结果显示,共分离15株乳酸菌,被鉴定为3个属9个种,3个属分别为乳酸乳球菌属、明串珠菌属和乳杆菌属,9个种分别为乳酸乳球菌叶蝉亚种（Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae,3株）、乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis,1株）、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种（Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris,1株）、乳明串珠菌（Leuconostoc lactis,3株）、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种（Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides,1株）、肠膜明串珠菌右旋葡聚糖亚种（Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum,1株）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum,1株）、副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei,3株）和干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei,1株）。综上表明,该研究采集的酸乳样品中乳酸菌资源丰富,是内蒙古传统乳制品优良发酵剂的研发和产业化生产的潜在微生物资源。     

山羊源乳酸菌的分离鉴定及系统进化分析

从健康山羊胃肠道内容物及黏膜中分离到14株疑似乳酸菌菌株,通过对疑似菌株的进一步革兰染色镜检形态和染色特性观察以及16SrRNA序列扩增测序分析,证实所分离的14株疑似乳酸菌中,肠膜明串珠菌2株,弯曲乳杆菌1株,牛链球菌1株,马蹄链球菌1株,解没食子酸链球菌3株,魏斯氏菌3株,肠球菌2株,格氏乳球菌1株。该结果为进一步了解山羊胃肠道乳酸菌的菌群种类及山羊益生菌制剂的开发提供了候选菌株。     

西藏地区藏北嵩草附着乳酸茵的理化特性

本研究以藏北嵩草（Kobresia littledalei）上附着的乳酸菌为研究对象，分离得到肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种两株，融合魏斯氏菌11株，食物魏斯氏菌6株，然后对这3种试验菌进行不同温度及pH条件下的生长试验、耐盐试验及糖发酵试验等生理生化特性的研究。结果表明，与常规条件下分离得到的相同菌株相比较，青藏高原极端环境中分离的魏斯氏乳酸菌和明串珠菌株都能在4~40 ℃的条件下生长，部分融合魏斯氏菌还可在50 ℃下微弱生长；耐酸碱试验表明，魏斯氏乳酸菌株都能在pH值为3.0和9.5的条件下生长；在耐盐性方面，部分魏斯氏菌可以在18%的NaCl下生长；在碳源利用方面，本研究提取的食物魏斯氏菌可利用半乳糖；融合魏斯氏菌可利用阿拉伯糖、蜜二糖、甘露醇。因此，藏北嵩草中所分离的乳酸菌比常规环境中的乳酸菌有较强的耐温性和耐酸碱性，而且能更广地利用碳源，从而为其在饲料青贮、酸奶发酵等方面的应用奠定基础。     

应用交叉拮抗法筛选产细菌素菌株的试验研究

应用交叉拮抗法从明串珠菌和片球菌菌株中筛选产细菌素菌株,获得了4株具有明显抑菌效果并对蛋白酶敏感的菌株,分别为乳酸明串珠菌9、乳酸片球菌、肠膜明串珠菌WZ30-2和肠膜明串珠菌WZ-9-2菌株.     

利用特异性引物确定肠膜明串珠菌菌株BD1710的亚种归属

肠膜明串珠菌种共有4个亚种,其中肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种被我国卫生部与美国食品药品监督管理局列为可食用菌种之一.而16S rRNA基因,无法确定肠膜明串珠菌菌株的亚种地位.实验利用16S～23S核糖体间隔序列与3种种特异性基因,并根据肠膜明串珠菌已有的引物进行分析,确定肠膜明串珠菌BD1710归属肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种.     

肠膜明串珠菌胞外多糖的研究进展及其在饲料业中的应用前景

综述了肠膜明串珠菌胞外多糖的存在形式、组成成分、酶促合成过程、生成影响因素及提高产量的技术,介绍了肠膜明串珠菌胞外多糖的功能及用途,探讨了专供发酵饲料使用的肠膜明串珠菌的菌株选育问题、饲用肠膜明串珠菌微生态制剂的生产问题及低聚糖益生元饲料添加剂开发问题。     

玉米秸秆与废弃白菜的混贮品质及乳酸菌多样性研究

为研究玉米秸秆和废弃白菜混合青贮可行性,考查二者在不同质量比时的混贮品质,设计了6个不同的混贮比例,分别为29∶19,27∶21,25∶23,23∶25,21∶27和19∶29。混合青贮30 d后对其化学组分和发酵品质进行分析,筛选品质最佳的混贮比例,并进一步研究了品质最佳混贮组的乳酸菌多样性。结果表明,质量比为21∶27的混贮5(ME₅)组的pH和氨态氮/总氮显著低于其余混贮组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于其余混贮组(P<0.05)。ME₅组的干物质和能源组分综纤维素含量较高,而酸性洗涤木质素含量较低,综合判定该组的混贮品质优于其他5组。乳酸菌多样性结果显示,从ME₅组中共分离出10株乳酸菌,分属于3个属,4个种。3个属分别是乳杆菌属、肠球菌属和明串珠菌属。4个种分别是2株短乳杆菌、1株屎肠球菌、5株肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种和2株植物乳杆菌,其中同型发酵乳酸菌乳杆菌属和肠球菌属为该青贮体系的关键乳酸菌。     

肠膜明串珠菌发酵液对奶牛乳房炎及生产性能的影响

肠膜明串珠菌是乳酸菌中明串珠菌属的重要菌种,也是常见的益生菌菌种之一。它既能改善机体肠道环境,提高饲料的吸收利用率,又能拮抗致病菌,提高机体免疫力。实验将肠膜明串珠菌发酵液添加到奶牛日粮中,观察其对奶牛隐性乳房炎及奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明：每头奶牛每天日粮中添加200mL发酵液（肠膜明串珠菌菌数约为10^9个／mL）,连续使用7d,试验期间,在隐性乳房炎奶牛中,隐性乳房炎的治愈率为70％;在健康奶牛中,与试验前比较,奶产量提高了11．26％（P〈0．05）,奶中的乳蛋白率、乳糖质量分数和乳脂率分别提高了2．06％（P〈0．05）、1．45％（P〈0．05）、1．63％（P〈0．05）。实验表明,日粮中添加肠膜明串珠菌发酵液既能提高奶牛的免疫力,在一定程度上治疗隐性乳房炎,又能提高奶牛的生产性能。     

开菲尔粒菌相构成的研究

开菲尔乳的风味和特性与开菲尔粒的菌相组成密切相关,对来自波兰的开菲尔粒中的微生物菌相进行分离鉴定表明,该开菲尔粒主要由干酪乳杆菌(9株)、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(6株)、肠膜明串珠菌右旋匍聚糖亚种(3株)、酿酒酵母(2株)以及巨大克鲁维氏酵母(5株)构成.     

牦牛“奶渣”中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

本文对产自香格里拉的鲜＂奶渣＂和发酵＂奶渣＂中的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定。结果表明,从鲜＂奶渣＂中分离到27株乳酸菌,并鉴定出7种（亚种）,其中德氏乳杆菌、麦芽香乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌4种菌被确定是鲜＂奶渣＂中的优势种群。从发酵＂奶渣＂中分离到40株乳酸菌,并鉴定出9个种（亚种）,其中德氏乳杆菌、麦芽香乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌5种菌被确定是发酵＂奶渣＂中的优势种群。     

Listeria monocytogenes in food]

As in recent years laboratory diagnostics of listeria has become part of food microbiology, the frequency of occurrence of the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes has been followed in various kinds of foods for a year. A total of 51 strains of L. monocytogenes (7.2%) was isolated from 700 kinds of samples (raw milk, pasteurized milk, meat surface, poultry, cheeses, thermally not treated meat products, food--industry machinery). As can be seen in Tab. I, the highest number of strains was isolated from meat surfaces (13.5%), followed by meat--industry machinery (12.72%), poultry (10%) and cheeses (5%). The lower numbers of strains were found out in thermally not treated meat products (3.8%) and in raw milk (3.3%). Pasteurized milk did not contain any strains. Our findings in raw milk (3.3%) and in pasteurized milk (0) are in agreement with the data cited e. g. by authors from the USA (Lovett et al., 1987), who mention the value of 4.2% in raw milk and the zero value in pasteurized milk. The percentage of strains monitored in cheeses (5%) can be evaluated as low as the assortment of investigated cheeses was small (all strains were isolated from soft ripening cheeses). German authors (Tham et al., 1988) speak about the 2.5% percentage of L. monocytogenes strains; this is in keeping with our findings. The findings in thermally not treated meat products (3.8%) can be evaluated as low although the number of strains found in raw meat was high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

抗真菌植物乳杆菌的筛选及其在酸乳保鲜中的应用

以33株具有潜在抑制真菌活性的植物乳杆菌为研究对象,分别与基础发酵剂复配制备酸乳,通过测定发酵酸乳在敞口室温条件下贮藏期间霉菌、酵母菌的菌数变化及酸乳的酸度,筛选具有良好保鲜效果的植物乳杆菌.结果表明:初筛所得9株植物乳杆菌(IMAU80152、10156、80091、50045、10155、80106、10216、10996、10239)可明显抑制真菌生长,复筛出IMAU80091和IMAU80106在酸乳中酸度变化程度显著低于其他菌株及商业保鲜菌(P＜0.05),当上述2株菌以1∶1复配发酵时抑制酵母菌效果显著优于商业保鲜菌(P＜0.05).复配发酵的酸乳样品贮藏21d后,滴定酸度为(138.24±1.19)°T,显著低于商业保鲜菌组(146.41±1.18)°T(P＜0.05).IMAU80091和IMAU80106复配组合可有效抑制货架期内酸乳真菌污染,具有作为生物保鲜菌的优良特性.     

Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in raw milk produced in Brazil: occurrence and interference of indigenous microbiota in their isolation and development

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in raw milk produced in Brazil. On account of the poor microbiological quality of this product, possible interference from the indigenous microbiota in these pathogens was also evaluated. Two-hundred and ten raw milk samples were collected in four important milk-producing areas in Brazil, tested for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. presence, and for enumeration of indicator microorganisms: mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The interference of the indigenous microbiota in the isolation procedures was also tested, as well the frequency of naturally occurring raw milk strains with antagonistic activity against both pathogens. The pathogens were not isolated in any raw milk sample, but poor microbiological quality was confirmed by the high levels of indicator microorganisms. When present at high levels, the indigenous microbiota generated an evident interference in the methodologies of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. isolation, mainly when the pathogens appeared at low levels. Three-hundred and sixty raw milk strains were tested for antagonistic activity against both pathogens, and 91 (25.3%) showed inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes and 33 (9.2%) against Salmonella spp. The majority of the antagonistic strains were identified as Lactic Acid Bacteria species, mainly Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Enterococcus faecium, known by antimicrobial substance production.     

关于宁夏地区首次从乳房炎乳样中检出非脱羧勒克菌的研究

从宁夏部分奶牛场(牧场、养殖小区)采集94份临床型乳房炎乳样、70份隐性乳房炎乳样,并分离鉴定出4株非脱羧勒克菌,其中临床型乳房炎分离出1株、隐性乳房炎分离出3株。药敏试验结果表明,4株非脱羧勒克菌均对链霉素、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢类药物敏感;对磺胺类、林可胺类药物则产生不同程度的耐药性。     

干酪生产用菌种的筛选

采用从新疆民族乳制品中分离的菌株，研究了三种单一菌株（L1乳酸乳球菌、L2瑞士乳杆菌、L3干酪乳杆菌）和四种混合菌株（L4乳酸乳球菌：瑞士乳杆菌（1：1）、L5乳酸乳球菌：干酪乳杆菌（1：1）、L6瑞士乳杆菌：干酪乳杆菌（1：1）、L7嗜热链球菌：保加利亚乳杆菌（1：1））的发酵性能和生化特性，确定了适于干酪加工的菌种为L1、L5、L6。     

Isolation of Listeria spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus--two case reports from mastitis diagnosis

Two rare cases of a bovine listeria mastitis and a mould mastitis are being described and discussed. The L. monocytogenes strains isolated from milk as well as silage samples were further genotyped by means of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and macrorestriction analysis (ApaI). Three strains from the silage and four strains from quarter milking showed an identical PFGE-pattern.     

母乳低聚糖组成及其对益生菌的增殖作用

研究混合母乳中复杂的母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides，HMOs）组成及含量，选择双歧杆菌Bb-12、发酵乳杆菌CECT5716 2 种益生菌，研究HMOs 2’-岩藻糖（2’-fucosyllactose，2’-FL）对2 种益生菌的增殖作用。结果表明：2 个混合样本的HMOs含量分别为10.613、5.093 g/L，差异很大，说明不同母乳来源的HMOs受诸多因素影响，但含量范围一般为5～15 g/L；2’-FL对发酵乳杆菌CECT5716和双歧杆菌Bb-12均有     

发酵乳后熟期间嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌产乙醛特性

目的:分析嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌在发酵乳后熟期间产乙醛特性,并研究乙醛合成与其关键调控基因表达量之间的关系.方法:以传统发酵乳制品中筛选出的具有优良发酵特性的嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为研究对象,将各试验菌株在复原全脂乳中进行单菌发酵,发酵结束后(pH4.5～4.6)于4℃冷藏后熟,测定48 h内发酵乳中的乙醛含量;采用反转录定量PCR技术检测乙醛合成关键调控基因pdc、pdh、ald、ldh的表达特征.结果:6株嗜热链球菌产乙醛量介于2.59～14.53 μg/g之间,6株保加利亚乳杆菌产乙醛量介于9.17～39.45 μg/g之间;乙醛合成量随着基因pdc、ald及pdh表达量的升高而增加,而与基因ldh的表达量呈负相关.结论:发酵乳后熟期间嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌不同菌种、不同菌株乙醛产量差异显著,相同菌株在不同后熟时间产乙醛量差异明显,存在菌株特异性和时序变异性;调控基因pdc、pdh及ald具有促进乙醛合成的作用,基因ldh的表达不利于乙醛含量的积累.     

Induction of anti-phagocytic surface properties of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis by growth in milk whey

The respiratory burst activity of bovine polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in response to milk whey- and TSB-grown S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis was studied in whole blood chemiluminescence (CL) and in a CL system with purified bovine neutrophils. In both cases milk whey-grown S. aureus strains elicited significantly less CL than homologous strains grown in TSB. Ingestion of milk whey-grown S. aureus strains by bovine neutrophils was also considerably lower than that of the corresponding homologous organisms grown in TSB. Binding of complement factor C3 to serum-opsonized milk whey-grown S. aureus strains was lower compared with TSB-grown homologous organisms. Moreover, 5 of 6 S. aureus strains grown in milk whey were significantly more resistant to in vivo clearance from the peritoneal cavity of mice compared with homologous bacteria grown in TSB. S. aureus strains grown in TSB exhibited hydrophobic surface properties, whereas homologous strains grown in milk whey were hydrophilic.