鸽新城疫灭活疫苗的研制及免疫效果研究

利用近年来分离到的鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒ND32株进行鸽新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制,并对制备疫苗的性状、安全性、免疫效力等进行检验,结果表明制备疫苗的各项指标均符合生物制品通则的要求,对疫苗的最小免疫剂量、抗体产生及免疫持续期、与同类产品的交叉攻毒保护对比效果进行了进一步试验,结果表明疫苗的最小免疫剂量为0.15 mL/只,疫苗以0.3 mL/只免疫剂量进行一次免疫,免疫持续期为3个月,以0.3 mL/只免疫剂量进行二次免疫,免疫持续期可达6个月.交叉攻毒保护对比试验结果表明所制备的鸽新城疫灭活疫苗对鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒ND32株和鸡新城疫病毒北京株(CVCC AV1611)的攻毒保护效果均优于鸡新城疫(La Sota株)灭活疫苗.     

VA5免疫增强剂对鸽新城疫病毒灭活疫苗的增效作用研究

试验旨在探究VA5免疫增强剂对鸽新城疫病毒（NDV）灭活疫苗（ND4416株）的免疫增效作用。选取160只健康鸽随机分为4组：ND4416株灭活疫苗组（NDV组）、ND4416株灭活疫苗与免疫增强剂（VA5）混合组（NDV+VA5组）、La Sota灭活疫苗组（La Sota组）及生理盐水空白对照组（C组）,进行免疫效力及免疫持续期试验。采用血凝抑制试验检测各组鸽免疫后不同时间点的血清抗体效价,结果显示,VA5免疫增强剂能够显著提高鸽NDV灭活疫苗血清抗体水平（P<0.05）。脾脏淋巴细胞转化试验结果显示,VA5能够有效刺激免疫鸽的淋巴细胞转化。在免疫后第30、90、180天,各组鸽子采用ND4416株进行攻毒试验,结果显示,NDV+VA5组在3个时间点的攻毒保护率均为100%,均高于La Sota组。免疫持续期试验结果显示,NDV+VA5组血清抗体水平在免疫后第21天达峰值11.20log₂,第180天仍能达到7.50log₂,攻毒保护率达100%,表明VA5免疫增强剂可延长鸽新城疫疫苗的免疫效力持续期至180 d。攻毒后体外排毒检测结果表明,VA5免疫增强剂能够缩短攻毒后鸽的体外排毒周期,减少体外排毒。综上,VA5免疫增强剂能够显著提高鸽NDV灭活疫苗的免疫效果,为研制效果更好的鸽NDV疫苗提供了基础依据,同时也为免疫增强剂的应用增加了试验数据。     

鸡新城疫抗原抗体复合物疫苗的初步研究

用常规疫苗弱毒株新城疫ND-LaSota株病毒作为抗原,与ND抗体配制不同比例的复合物,采用冻干的方法,分别配制3种复合物疫苗,用1日龄普通鸡进行免疫对比试验,将100只试验鸡随机分成5组,每组20只,饲养在充分隔离器中,试验1～3组分别接种3种不同配比的复合物疫苗,第4组接种ND常规活疫苗,第5组为空白对照组。免疫后4周,采血检测抗体,同时用ND强毒攻毒。试验1、2、3组接种疫苗后,有个别鸡出现羽毛蓬松和轻微的喘气症状,约3～4d好转;第4组接种疫苗后则表现较典型的ND症状,1周后恢复,并无死亡;对照组一直保持健康状态。攻毒后,各组的死亡率分别为10%、10%、15%、10%、100%。试验结果初步显示,本试验应用的复合物疫苗,减弱了鸡群的应激反应,相对提高了疫苗的安全性,且能够达到与常规ND活疫苗相当的保护率。     

鸡新城疫、禽流感(H9N2 HP株)二联灭活疫苗在商品蛋鸡和商品肉鸡上的免疫效果

为探讨鸡新城疫、禽流感(H9N2 HP株)二联灭活疫苗在商品蛋鸡和商品肉鸡上的免疫效果,以鸡新城疫、禽流感二联灭活疫苗免疫7日龄商品蛋鸡与商品肉鸡,在免疫后第7,14,21,28,35天分别采血检测新城疫与禽流感抗体水平;并于免疫后第14天和第21天分别进行禽流感病毒(H9N2 HP株)攻毒,观察其攻毒保护效果。结果表明:商品蛋鸡免疫组在免疫后第7天新城疫抗体与禽流感抗体开始快速上升,第14天时抗体水平高于4 lb,且抗体峰值高;商品肉鸡免疫组免疫后第14天新城疫抗体与禽流感抗体才开始快速上升,第21天时抗体高于4 lb,抗体峰值低于商品蛋鸡组的峰值。商品蛋鸡免疫组第14天与第21天的攻毒保护率均达到100%,而商品肉鸡组免疫组第14天的攻毒保护率达到了90%,第21天的攻毒保护率也达到了100%,两者均有较好的免疫保护效果。     

法氏囊疫苗免疫效果三种不同评价方法的比较

为了选出法氏囊疫苗免疫效果评估的合适方法,本研究使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、琼脂糖扩散试验(AGP)和中和抗体检测3种方法对6种法氏囊灭活疫苗免疫后28 d的抗体水平进行评估,同时,对采血鸡进行攻毒,攻毒后4 d剖检所有鸡,观察法氏囊病变,评估3种抗体水平与攻毒保护之间的相关性;结果显示,ELISA和AGP方法检测免后血清结果相对较高,中和试验方法检测免后抗体值较低;ELISA和AGP方法检测疫苗免后抗体水平与攻毒保护结果基本一致,使用中和试验方法检测免后抗体与攻毒保护相关性较差;建议在实际生产中使用ELISA和AGP方法进行法氏囊疫苗免疫效果的评估。     

猪乙型脑炎(HW1株)细胞灭活疫苗免疫抗体水平分析

为评估猪乙型脑炎(HW1株)细胞灭活疫苗的免疫原性,用商品化的乙型脑炎鼠脑疫苗、乙型脑炎弱毒疫苗(SA14-14-2株)以及自制乙型脑炎细胞灭活疫苗(HW1株)分别免疫仔猪,通过抗体水平监测试验、中和抗体试验、小鼠攻毒保护试验分别检测了其特异性抗体消长情况、中和抗体效价产生情况及疫苗对小鼠的攻毒保护率。结果显示,3种疫苗均能产生中和抗体,乙型脑炎细胞灭活疫苗免疫组中和抗体水平要高于鼠脑疫苗和弱毒疫苗免疫组,乙型脑炎细胞灭活疫苗和弱毒疫苗免疫组对小鼠的攻毒保护率高于鼠脑疫苗免疫组,但两者之间差异不显著。抗体消长情况显示,至8周观测期结束,鼠脑疫苗免疫组的抗体阳性率为80%,乙型脑炎细胞灭活疫苗和弱毒疫苗免疫组抗体阳性率为100%。结果表明猪乙型脑炎(HW1株)细胞灭活疫苗的免疫原性优于鼠脑灭活疫苗和弱毒疫苗。     

新城疫分离株免疫保护试验

对经过鉴定的新城疫病毒(NDV)分离株，按国家兽医生物制品质量标准制备油乳剂灭活疫苗，在隔离器中接种SPF鸡，设标准La Sota疫苗株作对照，进行免疫保护实验。免疫后，每7d采血监测NDV抗体。免疫后3周，利用ND强毒分离毒和F48E。分别进行交叉攻毒实验，同时设SPF鸡对照。每天观察，及时剖检发病鸡，检察鸡群病变，以确定疫苗的保护性，以便对常规生产中的免疫失败进行原因分析。     

鸽源和鸡源油乳剂灭活苗对比试验

采用鸽新城疫ND-GS01株毒为种毒制备的油乳剂灭活疫苗和进口鸡源油乳剂灭活苗各免疫10只鸽,免疫后的第15、30、45和60天,每组每种疫苗中分别采取5只鸽血样,分离血清,测定HI抗体,同时在15d每组每种疫苗中各取5只鸽,用鸽强毒1000ELD50/mL肌注攻毒。结果表明,鸽ND油乳剂灭活疫苗保护率为100%,鸡ND油乳剂灭活疫苗保护率为65%。     

五种市售鸡传染性鼻炎灭活疫苗免疫效力比较

本研究对国内市场上几个主要鸡传染性鼻炎灭活疫苗生产厂家生产的灭活疫苗免疫鸡只进行血清HI抗体水平测定和攻毒,比较不同公司所产疫苗效力的效力差异,并评估A、C型二价灭活疫苗两次免疫鸡群对国内B型分离株:DL-1株和最近从免疫失败鸡场分离到的SD-1株的交叉保护作用,分析免疫失败的原因.结果表明:A、D、E公司的疫苗免疫两次后,A型HI抗体阳性率分别为92.5%、100%和95%,滴度分别为33.9、55.1和59.9,攻毒保护率都是100%.C型HI抗体阳性率分别为72.5%、38.5%和77.5%,滴度分别为11.4、2.7和27,攻毒保护率分别为80%、70%和80%.而B和C公司的疫苗免疫两次后A型HI抗体阳性率分别为59.4%、77.1%,抗体滴度分别为5.4和21.8,攻毒保护率分别为50%和66.7%;C型HI抗体阳性率分别为54.1%和51.4%,抗体滴度分别为6.1和6.8,攻毒保护率分别为38.3%和50%.在五个疫苗产品中,以A、D、E的保护效力较好,B、C产品效力较差.另外,A、C型二价灭活疫苗免疫后不能对B型菌的攻击提供保护,其A、C型HI抗体阳性率、抗体滴度与对B型菌攻毒保护率无相关性.     

不同免疫途径对商品蛋雏鸡新城疫黏膜及血清抗体的影响

通过不同的免疫途径对商品蛋雏鸡进行免疫,探讨不同的免疫途径对商品蛋雏鸡新城疫(Newcastle disease,ND)黏膜抗体及血清抗体的影响。结果表明,同时用新城疫弱毒疫苗免疫后,不同的免疫途径产生的新城疫黏膜抗体及血清抗体效价有较大差异。采用喷雾法于3日龄首免,15日龄二免,25日龄三免,鸡体产生保护水平(6 log2)以上的ND黏膜抗体和血清抗体最快、抗体水平最高、维持时间最长、总体免疫效果最好,而采用饮水免疫的试验组产生的ND黏膜抗体和血清抗体水平均不高,总体免疫效果最差。     

2019年秋季双鸭山市禽流感和鸡新城疫集中抗体监测与分析

通过血凝和血凝抑制试验方法,对双鸭山市内各区秋季集中免疫禽流感和新城疫的鸡群进行免疫监测,结果显示,禽流感H5亚型抗体监测群体合格率为94.3%,禽流感H7亚型抗体监测群体合格率为95.2%,鸡新城疫抗体监测群体合格率为90.4%。参照农业部相关规定,灭活疫苗家禽免疫21 d后监测群体合格率要求≥70%,结果表明,秋季集中免疫禽流感和鸡新城疫抗体水平较高,具有很好的保护力。     

Newcastle disease vaccination: A comparison of vaccines and routes of administration in Pakistan

Twelve-day-old chickens were vaccinated once with different Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines ( F, La Sota and Mukteswar) by two different routes (intraocular and drinking water). Chickens from a seventh group were uninoculated controls. At weekly intervals for 7 weeks after vaccination, 20 chickens from each vaccinated group and 20 chickens from the control group were examined for the production of haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies and for protection as assessed after challenge with velogenic, viscerotropic ND virus.

La Sota ND vaccine used intraocularly ranked the best and Mukteswar vaccine by the drinking water route the worst for their HI antibody titres prior to challenge. Differences between the treatments in protection were examined. For all three vaccines intraocular vaccine produced higher protection than drinking water vaccine. An inverse relationship between prechallenge and postchallenge HI titres was also recorded.     

Influence of a reovirus-antibody complex vaccine on efficacy of Marek's disease vaccine administered in ovo

Two experiments determined the influence of an experimental reovirus-antibody complex vaccine on Mareks disease virus (MDV) vaccine when used in ovo. Designs were the same except that specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broiler eggs were used in Experiment 1 and commercial broiler eggs with maternal antibodies against reovirus were used in Experiment 2. At 18 days of incubation, embryos were separated into four groups and inoculated with either diluent, MDV vaccine, reovirus-antibody complex vaccine, or a combination of reovirus-antibody complex and MDV vaccine. At 5 days of age, half the chickens in each group were challenged with MDV. At 7 wk old, all were euthanatized, weighed, and examined. At 7 days of age, remaining chickens in each group were challenged with reovirus. At 21 days old, chickens were euthanatized and weighed. No vaccine adversely affected hatchability or posthatch mortality in SPF or commercial chickens. There were no significant differences in protection against reovirus challenge when vaccines were used separately or in combination, and lesion scores were nearly identical in all vaccinated groups in both experiments. However, percentage of protection against reovirus was lower in Experiment 2, indicating an adverse effect of maternal immunity on efficacy of the reovirus vaccine. There were no significant differences in protection against MDV when the vaccines were used separately or combined. Severity of MDV lesions was nearly identical in all vaccinated groups in both experiments. However, the combination of vaccines gave numerically lower protection against MDV than MDV vaccine alone. Use of a larger number of birds, as in field conditions, may result in statistically lower protection for the vaccine combination. Large field trials are needed to determine the potential of the reovirus-antibody complex vaccine.     

鸡大肠杆菌抗体效价与攻毒保护率的平行关系试验研究

用与制造菌苗株一致的培养物制备检测抗原,检测30日龄雏鸡免疫后抗体效价,对不同抗体滴度的雏鸡进行了攻毒保护性试验.结果表明,抗体效价在3log2以下不具备保护力;抗体效价为4log2攻毒保护率≥60%;抗体效价为5log2时,保护率在80%以上;抗体效价在7log2时,保护率可达100%.     

免疫剂量和母源抗体对禽流感重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗免疫效力的影响

利用表达 H 5亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV)血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒 (r FPV- HA)以不同剂量免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡、有或无母源抗体 (FPV、AIV H5)的商品鸡 ,并于免疫后 2 1d利用同亚型 AIV通过肌肉注射进行致死性攻击 ,通过检测免疫后 HI抗体应答、比较攻毒后发病率和死亡率评价免疫剂量和母源抗体对 r FPV- HA免疫效力的影响。结果发现 ,免疫后 2 1d,15 %～ 2 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可检出 HI抗体 ,而含母源抗体商品鸡检测不到 HI抗体。利用H5亚型 AIV致死性攻击后 ,10 3～ 10 6 PFU的 r FPV- HA可保护 95 %～ 10 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡抵御强毒攻击 ,使之免于发病和死亡 ;而不同剂量 r FPV- HA接种的含母源抗体商品鸡有 80 %～ 90 %发病和死亡。结果表明 ,在较宽的免疫剂量范围内 ,r FPV- HA对 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可提供良好的保护 ,显示出一定的应用前景 ;母源抗体影响 r FPV- HA诱导的免疫应答 ,且提高免疫剂量亦不能克服其干扰作用 ,这提示在实际应用中需优化免疫程序 ,避免母源抗体干扰。     

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of virosome based vaccines against Newcastle disease

Virosome based vaccines against Newcastle disease (ND) were prepared and evaluated for their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in chickens. Envelop of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was solubilised with Triton X-100 to yield virosomes which were later on encapsulated in poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microspheres. The birds were immunized intranasally with virosomes or PLG microspheres encapsulated virosomes, and efficacy of these preparations was compared with commercial LaSota vaccine. The preparations protected the chickens against virulent virus challenge infection, however the microencapsulated virosome vaccine gave slightly lesser degree of protection than non encapsulated counterpart. The humoral and cell mediated immune response generated as well as the protection afforded by virosome preparations were found to be comparable with LaSota vaccine. The results substantiate the potential of virosome based vaccines to provide high level of immunity and protection against Newcastle disease.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗（B87株 CA株 CF株）安全性及免疫效果评价

通过观察疫苗免疫后鸡群的生长情况和临床症状,检测免疫后不同时期鸡群的ELISA抗体水平和攻毒保护率以及对鸡新城疫（ND）疫苗免疫后不同时间鸡群的HI抗体水平,评价和检测鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗（B87株 CA株 CF株）在石家庄地区临床应用的安全性、免疫效果、免疫持续期以及是否会产生免疫抑制。结果表明,试验疫苗接种蛋鸡和肉鸡后,均没有观察到因疫苗引起的不良反应,对蛋鸡和肉鸡均安全。疫苗接种蛋鸡后14 d、28 d、42 d、60 d和90 d,接种肉鸡后14 d、21 d、36 d攻毒保护率均达80%以上;商品蛋鸡接种疫苗后90 d其ELISA抗体水平仍高达6500以上。ND HI抗体检测结果表明,试验疫苗接种后对ND疫苗的免疫应答无显著影响,不引起免疫抑制。结论：试验疫苗安全、有效,质量稳定,适用于预防鸡传染性法氏囊病。     

Study on the Immunity Effect of Immune Complex Vaccine for Infectious Bursal Disease on One-day Old Low Maternal Antibody Chicken

Five kinds of infectious bursal disease (IBD) immune complex (IC) vaccines were prepared with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) BX strain mixed with IBDV hyperimmune serum according to a certain proportion (containing 32, 8, 4, 0.5 and 0.125 units IBDV neutralizing antibody, respectively).One-day old low maternal antibody chickens were vaccinated with IBD IC vaccines 1 to 5 and BX strain live vaccine, respectively, pathological changes of the bursa of fabricius in chickens were observed at the 9th day after immunization.On the day of 28 after immunization, blood samples were taken and the IBDV neutralizing antibody were tested, meanwhile all experimental chickens were challenged with high virulent IBDV, the protective rates of vaccines were calculated.The results showed that at the 9th day after immunization, the bursa of fabricius were normal in IC vaccine 1, 2 and 3 groups, however 2/10, 4/10 and 5/10 of pathological changes of the bursa of fabricius in IC vaccine 4, 5 groups and BX strain vaccine group, respectively.At the 28th day after immunization, the IBDV neutralizing antibodies in IC vaccine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 groups and BX strain vaccine group were 8.34log2, 9.60log2, 9.21log2, 7.88log2, 9.50log2 and 9.12log2, while 90%, 100%, 100%, 80%, 90% and 80% protection rates were provided, respectively.The results showed that IBD IC vaccines 2 and 3 (containing 8, 4 units IBDV neutralizing antibody, respectively) had the best immunity effect on one-day old low maternal antibody chickens, protection rates were both 100%.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗对1日龄低母源抗体水平雏鸡免疫效果的研究

将鸡传染性法代囊病病毒(IBDV)BX株抗原和IBDV高免血清按一定比例混合,初步制备了无菌的鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗1~5(分别含有32、8、4、0.5及0.125单位IBDV中和抗体),用鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗1~5及BX株活疫苗分别免疫1日龄低母源抗体水平雏鸡,免疫后9 d观察法氏囊病变,免疫后28 d采血测定IBDV中和抗体,并用强毒攻击,计算各组疫苗保护率。结果显示,免疫后9 d,复合物疫苗1~3免疫组鸡法氏囊正常,复合物疫苗4、5免疫组和BX株活疫苗免疫组分别有2/10、4/10和5/10的试验鸡法氏囊出现了病变;免疫后28 d,复合物疫苗1~5免疫组和BX株活疫苗免疫组IBDV中和抗体效价分别为8.34log2、9.60log2、9.21log2、7.88log2、9.50log2和9.12log2,攻毒保护率分别为90%、100%、100%、80%、90%和80%。试验结果表明鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗2、3(分别含8、4单位IBDV中和抗体)免疫1日龄低母源抗体水平的雏鸡效果最好,攻毒保护率能达到100%。     

鸡毒支原体与新支二联活疫苗免疫效果相关性试验

观察雏鸡在免疫新支二联活疫苗后,间隔较短时间(5d),再对其进行鸡毒支原体活疫苗的免疫后,观察鸡群出现的临床症状。将50羽雏鸡随机分成5组,2组用不同途径免疫福州大北农生物技术有限公司生产的新支二联活苗(商品名:芯之圣),2组免疫另一厂家生产的新支二联活苗,1组不免疫作为对照。5d后免疫组40羽鸡均免疫福州大北农生物技术有限公司生产的鸡毒支原体活疫苗(商品名:领风),观察各组临床反应。试验表明,福州大北农生物技术有限公司生产的芯之圣和领风在临床使用中安全性好。