透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(vgb)表达载体的构建及其诱导表达

利用PCR技术将透明颠菌血红蛋白基因(vhb)克隆到融合表达裁体pET28a，在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)表达。重组蛋白分别在30℃和37℃诱导表达，30℃诱导获得可溶性表达。结果表明：在30℃，1．5mmol／L和2．5mmol／LIPTG诱导下，诱导4—8h透明颠菌血红蛋白可获得高表达——透明颠菌血红蛋白的表达量分别占菌体总蛋白的18．7％和27．7％。     

山羊IFN-γ基因的克隆表达与多克隆抗体制备

为获得山羊IFN-γ重组蛋白,提取山羊外周血淋巴细胞总 RNA,反转录得到 cDNA,以此为模板经PCR扩增获得IFN-γ的ORF区,构建重组克隆载体。经PCR扩增得到编码山羊IFN-γ成熟肽的基因序列,连入重组表达载体 pET-32a,转入 BL21（Codon Plus）感受态细胞中,测序并分析。重组表达载体经IPTG诱导后,对产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,并过镍柱纯化。用获得的纯化蛋白免疫家兔制备抗体。结果显示,编码山羊IFN-γ成熟肽部分的片段长432 bp;SDS-PAGE分析显示,融合蛋白大小约为34．9 ku,在30℃条件下,以0．3 mmol／L的IPTG诱导6 h,可得到大量可溶性表达的目的蛋白;间接 ELISA测定制得的多克隆抗体效价为1∶106。     

堆型艾美球虫3-1E基因在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达及鉴定

将堆型艾美球虫（E．acervulina）3-1E基因克隆至pET-32a（＋）载体中。转化大肠杆菌BL21，在37℃下，用终浓度为1.0mmol／L的IPTG诱导表达，得到相对分子质量约为38500的重组蛋白。Western blot检测证实，该重组蛋白可以与特异性抗血清结合。在20℃条件下，以终浓度分别为2．0、1．0、0．5mmol／L的IPTG进行诱导．当IPTG终浓度为0．5mmol／L时，以可溶性形式存在的目的蛋白含量最高。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1成熟外膜蛋白H基因原核表达最适条件的探索

应用PCR扩增出禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C州成熟外膜蛋白H基因(ompm H)，将ompm H片段按正确的阅读框定向插入原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因的下游，获得了重组表达质粒pGEX-ompm H。然后将重组质粒转化大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3)，当转化菌的D600nm值达到0．6～0．8时，对异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)的诱导浓度、诱导时间和诱导温度等条件进行了试验，根据聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳判定融合蛋白GST-ompm H表达的最适条件。结果，当细菌的D600nm值为0．6～0．8时，IPTG最佳诱导浓度为0．8mmol／L，最佳诱导时间为4h，最适诱导温度为25℃。并用免疫印迹法对表达产物进行检测。结果显示表达的融合蛋白GST-ompm H能与C48-1外膜蛋白免疫血清发生特异性反应，证明pGEX-6p-1载体表达的融合蛋白保留了天然蛋白的抗原性。     

生长抑素(SS)与硫氧还原蛋白(Thioredoxin)相融合生成的2种基因工程化融合蛋白SS-N/X和SS-N/S的表达特性

对基因工程化生长抑素（somatostatin,SS)-硫氧还原蛋白（Thioredoxin)融合蛋白SS－N／X和SS－N／S的表达产量、水溶性、Triton X-100对SS融合蛋白水溶性的影响、包涵体的溶解和复性特点以及SS的抗原性与免疫原性等特性进行了研究。结果显示，在30℃的低温下用IPTG诱导表达，SS－N／X融合蛋白主要以可溶性形式存在，占75．8％，色涵体仅占24．2％；而SS－N／S融合蛋白则主要以包涵体的形式存在，占81．1％，可溶性蛋白仅占18．9％；32C载体（pEG-32C)蛋白则居二者之间，可溶性蛋白与包涵体大约等比例出现。SS－N／S在低温下诱导可超量表达SS融合蛋白，其表达量约占菌体总蛋白的40．94％。0．5％ Triton X-100对融合蛋白的不溶性有非常显著的影响，几乎可使所有的SS－N／X融合蛋白和大部分SS－N／S融合蛋白及32C硫氧还原蛋白变成水溶性的。32C硫氧还原蛋白包涵体在尿素中的溶解度明显高于SS－N／S包涵体，2mol/L尿素可使近一半的32C硫氧还原蛋白包涵体溶解，而SS－N／S包涵体只有27．5％溶解；但在5mol/L尿素时，两者均可基本全部变为可溶性的。在SS融合蛋白包涵体溶解时加入还原剂二硫苏糖醇，可明显降低SS的抗原性。SS融合蛋白（水溶性融合蛋白和复性后的包涵体）具有良好的SS抗原性和免疫原性。由SS融合蛋白与弗氏不完全佐剂制成试验用疫苗，免疫BALB／c小鼠、仔猪和羔羊等动物，可显著提高免疫动物的增重。     

乙型脑炎病毒NS1蛋白的可溶性表达与抗原性分析

为获得可溶性表达的乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)NS1蛋白,将编码JEV SA14-14-2株NS1蛋白基因克隆至原核表达载体pMAL-c5X中,构建重组融合表达质粒pc5X-NS1;用重组质粒转化宿主菌ER2523后,经IPTG诱导得到可溶性的融合蛋白MBP-NS1;优化诱导表达条件,于28℃、0.3 mmol/L IPTG诱导4 h;最后融合蛋白经直链淀粉树脂柱纯化。结果表明:重组融合蛋白MBP-NS1具有良好的抗原性和特异性。     

柔嫩艾美球虫扬州株S07抗原基因表达条件的研究

通过RT—PCR扩增柔嫩艾美球虫YZ株折光体SO7抗原基因，并进行克隆和测序。将不舍信号肽编码区片段的S07基因克隆入表达载体pGEX6p-1谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶基因的下游，构建表达质粒pGEX6p-1-SO7，转化宿主菌BL21，获得重组菌。通过建立生长曲线，对诱导条件的摸索，根据SDS—PAGE确定融合蛋白的最佳表达条件。通过融合蛋白切胶免疫小鼠制备超免疫血清，经间接EL-ISA检测其与E。tenella子孢子抗原反应的特异性。结果显示，诱导时机和诱导时间是影响表达的主要因素，诱导温度、1PTG浓度次之；诱导时机以3h为最佳，诱导时间以4．5h为最佳；诱导温度以37℃最佳，0．008～1．000mmol／L的IPTG对表达量的影响不大。在优化的表达条件下，表达产物主要以包涵体存在，表达量占菌体总蛋白的37．5％。间接ELISA结果表明融合蛋白具有一定的免疫原性，保留了天然蛋白的部分抗原性。     

犬瘟热病毒疫苗株H蛋白基因片段的克隆与表达及表达产物抗原性的初步鉴定

根据发表的犬瘟热病毒（CDV）参考株Ondetstepoort的序列设计一对引物,以CDV感染的Vero细胞总RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增得到549bpDNA片段,将该片段以正确的阅读框架定向克隆于pGEX-4T-1中,然后将重组质粒转化宿主菌Rosetta^TM,在37℃、1．0mmol／LIPTG诱导下外源基因获得良好表达。经SDS．PAGE鉴定,表达的融合蛋白约46ku,与预期值一致。Westernblot试验显示,CDV免疫的小鼠血清可特异的识别该重组蛋白,表明该重组蛋白具有一定的免疫原性。     

鸡β-防御素-1基因(Gal-1)在大肠杆菌中的融合表达与纯化

内源性抗菌多肽防御素是机体先天性免疫系统的重要组成部分，可帮助机体防御外界病原微生物的入侵。鸡β防御素-1（Gallinaein-1，Gal-1）对许多致病菌都具有杀菌作用，具有很好的研究开发价值。本研究利用PCR技术从重组质粒pGEM-TEasy-gal-1中克隆出Gal-1基因成熟肽区，将该基因插入原核表达载体pET-32a（＋）中，构建重组质粒pET-32a（＋）-gal-1，然后用重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL-21。挑选阳性克隆菌，用浓度为0．5mmol／L的IPTG进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE电泳显示在目标位置约25kD处出现了条带并用Werstern Blot进行了鉴定。表明Gal-1基因在大肠杆菌以融合形式得到了表达。经灰度扫描显示重组蛋白表达量占细菌总蛋白的15．54％。用50％Ni-NTA纯化树脂进行层析纯化，在洗脱液E中出现单一条带。Gal-1多肽在pET-32a（＋）质粒表达体系中成功表达为鸡防御素多肽下一步的研究奠定基础。     

口蹄疫病毒VP2基因的原核表达及抗原性检测

将口蹄疫病毒VP2基因连接到原核表达载体pPROEX^TM HTb上，获得重组质粒pPR-VP2。将此质粒转化感受态菌DH5α中，经终浓度为1．0mmol／L的IPTG诱导，1h～6h依次收集菌液，SDS-PAGE电泳分析，在4h后表达量可达到高峰。经过软件分析，表达产物占总菌体蛋白的23．1％，大小为33Ku左右。根据Ni-NTA纯化系统说明操作，获得较纯的VP2融合蛋白。以牛抗O型口蹄疫病毒血清为第一抗体，通过Western blot和Dot ELISA鉴定，纯化后的VP2融合蛋白可以与牛抗O型口蹄疫病毒血清发生特异性反应。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。