EvaGreen实时荧光定量PCR检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒方法的建立

为了特异性地检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒,试验根据H3N8亚型马流感病毒(EIV)HA基因特异保守序列设计1对引物,建立了检测H3N8亚型EIV的Eva Green实时荧光定量PCR方法,并对该方法进行评价。结果表明:该方法能特异性地扩增H3N8亚型EIV,而对H7N7亚型EIV、马传染性贫血病毒、马动脉炎病毒、马疱疹病毒均无特异性反应;最低检测限度能达到10拷贝/μL;并且该方法具有良好的重复性。说明Eva Green这种新型荧光染料可以敏感有效地检测EIV,可用于马流感的诊断。     

H3N8亚型马流感病毒间接ELISA抗体检测方法建立及应用

为建立马流感血清学ELISA诊断方法,本研究以马流感病毒中国分离株A/马/新疆/07(H3N8)通过SPF鸡胚培养和增殖,收取含病毒尿囊液经蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化后作为ELISA包被抗原,首次在我国建立了检测H3N8亚型马流感抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法。试验的最佳反应条件为:最佳抗原稀释度7μg/mL,封闭液5%脱脂乳,血清稀释度1∶100,二抗稀释度1∶10000,稀释液PBS(pH7.4),血清反应时间1.5h,二抗反应时间1h。通过本方法对555份临床样品进行检测并与血凝抑制(HI)试验检测结果比较,证明本方法特异、敏感,具有良好的稳定性和可重复性,适于马流感的流行病学调查和监测工作。     

马疱疹病毒1型gG蛋白间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

为了解新疆马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)的流行情况,需要建立一种检测抗体的间接ELISA方法。采用纯化后EHV-1 XJ2015株的gG蛋白作为检测抗原,优化反应条件后建立检测EHV-1血清抗体的间接ELISA方法,并对该方法进行特异性、敏感性和重复性试验及商品化试剂盒的应用效果对比。结果表明,该方法仅与EHV-1阳性血清发生反应,不与马疱疹病毒4型、马流感病毒和马动脉炎病毒阳性血清发生反应,血清稀释1∶1 600后,仍可以检测到阳性,组内及组间变异系数均小于5%。与试剂盒进行检测结果比较,符合率为93.35%。建立了EHV-1 gG蛋白间接ELISA检测方法,可为EHV-1的快速诊断、流行病学调查及防控工作提供技术支撑。     

禽流感病毒H7亚型竞争ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

将禽流感病毒H7亚型标准抗原作为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫合格的脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)进行融合。通过血凝抑制试验,筛选得到12株杂交瘤细胞上清具有HI效价,且与禽流感病毒H7亚型阳性血清间具有较好的竞争效果。将竞争效果最好的1H11细胞扩大培养后制备腹水,获得的单克隆抗体具有效价高、特异性好等特点。使用H7标准抗原包被ELISA板,将HRP标记的单克隆抗体作为竞争抗体,建立了一种禽流感病毒H7亚型竞争ELISA抗体检测方法。利用该方法对待检血清进行测试,与HI试验有99.3%的符合率,说明试制的禽流感病毒H7亚型竞争ELISA抗体检测试剂盒可以用来检测禽流感病毒H7亚型抗体,且操作简便快捷,可批量操作,大样本检测鸡群抗体水平。     

流行性出血病病毒抗原捕获ELISA方法的建立

为建立流行性出血病病毒(EHDV)病原学检测方法,本试验用纯化处理的4种血清型病毒(EHDV-2、5、6和8)混合免疫兔和豚鼠,制备高免血清。以兔抗EHDV为捕获抗体,豚鼠抗EHDV为检测抗体,羊抗豚鼠IgG-HRP为酶标抗体,建立了EHDV抗原捕获ELISA(antigen capture ELISA,AC-ELISA)方法。通过反应条件优化,获得最佳工作条件:5%马血清为稀释液,包被抗体1∶15 000稀释,检测抗体1∶20 000稀释,酶标抗体1∶15 000稀释。通过检测60份阴性样品确定临界值,P/N值≥2为阳性、P/N值1.5为阴性;特异性试验表明该方法仅能检测出各血清型EHDV、蓝舌病病毒(BTV)、赤羽病病毒(AKAV)及中山病毒(CHUV)无交叉反应;敏感性试验表明该方法可以检出102.47±0.07 TCID50的病毒;批内和批间变异系数均10%;用RT-PCR与该方法同时对70份参考样品进行检测,符合率为92.86%。表明本试验建立的AC-ELISA方法为EHDV抗原检测提供了一种可靠实用的技术手段。     

小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在羊体内代谢消长规律的研究

为研究小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在羊体内的代谢消长规律,试验通过建立小反刍兽疫N蛋白双抗原夹心ELISA抗体检测方法、H蛋白阻断ELISA抗体检测方法与血清中和抗体试验方法,分别检测了羊免疫疫苗后体内N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在每个免疫阶段的代谢消长变化。结果表明:羊免疫小反刍兽疫疫苗后,血清内的N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在6~8周时血清抗体效价较高,对应的羊体内中和抗体效价为1∶512,且效价至少可以持续到10周以上,2种抗体具有一定消长代谢规律的相关性。该研究结果也为以N抗原与H抗原为基础建立相应的抗原捕获ELISA方法、竞争ELISA检测方法、间接ELISA检测方法以及双抗原夹心ELISA检测方法奠定了一定的理论依据。     

马疱疹病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立一种检测马疱疹病毒抗体间接ELISA方法,采用纯化后的马疱疹病毒1型和马疱疹病毒4型g D蛋白作为抗原,经方阵滴定法优化ELISA反应条件,并对该方法进行特异性和重复性试验。结果显示,使用此方法检测其他马常见病毒病阳性血清均为阴性;组内、组间变异系数均小于10%。采用建立的方法与国外商品化的马疱疹病毒诊断试剂盒对送检的300份马血清进行检测比较,两者符合率为95%。结果表明,本次试验建立的间接ELISA方法可以用来检测马疱疹病毒抗体,为马鼻肺炎的防控工作提供技术支撑。     

利用类病毒脂质体抗原检测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒抗体ELISA方法的建立

利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统制备了H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA蛋白、类病毒脂质体和病毒样颗粒,分别作为包被抗原,建立了相应的检测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒抗体的ELISA方法。特异性试验、敏感性试验、重复性试验和稳定性试验结果表明,利用3种抗原包被所建立的ELISA方法均具有良好的重复性和稳定性,批间和批内变异系数均小于10%,但单独表达的HA蛋白和类病毒脂质体特异性更好,而且类病毒脂质体有更高的免疫反应性,与灭活全病毒相比安全性更高,故在H5N1亚型AIV抗体水平检测方面更具有应用前景。     

应用TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒

为建立马流感病毒(ETV)的检测方法,本试验针对H3N8亚型ETV血凝素(HA)基因高度保守序列设计并合成了2对引物和1条TaqMan荧光探针,建立了TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法.经用TaqMan荧光定量PCR、RT-PCR和病毒分离方法分别检测新疆等省135份疑似EIV马鼻拭子样品,其结果表明:3种方法的马流感检出率分别为54.07%、37.78%、0.89%;TaqMan荧光定量PCR可检出马流感病毒基因组RNA的灵敏度可达10拷贝/反应.而且与其他马呼吸道病毒均无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性.该方法为H3N8亚型马流感的早期诊断及分子流行病学调查等提供了一种新的快速、准确的定量检测技术.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的初步建立

建立甲型H1N1流感病毒双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法,通过优化IPTG浓度和诱导时间确定HA融合蛋白的最佳表达条件,并进行Western bloc和血凝试验鉴定.用纯化蛋白制备单克隆抗体,建立检测甲型H1N1流感病毒的双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法,对其交叉反应、符合率进行验证.结果表明,HA蛋白在BL21 (DE3)中...     

Equine rhinopneumonitis vaccination—an unsettled problem

The famous Lippizan stud at Piber, Austria, previously left unvaccinated, was severely hit by equine rhinopneumonitis (equine herpes virus-1, EHV-1) in 1983. Thereafter a vaccination program was started for the Lipizzans at the stud using three different vaccines and various vaccination schedules.All vaccinated horses were systematically checked for their antibody response against the virus. The inactivated, monovalent, oil adjuvanted vaccine seemed to be the most effective, although none was entirely satisfactory. Equine rhinopneumonitis occurs world-wide and leads to seroconversion in 86 percent of horses that are in frequent contact with other horse populations.¹⁰     

H3N8亚型马流感病毒单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

以灭活马流感病毒(EIV)A/Equine/Jilin/1/1989(H3N8)为免疫原,免疫Balb/c小鼠,经常规细胞融合后,用血凝抑制试验(H1)和间接ELISA方法筛选获得3株(3C2、5G10和5A10)能稳定分泌H3N8亚型马流感病毒单克隆抗体(mAb)的杂交瘤细胞株.其中3C2和5G10为IgG2α,5A...     

Antibody Responses Against Equine Influenza Virus Induced by Concurrent and by Consecutive Use of an Inactivated Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine and a Modified Live Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Vaccine in Thoroughbred Racehorses

An inactivated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a live equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine are usually administered concurrently to Thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether concurrent administration of an inactivated EIV vaccine and a live EHV-1 vaccine in Thoroughbred racehorses influences the antibody response against EIV. We compared the antibody response against EIV in horses administered both vaccines on the same day (Group A; n = 27) and the response in horses administered an inactivated EIV vaccine first and then a live EHV-1 vaccine 1–2 weeks later (Group B; n = 20). In both groups, geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 increased significantly after EIV vaccination. However, the percentage of horses that showed a twofold increase or greater in HI titers against A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 was significantly higher in Group B (75%) than in Group A (37%; P = .02). These results suggest that the concurrent use of an inactivated EIV vaccine and a live EHV-1 vaccine reduced the immune response against EIV to some extent, and it would be better to use these vaccines consecutively, especially for naïve horses or horses whose vaccination history is incomplete.     

Efficacy of a single intravenous dose of the neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir in the treatment of equine influenza

Equine influenza A virus (EIV) of the H3N8 subtype is an important pathogen causing acute respiratory disease in horses. Peramivir is a selective inhibitor of the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA). The characteristics of peramivir are not only its capacity for parenteral administration, but also its strong affinity for NA and slow off-rate from the NA-peramivir complex, suggesting that it could lead to a prolonged inhibitory effect and thus allow a lower dosing frequency. The aims of this study were to evaluate the inhibitory efficacy of peramivir against the NA activities of EIV in vitro and the treatment efficacy of a single intravenous dose of peramivir in horses experimentally infected with EIV. Peramivir inhibited the activities of NA from the seven contemporary EIV strains in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 0.20nmol/L. Horses treated with a single IV dose of peramivir (3000mg/600mL/animal, 7.8-9.3mg/kg of bodyweight) showed significantly milder clinical signs (pyrexia, nasal discharge and cough) with a shorter duration than control horses injected with normal saline. Moreover, the mean duration of virus shedding for the horses treated with peramivir was significantly shorter than for the control horses. These findings suggested that a single IV administration of peramivir had good potential for the treatment of equine influenza, and may help to limit the spread of the disease in the horse population.     

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of old horses following recombinant canarypox virus vaccination and subsequent challenge infection

Equine influenza virus is a leading cause of respiratory disease in the horse population; however, the susceptibility of old horses to EIV infection remains unknown. While advanced age in horses (>20 years) is associated with age-related changes in immune function, there are no specific recommendations regarding the vaccination of older horses even though a well-characterized effect of aging is a reduced antibody response to standard vaccination. Therefore, we evaluated the immunological and physiological response of aged horses to a live non-replicating canarypox-vectored EIV vaccine and subsequent challenge infection. Vaccination of the aged horses induced EIV-specific IgGb and HI antibodies. No specific increase in cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was induced by the vaccine as determined by EIV-specific lymphoproliferation and the detection of EIV-specific IFNγ⁺ CD5⁺T cells, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression. Non-vaccinated aged horses exhibited clinical signs of the disease (coughing, nasal discharge, dyspnea, depression, anorexia) as well as increased rectal temperature and viral shedding following challenge. Concomitant with the febrile episodes, we also observed increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA production in vivo using RT-PCR. Naïve horses were included in this study for vaccine and challenge controls only. As expected, the canarypox-vectored EIV vaccine stimulated significant CMI and humoral immune responses and provided significant protection against clinical signs of disease and reduced virus shedding in naive horses. Here, we show that aged horses remain susceptible to infection with equine influenza virus despite the presence of circulating antibodies and CMI responses to EIV and vaccination with a canarypox-vectored EIV vaccine provides protection from clinical disease.     

马流感病毒血凝素基因甲病毒复制子重组表达质粒的构建及其免疫效力评价

为评价马流感病毒(EIV)HA基因核酸免疫效果,本研究以甲病毒复制子载体pSFV1CS分别构建了表达EIV H3N8亚型的美洲型和欧洲型HA基因的重组真核表达质粒。并将其转染293T细胞,经间接免疫荧光鉴定表明HA基因获得表达;以重组质粒免疫的BALB/c鼠能够检测到特异性抗体产生,而且HI抗体水平持续升高,同时小鼠体内IFN-γ、IL-4分泌水平也有所升高。攻毒后小鼠表现轻度临床症状,但病毒分离和RT-PCR均未检测到病毒。上述结果表明,该重组质粒pSFV1CS-EIV-HA具有良好的免疫原性并且可以诱导免疫动物产生较高免疫应答的能力。     

Seroprevalence and Rate of Infection of Equine Influenza Virus (H3N8 and H7N7) and Equine Herpesvirus (1 and 4) in the Horse Population in Israel

Equine influenza and equine rhinopneumonitis are among the Office International des Epizooties or the World Organisation for Animal Health notifiable, contagious respiratory diseases. Although vaccination of horses in Israel against equine influenza virus (EIV) and against equine herpesvirus (EHV) is routinely performed, information regarding the occurrence and the epidemiology of the diseases is lacking. We hereby attempt to determine seroprevalence and rate of infection for EHV-1 and 4 and for EIV in horses distributed throughout Israel and describe demographic and environmental risk factors associated with seroprevalence. Despite the fact that last reported isolation of EIV in Israel occurred in 2007, we found a 26.4% (29/110) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.18–34.62) seroprevalence for H3N8, a 16.4% (18/110) (95% CI: 9.49–23.31) for H7N7, and a 6.4% (7/110) (95% CI: 1.83–10.97) rate of seroconversion for H3N8, suggesting current and active circulation of EIV in horses in Israel. Age, housing management type, and type of farm activity were significantly associated with seroprevalence, with activities allowing exposure to new horses positively associated with seroprevalence to EIV and an only pasture housing management negatively associated with seroprevalence. No association was detected between other demographic variables (gender, breed, and color) and environmental factors (climatic regions). Seroprevalence to EHV-1 and 4 were very low (<1%) and very high (>99%), respectively, raising questions regarding the appropriate vaccination guidelines. Our findings of the occurrence of EIV in horses in Israel imply an underdiagnosis of this virus in this country and warrant further investigation as to the strains that circulate in this region and their accordance with the current vaccine strains.     

Development and evaluation of a DAS-ELISA for rapid detection of avian influenza viruses

Rapid detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is critical for control of avian influenza (AI) and for reducing the risk of pandemic human influenza. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was developed for this purpose. The method employed a monoclonal antibody (MAb) as the capture antibody and rabbit polyclonal IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase as the detector antibody, and both antibodies were against type-specific influenza A nucleoprotein (NP). The DAS-ELISA could detect minimally 2.5 ng of influenza viral protein in virus preparations treated with Triton X-100, which is equvilent to 2.5 x 10(2) EID50 virus particles. This DAS-ELISA could detect all 15n AIV subtypes (H1-H15) and did not cross react with other avian pathogens tested. The DAS-ELISA were directly compared with virus isolation (VI) in embryonated chicken eggs, the current standard of influenza virus detection, for 805 chicken samples. The DAS-ELISA results correlated with VI results for 98.6% of these samples, indicating a sensitivity of 97.4% and specificity of 100%. The method was further tested with H5N1 and H9N2 AIV experimentally infected chickens, ducks, and pigeons, as well as field samples obtained from central China in 2005. The DAS-ELISA method has demonstrated application potential as an AIV screening tool and as a supplement for virus isolation in Asia.     

Formulation with CpG ODN enhances antibody responses to an equine influenza virus vaccine

Previous studies have shown that protection against equine influenza virus (EIV) is partially mediated by virus-specific IgGa and IgGb. In this study we tested whether addition of a CpG ODN formulation to a commercial killed virus vaccine would enhance EIV-specific IgGa and IgGb antibody responses, and improve protection against an experimental EIV challenge. Thirty na?ve horses were assigned to one of three groups and vaccinated as follows: 10 were given vaccine (Encevac TC4, Intervet Inc.) alone, 10 were given vaccine plus 0.25 mg CpG ODN 2007 formulated with 30% Emulsigen (CpG/Em), and 10 controls were given saline. All horses were challenged with live virus 12 weeks after the final vaccination. Antibody responses were tested by single radial hemolysis (SRH) and ELISA, and protection was evaluated by determination of temperature, coughing, and clinical scores. Killed virus vaccine combined with CpG/Em induced significantly greater serologic responses than did the vaccine alone. All antibody isotypes tested increased after the addition of CpG/Em, although no shift in relative antibody isotypes concentrations was detected. Vaccination significantly improved protection against challenge but the differences between the two vaccine groups were not statistically significant. This study is the first demonstration that CpG/Em enhances antigen-specific antibody responses in horses and supports its potential to be used as an adjuvant for vaccines against equine infections.