鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)ZZ2004株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及原核表达

本研究旨在克隆并表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）的核衣壳蛋白（N）。根据IBV ZZ2004株的N基因设计1对引物,提取IBV ZZ2004株的RNA,利用RT-PCR技术扩增大小约1.23 kb的片段,将其插入克隆载体pGEM-T构建pGEM-T-N。将pGEM-T-N用EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ进行双酶切,将酶切后的N基因片段克隆到表达载体pGEX-6P-1,转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌中,经IPTG诱导表达,进行SDS-PAGE电泳,结果显示外源基因获得了表达且为可溶性蛋白;Western blotting检测结果显示N蛋白可与相应的IBV ZZ2004阳性血清发生特异性反应,结果表明N蛋白有一定的生物活性。本研究为IBV诊断试剂盒及新型IBV重组亚单位疫苗研制奠定基础。     

犬瘟热病毒R／20-8株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和表达

应用RT-PCR技术扩增出犬瘟热病毒（CDV）核衣壳（N）蛋白基因的高度保守序列，将其克隆至质粒pMD18-T中，获得了重组质粒pMD18-T-N。将N基因的目的片段克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）基因的下游，并将该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21株，经IPTG诱导，N基因融合蛋白获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE电泳和Western—blot分析结果显示，表达产物的分子质量为55ku，与CDV标准阳性血清呈阳性反应。表明，大肠杆菌表达的CDVN蛋白在免疫原性上与天然N蛋白具有一定的相似性，可作为诊断用抗原。     

犬瘟热病毒A株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆、表达及特性分析

根据GenBank中A75／14株犬瘟热病毒（CDV）核衣壳蛋白（N）基因的核苷酸序列设计合成一对引物，经RT-PCRgA病毒总RNA中扩增出1600bp的N基因，将其克隆于pMD18-T载体对其进行序列分析。结果表明A株CDV与其它毒株N基因序列的同源性较高。将N基因定向克隆于原核表达栽体pPROEXX^TM HT，用重组质粒pPROEX^TM HT-N转化感受态E．coli DH5a细胞，用IPTG于37℃诱导表达了分子量约63Ku的重组N蛋白，占菌体总蛋白18％。经Western blot分析证实所表达的重组N蛋白具反应活性，将表达产物用ProBond^TM纯化试剂盒进行了纯化。用所获得的重组蛋白免疫家兔制备的多克隆抗体可与CDV全病毒发生特异性反应，经琼扩试验测定其效价为1：16。本实验为下一步用重组N蛋白作为诊断用抗原，建立特异的CDV抗体检测方法奠定了基础。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒N蛋白的真核表达及其亚细胞定位的初步分析

以构建的含有编码猪流行性腹泻病毒CV777株核衣壳蛋白（N）基因的阳性质粒pMDT-18-N为模板,用含有KpnⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位点的上、下游引物扩增获得N基因,该PCR产物经KpnⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后定向克隆到经相同双酶切的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1（＋）中,经过酶切鉴定和测序鉴定,将构建的重组质粒命名为pcD-NA3.1（＋）-N,且未发现碱基的缺失和插入。用脂质体法将pcDNA3.1（＋）-N转染Vero E6细胞,在48 h后,以针对猪流行性腹泻病毒核衣壳蛋白的鼠源多抗血清进行Western blot、免疫荧光检测,并运用共聚焦显微镜分析N蛋白的亚细胞定位。结果表明N基因能在真核细胞Vero E6中正确表达,共聚焦分析结果表明N蛋白在细胞质和细胞核中定位。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒株衣壳蛋白的可溶性表达、纯化与活性分析

为获得高质量的病毒衣壳蛋白VP2,本研究克隆了传染性法氏囊病病毒（infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV）超强毒株Gx的VP2基因,并亚克隆至载体pCold-Ⅰ,进而获得重组原核表达质粒pCold-Ⅰ-GxVP2,在Transetta（DE3）工程菌中优化条件进行IBDV衣壳蛋白VP2的可溶性表达,运用Ni-NTA亲和层析和凝胶过滤两种技术串联的方法进行蛋白纯化,运用单克隆抗体介导的Western blotting技术鉴定纯化蛋白的特异性,免疫SPF鸡鉴定纯化蛋白的免疫活性。结果显示,在冷休克条件下,IBDV衣壳蛋白VP2在Transetta（DE3）工程菌中实现了可溶性表达;通过纯化获得了高纯度的VP2,浓度为542 μg/mL;该蛋白不仅能与VP2单克隆抗体特异性反应,还能刺激鸡产生特异性免疫应答,具有良好的免疫活性。本研究在IPTG为1 mmol/L,15℃、120 r/min,诱导时间为24 h的条件下,实现了有免疫活性的IBDV衣壳蛋白VP2的可溶性表达和纯化。高纯度、可溶、具有功能活性的衣壳蛋白的制备,为深入开展IBDV致病机制研究奠定了基础。     

鸭肝炎病毒Ⅰ型结构基因vp1的原核表达及其抗原性分析

通过RT-PCR方法克隆出DHV-1：161／79／V结构蛋白vp1基因片段,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中,测序结果为714bp。vp1经EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后,亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a（＋）,获得重组质粒pET—VP1,转入E．coli Rosetta-gami（DE3）pLysS,经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明在大肠杆菌中表达了1个相对分子量约为47ku的融合蛋白（Trx-His—VP1）,将此融合蛋白用His-Ni^＋亲和层析法进行纯化。Westernblot分析表明,Trx-His-VP1能与DHV-1阳性血清发生特异性反应,说明表达的结构蛋白VP1具有良好的抗原性。     

马白细胞介素18成熟蛋白(mEIL-18)基因在大肠埃希氏菌中的高效表达与纯化

用RT—PCR从经ConA刺激的马外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中扩增出马白细胞介素18（Equine interleukin-18，EIL-18）前体蛋白（precursor EIL-18，pEIL-18）基因的cDNA，然后克隆至载体pCR2．1-TOPO中，鉴定并命名为pCR2．1-pEIL-18。自pCR2．1-pEIL-18中扩增马白细胞介素18成熟蛋白（mature EIL-18，mEIL-18）基因，并将其亚克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a（＋）中。将筛选出的阳性克隆进行测序、诱导表达并纯化其表达产物。结果表明，mEIL-18基因全长474bp，含1个开放阅读框，编码157个氨基酸的成熟蛋白；表达产物以可溶性和包涵体两种形式存在，经SDS-PAGE和Western—blot分析，重组蛋白相对分子量约为20ku，且具有免疫生物学活性。mEIL-18基因在大肠杆菌中高效表达并在非变性和变性条件下采用Ni^＋亲和层析纯化方法获得了高纯度的重组mEIL-18，为探究马白细胞介素18的生物学活性及其应用奠定了基础。     

水泡性口炎病毒N蛋白原核表达及免疫原性分析

本研究旨在克隆和表达水泡性口炎病毒（vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV）特异性抗原N蛋白,进而纯化并分析其免疫原性。根据GenBank中已发表的VSV基因组N基因序列,分别合成VSV两种不同血清型的N基因,经序列对比分析后,设计合成1对特异性引物,PCR扩增获得约1 300 bp的N基因片段,将目的片段亚克隆至pCold Ⅰ原核表达载体中,经IPTG诱导表达后,采用Ni-NTA树脂亲和层析法纯化重组N蛋白。SDS-PAGE分析表明,N基因在大肠杆菌中得到表达,蛋白大小约为50 ku;Western blotting检测结果表明,该重组蛋白与VSV多克隆抗体发生特异性反应。本试验成功构建了VSV-IND和VSV-NJ的原核表达载体,实现了N蛋白在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达,纯化后的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。     

马动脉炎病毒N蛋白基因GST融合表达载体的构建及表达

采用RT-PCR方法扩增出马动脉炎病毒核衣壳蛋白基因0RF7,并将其克隆到pMDl8-T载体,构建成重组质粒pMDl8-N,在上海生物工程公司测序。结果表明,所克隆的核衣壳蛋白基因序列与EAVNC-002532株的同源性为99％。表明0RF7是EAV基因组内的保守序列,将0RF7亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中,构建成重组质粒pGEX-6P-N,用pGEX-6P-N转化表达菌株BL21（DE3）,诱导表达后SDS-PAGE和Westernblotting分析表明,克隆在谷胱苷肽硫转移酶（GST）下游的核衣壳蛋白基因与GST获得了高效融合表达,表达的融合蛋白GST-N分子质量约为40ku,为马动脉炎病毒病血清学诊断方法的建立奠定了基础。     

犬瘟热病毒核蛋白基因的原核表达及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

应用RT-PCR技术特异扩增出犬瘟热病毒(Canine distemper virus,CDV)核衣壳蛋白基因(Nucleocapsid pro-tein,N)高度保守序列,克隆至质粒pMD18-T中获得重组质粒pMD18-T-N,测序结果证实了重组质粒的可靠性。将目的片段克隆至大肠杆菌表达载体pGEX-4T-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因的下游,重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21株,经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导,N基因融合蛋白获得高效表达。SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,表达产物的相对分子质量与预期的55 000相符。Western-blot检测表明,表达产物与CDV标准阳性血清呈阳性反应。在此基础上,初步建立了以纯化的N蛋白为包被抗原的间接ELISA检测方法。结果表明,大肠杆菌中表达的CDV N蛋白在免疫原性上与天然N蛋白具有较高相似性,可作为诊断用抗原,从而为进一步开发犬瘟热抗体检测试剂盒以及单克隆抗体、胶体金试纸条奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.